1 HONORABLE BARBARA J. ROTHSTEIN 2 3 4
5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 7 AT SEATTLE vPersonalize Inc., 8 Case No.: 2:18-CV-01836-BJR Plaintiff, 9 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND v. DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S 10 MOTION TO DISMISS Magnetize Consultants Ltd. (dba Kit Builder), 11 Defendant. 12
13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 This matter comes before the Court on a Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant Magnetize 15 Consultants, Ltd., dba Kit Builder (“Kit Builder”). The First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) filed 16 by Plaintiff vPersonalize, Inc. (“vPersonalize”) concerns U.S. Patent Nos. 9,345,280 (“the ‘280 17 Patent”) and 9,661,886 (“the ‘886 Patent”).1 See FAC, Dkt. No. 22. Counts I and III of the FAC 18 allege direct and indirect infringement of the patents, Count IV invokes the federal Defend Trade 19 Secrets Act, and Count V claims Magnetize has violated the Washington Unfair Trade Practices 20 Act. By this motion, Defendant seeks dismissal of all counts. Having reviewed the briefs filed in 21 22
23 1 Based on Plaintiff’s representation to the Court that it was no longer asserting infringement of U.S. Patent No. 9,406,172 as set forth in Count II of the FAC, the Court dismissed that count. See Order Re: Motion to Compel, Dkt. No. 95. 24 1 support of and opposition to the motion, the record, and the relevant case law, the Court rules as 2 follows: 3 II. BACKGROUND 4 At issue are two patents, both concerning methods of automating the design and
5 manufacture of custom-printed apparel and accessories. All facts alleged by Plaintiff are taken as 6 true for the purposes of this motion. 7 A. The ‘280 Patent 8 The ‘280 Patent is described as a method for “Using UV Unwrapping to Create 9 Manufacturing Patterns for Custom Prints.” ‘280 Patent, Title, Dkt. No. 22-1. The patent is “a 10 method for automating the generation of manufacturing patterns for apparel and accessories, 11 incorporating custom images or text designed by a user directly onto a computerized three- 12 dimensional (3D) model.” Id. at Abstract. The process describes the allegedly novel use of “UV 13 unwrapping” and “UV mapping”—that is, in this context, a two-dimensional representation (or 14 “map”) of three-dimensional apparel (e.g., t-shirts, backpacks)—based on the shapes of traditional
15 manufacturing patterns.2 In the words of the patent, the “invention outlines a method for 16 automating the generation of manufacturing patterns directly from designs created on a 3D model 17 by 1) making the UV map of the 3D model exactly match the manufacturing pattern in shape and 18 scale (or size). 2) Placing various components in the UV map to facilitate the desired image or text 19 flow 3) Designing on the said model and using any UV unwrap method or image cutting method 20 to get the manufacturing patterns with the exact art and text on each component.” Id., Col. 1:40- 21 46. 22 2 Wikipedia defines “UV mapping” as “the 3D modelling process of projecting a 2D image to a 3D model's surface 23 for texture mapping. The letters "U" and "V" denote the axes of the 2D texture because "X", "Y", and "Z" are already used to denote the axes of the 3D object in model space.” See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_mapping#UV_unwrapping 24 1 The following images from the patent help illustrate the concept of generating a UV map 2 a 3D model of a shirt, whereby the map is “a direct projection of the 3D model.” Figure 1 3 || depicts “A typical 3D model (101) and its UV map (102)”: 4 ee = 4 be . Us, 5 oe a Gi ie acter ta fee ts “aa Fe Ne Ba ‘Soe 6 6 | ge FR) | Aaa , SE aes gerne “epee Spa) ef oni 0 NE Sag SS ha pe nbeniceees ae is a : bl i Bi 7 See □ es i oe 4 | aes ee pe ae i es ah, | Tea 8 8 <6 oa pea 8 SUS aes Stal i a ie: ee See | ae ai re eras be AA ? ee fe ee Pe Pit □□□ Re: CUS SSE ae Piri a fale LT nese te | ee aa peed rene et □□□ 10 ee ~ ies Lie ~ ee EEE [SUL FuLsa UUaD nT PR 11 101 102 13 ‘280 Patent, Fig. 1. The patent asserts that “there is no way to map what is on the 3D model” complete with the customized design (artwork, text, logos, etc.) applied by a user, “back to a IS manufacturing pattern (3D to pattern) suitable for making that apparel or accessory.” Thus, the 16 patent’s proposed solution is to model the UV map of an apparel after a typical manufacturing sewing pattern of that apparel, which may look, for example, like the image below at Figure 2 in 18 the patent: 1 9 Smee en en □□ STR SSSR SIT TSS SST SSR SISTEM SO TS ESET SSSI SSS OSC SSE 20 : ; Aa PuRbets enh aca? i Fy cone te Picco gure | ; □ a re a i i Fi cs 21 3 Od ae a a Pie i
i Pe ey a □ r eee Poi 2 □□ □□ ; ; ane se ona et aa peers Ty pacientes
24 ORDER RE: MOTION TO DISMISS
1 Id., Fig. 2. In other words, the process described in the patent instructs that the UV map be 2 || modeled to replicate the shapes of the various components (front, back, sleeves, etc.) of the chosen 3 || manufacturing pattern: 4 Meta Fs □□ taco te □□ toeetunne Sot □□ oeibtte ° eee □□□ a. ES tans Pa Uae Bey eee? Fi Be eeerae ana 6 Beate AE Ra ree NE a □□□ eee... An aye ee Bee tf tl eee eek a PS Aes Ca ee Pde VARA □□ SSE 8 eee ah | PS! Sp ee SL eee see ely EEN Ae Ne fe 10 SOU: SRLS if UPS BS ee ares □□ Eo Pik che tar RENMEI a he il SERA □ VR 11 SR CEE) Gah es 12 3 Id., Fig. 3. A person using the process thus may apply customized images or text, using a
4 computer, directly onto the 3D model of the garment and, following the method described in the
15 patent, the UV map may be unwrapped from the 3D model, into shapes exactly matching the
16 various components of a manufacturing pattern, with the customized design printed on the pattern,
7 as, for example, in the following Figure 5 of the patent:
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ORDER RE: MOTION TO DISMISS
1 nach gee Dy Be OD KY Gee DES Be, Seb Eas 7 ing se HSER SESE aa TASS, yea! eS ay A eee TOD ae Deh aay 3 AES fp ASA) Eee go NS eas ok, gi ete coe ke | RR we OO Ne ype NR 4 i Ceangittiny rk ~ BEER kk ¢ BON ete See IN 7 a 8 ES Be aaten Cemest RG SRS 6 Psy Oe eee gore 7 CED Dg sea Renn SHBG Ae 8 a. Id., Fig. 5. Using this method, the patent states, “[i]mages and text are thereby allowed to 9 span across seams and be accurately manufactured. Automation of this process ensures that the 10 images and text on the manufacturing patterns are the exact same as that which the user designed.” 11 Id. at Abstract. 12 B. The ‘886 Patent 13 The ‘886 Patent has one independent claim and five dependent claims, also relating to the 14 automation of custom-designed apparel, directed to a computer-implemented “system and method 15 for capturing design state of apparel or accessory to enable extrapolation for style and size 16 variants.” “886 Patent, Title, Dkt. No. 22-3. According to the ‘886 Patent, the invention “outlines 17 a novel method for capturing the state of an intended design on an apparel pattern, and 18 subsequently transforming that state to a new style or size and then applying that modified state to 19 automatically recreate the original design, but for the new style or size. This invention captures 20 the state of a design as a mathematical function, rather than the design itself and then applies a 21 series of transformations to that state to map it to a new style.” Jd. at Abstract. 22 The patent claims individual elements outlining a series of instructions for the steps for 23 expressing the original design state as a mathematical function, and calculating and applying 24 ORDER RE: MOTION TO DISMISS
1 various transformations to that function (using a computer) to achieve the desired result. The patent 2 does not describe how to achieve the mathematical function representing the design state except 3 to say it is “characterized by at least the position of the design pattern on the garment component, 4 the (background and foreground) color of the design pattern, art or image used in the design
5 pattern, text used in the design pattern, font of the text used in the design pattern, scale factor 6 associated with the design pattern, translation factor associated with the design pattern, rotational 7 angles associated with the design pattern, design layers associated with the design pattern.” ‘886 8 Patent, Col. 2 l. 61- Col. 3 l. 2. The patent also does not identify what the translation factors are, 9 or in any specific way how they should be calculated, other than to say a computer should be used 10 to calculate them “based at least on the original height, original width, alteration height and 11 alteration width” of the original and target garment and designs, relying on “scaling factors” 12 obtained by comparing the measurements of an original and target garment. Id., Col. 4, ll. 31-44. 13 The claimed advantage of this automated method is that it “enables designers to seamlessly 14 extrapolate designs across apparels and accessories of various sizes and styles” and “obviates the
15 need for creating individual design for each style or size, while ensuring that the transformed 16 designs retain their visual characteristics even upon extrapolation.” Id. at Abstract. 17 C. The Parties and the Allegations 18 In its First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Kit Builder is a United Kingdom- 19 based business, which offers its products and services to customers, business affiliates and partners 20 located in the United States. FAC ¶ 5. Kit Builder sells custom clothing designer software called 21 “3D Kit Builder,” which allows a user to design garments with different options for color, logos, 22 text, embellishment, size, etc. Id. ¶ 12. The software allows users to, among other things, design a 23 three-dimensional model of a garment and automatically generate the manufacturing patterns for
24 1 the garment with the corresponding design, and to add text or logos to a garment, adjusting designs 2 for size, type of garment, etc. (e.g. from size small to large, or from a woman’s shirt to a backpack). 3 Plaintiff claims the software infringes the two remaining patents-in-suit. Id. ¶¶ 14,16. 4 III. DISCUSSION
5 Defendant seeks dismissal of all remaining counts in the First Amended Complaint, on 6 various alternative grounds. Defendant first argues that Counts I and III (direct and indirect 7 infringement of the ‘280 and ‘886 Patents, respectively) should be dismissed because the patents 8 are directed to ineligible subject matter. Further, even if the patents withstand this scrutiny, 9 Defendant argues, Count III (the ‘886 Patent) should be dismissed as inadequately pled.3 10 Defendant additionally argues that Counts I and III are inadequately pled, specifically as to 11 Plaintiff’s indirect infringement claims. Finally, Defendant seeks dismissal of Count IV (alleging 12 violation of the federal Defense of Trade Secrets Act) and Count V (alleging violation of the 13 Washington Uniform Trade Secrets Act), arguing the two laws cannot be applied extraterritorially. 14 A. Motion to Dismiss Standard
15 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides for dismissal for “failure to state a claim 16 upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 17 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is 18 plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. 19 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads 20 factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable 21 for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677-78. “A pleading that offers ‘labels and 22 3 Defendant’s motion also seeks dismissal of Count II, which has subsequently been voluntarily dismissed, and 23 therefore is not discussed in this Order. In addition, because the Court dismisses Count III on patent-ineligibility grounds, as discussed below, it need not and does not discuss Defendant’s request to dismiss this count based on inadequate pleading. 24 1 conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’ ... Nor 2 does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” 3 Id. at 678, quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557. 4 When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court construes the
5 complaint in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, accepting all well-pleaded facts as 6 true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the non-moving party’s favor. Wyler Summit P’ship 7 v. Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 135 F.3d 658, 661 (9th Cir. 1998). The court, however, is not required 8 “to accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or 9 unreasonable inferences.” Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). 10 While a court generally does not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling on a 11 Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, there are certain exceptions. Relevant to the instant motion, the 12 court may consider documents appended to the complaint. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 13 908 (9th Cir. 2003). In this case, the two patents at issue have been appended to the First Amended 14 Complaint, which the Court therefore considers in the context of this motion.
15 Finally, “in many cases it is possible and proper to determine patent eligibility under 35 16 U.S.C. § 101 on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” FairWarning IP, LLC v. Iatric Sys., Inc., 839 F.3d 1089, 17 1097 (Fed. Cir. 2016), quoting Genetic Techs. Ltd. v. Merial L.L.C., 818 F.3d 1369, 1373-74 (Fed. 18 Cir. 2016). This is particularly true where—as here—neither party claims additional discovery or 19 factual development is necessary for a decision. See also Cleveland Clinic Found. v. True Health 20 Diagnostics LLC, 859 F.3d 1352, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (“[W]e have repeatedly affirmed § 101 21 rejections at the motion to dismiss stage, before claim construction or significant discovery has 22 commenced.”). 23
24 1 B. Counts I and III: Patent Eligibility Under Alice/Mayo Test 2 1. Patent Eligibility of Abstract Concepts and the Two-Step Inquiry under Alice/Mayo 3 Defendant’s motion seeks dismissal of both counts of patent infringement remaining in this 4 case, arguing that the patents are directed to patent-ineligible concepts. Under 35 U.S.C. § 101,
5 one may obtain a patent on “any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition 6 of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof.” The Supreme Court has interpreted this 7 deceptively simple formulation to exclude, by implication, concepts categorized as “laws of nature, 8 natural phenomena, and abstract ideas.” See Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., 9 566 U.S. 66, 70 (2012), citing, inter alia, Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 185 (1981). These 10 things are not patent-eligible, because “they are the basic tools of scientific and technological 11 work,” which are “free to all men and reserved exclusively to none.” Mayo, 566 U.S. at 71, 12 citations omitted. Granting patents to such concepts would “tend to impede innovation more than 13 it would tend to promote it,” thereby thwarting the primary object of the patent laws. Id. 14 After a string of decisions outlining patent-ineligibility jurisprudence, the Supreme Court
15 in Alice Corporation Party Ltd. v. CLS Bank International attempted to guide lower courts by 16 prescribing a more focused inquiry into whether a concept is patent-eligible. 573 U.S. 208, 216- 17 18 (2014). In Alice, the court elaborated on a two-step test that had emerged in Mayo, under which 18 a court must first “determine whether the claims at issue are directed to a patent-ineligible 19 concept,” such as an abstract idea. Alice, 573 U.S. at 218. It should be noted that what is “abstract” 20 continues to elude precise definition, perhaps particularly in the context of software patents. See 21 Alice, 573 U.S. 208 at 221 (“we need not labor to delimit the precise contours of the ‘abstract 22 ideas’ category in this case.”); Amdocs (Israel) Limited v. Openet Telecom, Inc., 841 F.3d 1288, 23 1294 (2016) (“a search for a single test or definition [of ‘abstract idea’] in the decided cases
24 1 concerning § 101 from this court, and indeed from the Supreme Court, reveals that at present there 2 is no such single, succinct, usable definition or test.”); see also Interval Licensing LLC v. AOL, 3 Inc., 896 F.3d 1335, 1343–44 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“Computer software-related inventions—due to 4 their intangible nature—can be particularly difficult to assess under the abstract idea exception.”).
5 Nevertheless, it is useful to bear in mind that the “abstract ideas” category embodies “the 6 longstanding rule that ‘[a]n idea of itself is not patentable.’” Alice, 573 U.S. at 218, citations 7 omitted. The task of a court is to “distinguish between patents that claim the ‘buildin[g] block[s]’ 8 of human ingenuity and those that integrate the building blocks into something more.” Id. at 217, 9 citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 71, 73. For cases such as this involving software, the step one inquiry 10 “often turns on whether the claims focus on the specific asserted improvement in computer 11 capabilities or, instead, on a process that qualifies as an ‘abstract idea’ for which computers are 12 invoked merely as a tool.” Id. (internal quotation marks, alterations, and citations omitted). 13 If the court determines the claims at issue are directed to an abstract idea, at step two the 14 court considers the elements of each claim “both individually and “as an ordered combination” to
15 determine whether the additional elements “transform the nature of the claim” into a patent-eligible 16 application.” Alice at 217. Step two is “a search for an ‘inventive concept’—i.e., an element or 17 combination of elements that is ‘sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to 18 significantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself.’” Id. In order to supply an 19 inventive concept, elements of a claim “must be more than well-understood, routine, conventional 20 activity,” “and cannot simply be an instruction to implement or apply the abstract idea on a 21 computer.” See Affinity Labs of Texas, LLC v. DIRECTV, LLC, 838 F.3d 1253, 1262 (Fed. Cir. 22 2016), citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 79. At a minimum, the claim must apply conventional 23 technological elements in a novel and unconventional way and not merely use a computer as a
24 1 “tool” to implement an abstract idea. See, e.g., Amdocs (Israel) Ltd. v. Openet Telecom, Inc., 841 2 F.3d 1288, 1300-01 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“The solution requires arguably generic components. . . . 3 However, the claim’s enhancing limitation necessarily requires that these generic components 4 operate in an unconventional manner to achieve an improvement in computer functionality.”);
5 Bascom Glob. Internet Servs., Inc. v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1349-52 (Fed. Cir. 6 2016). It is not sufficient to simply use “already available computers, with their already available 7 basic functions, ... as tools in executing the claimed process.” SAP Am., Inc. v. InvestPic, LLC, 898 8 F.3d 1161, 1169-70 (Fed. Cir. 2018). 9 Finally, courts must “tread carefully” when wielding this invalidity tool, since “all 10 inventions ... embody, use, reflect, rest upon, or apply laws of nature, natural phenomena, or 11 abstract ideas.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217. With this framework in mind, the Court turns to the two 12 patents at issue in this case. 13 2. The ‘280 Patent 14 As outlined above, the ‘280 Patent describes a method for “using UV unwrapping to create
15 manufacturing patterns for custom prints.” Dkt No. 22-1, Title. Specifically, Claim 1, which is the 16 only claim disclosed in the ‘280 Patent, recites: 17 A method for allowing a user to design on a 3D model of an apparel or accessory and automatically generating the manufacturing patterns for the said apparel or 18 accessory with the corresponding design, comprising the following steps:
19 Creating the 3D model wherein the UV map of the said model exactly matches the corresponding manufacturing pattern in shape & scale; and 20 Arranging the various components of the 3D model in the UV map to facilitate 21 the desired image or text flow; and
22 Designing on the said 3D model; and
23 24 1 Using any method of UV unwrapping or image cutting to get back the UVs (and consequently the manufacturing patterns) with the corresponding design 2 composite.
3 Id., Cl. 1, Col. 3 ll. 12-25. 4 The question before the Court is whether the ‘280 Patent is directed to an abstract idea and, 5 if so, whether it nevertheless contains an innovative concept that saves it under Alice. As noted 6 above, the Step One inquiry considers the claim “in light of the specification” to determine 7 “whether [its] character as a whole is directed to excluded subject matter.” Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft 8 Corp., 822 F.3d 1327, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2016). Here, the patent’s “character as a whole” is directed 9 to a method for “automatically generating manufacturing patterns” by using the specified 10 technology of UV mapping that “exactly matches” manufacturing patterns, and using the UV 11 unwrapping process to produce such patterns that reflect a user’s custom design. Thus described 12 and taking all of Plaintiff’s allegations as true, the Court cannot say at this point that the patent is 13 directed to an abstract concept under Alice and its progeny. 14 Defendant argues that the patent outlined above can be reduced to mathematical—that is, 15 unpatentable—concepts, and constitutes a “process that qualifies as an ‘abstract idea’ for which 16 computers are invoked merely as a tool,” precisely the sort of idea that courts have consistently 17 found to be patent-ineligible. Enfish, 822 F.3d at 1336. According to Defendant, the elements of 18 Claim 1 amount to little more than “data image manipulation” and describe a “purely 19 conventional” process. Mot. to Dis. at 8. The Court disagrees. Taking all of Plaintiff’s factual 20 allegations as true as it must, the Court concludes that the ‘280 Patent “as a whole” amounts to 21 more than mere mathematical manipulations. The patent describes a process by which an 22 innovative component is added by how a computer is used, and not merely by the fact a computer 23 is used. 24 1 Furthermore, the ‘280 Patent is not directed merely to an outcome or result, a problem that 2 has doomed so many patents at step one of the Alice test. See Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 3 182 n.7 (1981) (a concept is less likely to be abstract if it is directed to “the means or method of 4 producing a certain result, or effect, and not for the result or effect produced.”); see also Enfish,
5 822 F.3d at 1336 (“We therefore look to whether the claims in these patents focus on a specific 6 means or method that improves the relevant technology or are instead directed to a result or effect 7 that itself is the abstract idea and merely invoke generic processes and machinery.”). Critically, 8 the focus of the ‘280 Patent is a specific, non-abstract mechanism for achieving a result. The ‘280 9 Patent purports to be an improvement not merely because it calls for the use of a computer, but 10 because it prescribes the steps, to a level of detail that resists abstraction, for how a computer 11 should be used. This method as described includes the allegedly novel use of UV mapping—a 12 specific and specialized technology—that when unwrapped, “exactly matches” the various pieces 13 of a garment manufacturing pattern, including the user-applied designs. It is these limitations that 14 draw the method out of the realm of the abstract, making the concept patent eligible under Alice.
15 Thus, the elements described in the ‘280 Patent are not abstract; on the contrary, they depict 16 a fairly concrete series of specific rules, that when followed result in a tangible product: the desired 17 manufacturing pattern, including the custom design. Because the patent is directed to a “new and 18 useful technique” for achieving an end, it is not abstract. See Thales Visionix Inc. v. United States, 19 850 F.3d 1343, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (holding that “claims directed to a new and useful technique 20 for using sensors to more efficiently track an object on a moving platform” were not abstract); 21 Rapid Litig. Mgmt. Ltd. v. CellzDirect, Inc., 827 F.3d 1042, 1048, 1050 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (holding 22 that claims directed to “a new and useful laboratory technique for preserving hepatocytes,” a type 23 of liver cell, were not abstract).
24 1 Because the Court concludes that Patent ‘280 is not directed to an abstract concept, further 2 analysis of patent eligibility under Alice is unnecessary. Nevertheless, the Court notes that even if 3 it could be said the ‘280 Patent is directed to an abstract concept, the patent also contains the 4 additional “inventive concept” referenced in step two of the Alice analysis. Alice, 573 U.S. at 221.
5 As described, the method in fact includes an additional “inventive concept,” which purports to be 6 “novel”: the technique of UV mapping employed to automate the generation of manufacturing 7 patterns for custom-designed apparel. See Bascom, 827 F.3d at 1350 (a “non-conventional and 8 non-generic arrangement of known, conventional pieces” can amount to an inventive concept.). 9 Defendant argues that the patent itself concedes that the rules are “conventional.” The 10 patent indeed acknowledges that “[t]he concept of custom prints on apparel has been around for a 11 long time;” that “[t]he method of designing on a 3D model is also not new,” and further that “the 12 use of UV maps for texturing and showing images on a 3D model has been around for decades. 13 Almost all 3D editing software support the automatic generation of UV by projection, or other 14 methods.” ‘280 Patent, Col 1. ll. 13-35. According to the patent, however, UV unwrapping—a
15 technology used in animation and video games for creating realistic textures on 3D figures on a 16 screen—has “never” been used “for manufacturing automation” of apparel. Id. The process 17 outlined in the patent purports to be an improvement to the traditional method of creating 18 manufacturing patterns for customized apparel in that it invokes the novel use of this UV 19 unwrapping technique, improving the efficiency and precision of generating the patterns. While 20 the Court acknowledges the merits of Defendant’s position, at this stage of the proceedings, the 21 Court must accept these representations as true. See Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 22 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 23
24 1 3. The ‘886 Patent 2 The ‘886 Patent claims a “system and method for capturing design state of apparel or 3 accessory to enable extrapolation for style and size variants.” ‘886 Patent, Title. The process is 4 one of capturing a “state” of a custom design as a mathematical function, and applying certain
5 transformations to that function to transform the design onto various desired sizes and/or styles. 6 Claim 1 of the patent discloses: 7 A computer implemented method comprising instructions [stored and executed on a computer] for capturing a design status or condition corresponding to a design 8 pattern embedded on a garment pattern or component and transforming captured design status or condition to incorporate dimensional or shape variations thereto, 9 the method comprising the steps:
10 identifying a design status or condition of a design representing one or more design patterns embedded on the garment component, and wherein the design status or 11 condition of the design comprises at least an original height and original width of the one or more design patterns, and a first coordinate pair indicating a center point 12 of the one or more design patterns;
13 identifying an original height and an original width of the garment component, and further identifying an alteration height and alteration width corresponding to the 14 garment component;
15 calculating a scale factor, based at least on the original height, original width, alteration height and alteration width corresponding to the garment component; 16 calculating a plurality of translation factors, based at least on the original height, original width, alteration height, alteration width corresponding to the garment 17 component and the scale factor;
18 providing at least the scale factor and the plurality of translation factors as inputs to the computing device through an input device/interface for an affine 19 transformation operation, and executing the affine transformation operation on the design status or condition of the design; 20 wherein the affine transformation is performed to modify and reposition each of the 21 original design patterns to the altered width, height and position of the garment component. 22 23 24 1 The remaining Claims 2-6 are dependent on Claim 1, and elaborate on the steps of identifying the 2 design status, modifying the original height and width, calculating the scale factors, and calculating 3 the translation factors.4 4 As with analysis of the ‘280 Patent, the Court first examines the claim “in light of the
5 specification” to determine “whether [its] character as a whole is directed to excluded subject 6 matter.” Enfish, 822 F.3d at 1335. The Federal Circuit has “cautioned that courts must be careful 7 to avoid oversimplifying the claims by looking at them generally and failing to account for the 8 specific requirements of the claims.” McRO, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games Am. Inc., 837 F.3d 9 1299, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2016), citations omitted. Thus the Court takes care to “account for the 10 specific requirements of the claims” of the ‘886 Patent. Those “specific requirements” include 11 characterizing the “design state” of a customized design as “at least the position of the design 12 pattern on the garment component,” plus the color, art, image, text, and font of the design pattern, 13 and the “scale factor,” “translation factor,” “rotational angles,” and “design layers” associated with 14 the design pattern. ‘886 Patent, Col. 2 l. 60-Col. 3 ll. 2. The requirements further include storing
15 and processing the captured design state on, essentially, a computer, and applying an “affine 16 transformation” on the computer to the design state “to modify and reposition each of the original 17 design patterns to the altered width, height and position of the garment component.” Id., Col. 3 ll. 18 61-64. The affine transformation comprises “[a]t least the scale factor and the plurality of 19 20
21 4 Plaintiff does not argue in response to Defendant’s motion for a claim-by-claim analysis of patent eligibility. The Court therefore does not embark on one. See Content Extraction & Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat'l 22 Ass'n, 776 F.3d 1343, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (court need not expressly address each asserted claim where it concludes that particular claims are representative because all the claims are “substantially similar and linked to 23 the same abstract idea.”); Berkheimer v. HP Inc., 881 F.3d 1360, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (Courts may “treat a claim as representative ... if the patentee does not present any meaningful argument for the distinctive significance of any claim limitations not found in the representative claim.”). 24 1 translation factors,” which “are provided as inputs to the designer computing system through an 2 input device/interface for an affine transformation operation.” Id., Col. 5 ll.14-18. 3 The Court has determined that the ‘886 Patent is directed to using a computer for capturing 4 a design state as a mathematical formula and applying certain mathematical transformations to that
5 formula, basing the transformations on the difference between the sizes and/or shapes of the 6 original garments and the altered garments. The individual steps of Claim 1 add little to the claim, 7 instructing only that the user identify the measurements associated with the original design, 8 identify the measurements of the original garment, calculate the difference between the original 9 and alteration garment, and apply translation factors, based on that difference, to the design. That 10 the claim includes the step of using the height, width, and center point to measure the original 11 design, for example, hardly supports Plaintiff’s argument that this claim includes the critical “how” 12 of this process. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how else one might measure a design, other than 13 by using, among other things, its height, width, and center point. 14 Based on this Claim, including the limitations recited therein, the Court holds that taken as
15 a whole, the ‘886 Patent is directed to an abstract concept. At its core, the ‘886 Patent “invention” 16 is no more than a “[a] process that start[s] with data, add[s] an algorithm, and end[s] with a new 17 form of data,” or, in the words of the patent itself, a process that “captures the state of a design as 18 a mathematical function, rather than the design itself and then applies a series of transformations 19 to that state to map it to a new style.” RecogniCorp, LLC v. Nintendo Co., 855 F.3d 1322, 1327 20 (Fed. Cir. 2017); ‘886 Patent at Abstract. As such, it is “directed to an abstract idea.” Id. 21 Plaintiff attempts to liken the ‘886 Patent to the patents at issue in McRO, Inc. v. Bandai 22 Namco Games, which the Federal Circuit upheld. See McRO, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games Am. 23 Inc., 837 F.3d 1299, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2016). In that case, the plaintiffs were claiming a system and
24 1 method for automating the 3D animation of lip synchronization and facial expressions made during 2 speech. The McRO patents sought to enable a computer to perform functions that previously only 3 humans, using subjective judgment, could perform. Like the patent here, the McRO patents 4 essentially translated design data into a mathematical function, and recited a set of instructions for
5 transforming that data into new data. But the Federal Circuit in McRO reversed the district court’s 6 ineligibility determination for a specific set of reasons that are not present here. 7 First, the Federal Circuit noted that in the patents at issue, “the claims are limited to rules 8 with specific characteristics.” McRO, 837 F.3d at 1313. The rules proposed in the ‘886 Patent 9 claim no such limitation. To the contrary, the ‘886 Patent explicitly claims the broadest universe 10 of rules possible, stating that while the descriptions articulate certain details, “It should be 11 understood, however, that the following descriptions, while indicating preferred embodiments and 12 numerous specific details thereof, are given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many 13 changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the embodiments herein without 14 departing from the spirit thereof and the embodiments herein include all such modifications,” and
15 later reiterating that “[t]he following detailed description is therefore not to be taken in a limiting 16 sense.” Patent at Col. 6:14-21 and 7:21-24. The patent repeatedly expands, not limits, the universe 17 of rules that may be used. See, e.g., ‘886 Patent, Claim 1, 12:23-25 (purporting to claim the method 18 of identifying the design state of a pattern, which “comprises at least an original height and original 19 width of the design patterns”), emphasis added. 20 What saved the patents in McRO is that they were directed to a limited “genus” of rules. 21 837 F.3d at 1313. The instructions disclosed in the ‘886 Patent, in fatal contrast, are “so broadly 22 worded that it encompasses literally any form of data manipulation.” CyberSource Corp., 654 F.3d 23 at 1373; see also Clarilogic, Inc. v. FormFree Holdings Corp., 681 Fed. App'x 950, 954 (Fed. Cir.
24 1 2017) (“But a method for collection, analysis, and generation of information reports, where the 2 claims are not limited to how the collected information is analyzed or reformed, is the height of 3 abstraction.”). This distinction is material because “the concern that drives [the] exclusionary 4 principle” is that of “pre-emption.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 216. As the Supreme Court explained in
5 Alice, “Laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas are the basic tools of scientific and 6 technological work. Monopolization of those tools through the grant of a patent might tend to 7 impede innovation more than it would tend to promote it, thereby thwarting the primary object of 8 the patent laws. We have repeatedly emphasized this ... concern that patent law not inhibit further 9 discovery by improperly tying up the future use of these building blocks of human ingenuity.” Id, 10 citing, inter alia, Bilski, at 611–612; U.S. Const., Art. I, § 8, cl. 8; internal quotations and citations 11 omitted. In this case, according to the patent specifications, any improvement sought beyond what 12 is articulated would presumably also be preempted by this insufficiently limited claim, implicating 13 the concerns courts have repeatedly invoked about a patent on an abstract concept that “preempts” 14 potential future improvements.
15 The McRO court also looked to whether “the claims in these patents focus on a specific 16 means or method that improves the relevant technology or are instead directed to a result or effect 17 that itself is the abstract idea and merely invoke generic processes and machinery.” McRO, 837 18 F.3d at 1314, citing Enfish, 822 F.3d at 1336; see also Rapid Litig. Mgmt. Ltd. v. CellzDirect, Inc., 19 827 F.3d 1042, 1048 (Fed. Cir. 2016). The Court upheld the patents because they were an “ordered 20 combination of claimed steps, using unconventional rules.” McRO, 837 F.3d 1299 at 1302–03, 21 emphasis added. It was the "claimed rules, not the use of the computer," that "improved [the] 22 existing technological process." Id., citing Alice, 573 U.S. at 223. 23
24 1 In contrast, to the extent they are defined at all, the rules described in the ‘886 Patent are 2 mathematical formulas of a fairly elemental, abstract type, including division and multiplication 3 of heights and widths. But claims reciting “[g]eneralized steps to be performed on a computer 4 using conventional computer activity are abstract.” RecogniCorp, LLC v. Nintendo Co., Ltd., 855
5 F.3d 1322, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). Nor are the more 6 sophisticated—but similarly generalized—scaling and rotational factors and affine 7 transformations expressed in the ‘886 Patent an evident improvement in the “relevant technology.” 8 Plaintiff fails to point to anything in the specification that demonstrates that the recited rules are 9 unconventional or an improvement on an existing method, other than they are implemented on a 10 computer. Ultimately, what is disclosed in the ‘886 Patent is a “process that start[s] with data, 11 add[s] an algorithm, and end[s] with a new form of data,” precisely the kind of concept that is 12 “directed to an abstract idea.” RecogniCorp, 855 F.3d at 1327. 13 Thus, the ‘886 Patent also fails at Alice Step Two; the abstract idea embodied in the patent 14 does not include any “innovative concept” that transforms it into “significantly more” than the
15 original abstraction. Alice, 573 U.S. at 218. Unlike the ‘280 Patent, which employs the allegedly 16 unconventional use of a specific technique (UV mapping and unwrapping) in a novel context 17 (generation of manufacturing patterns), nothing disclosed in the ‘886 Patent appears or even 18 purports to be novel, except the automation itself. But “[i]t is well-settled that placing an abstract 19 idea in the context of a computer does not . . . convert the idea into a patent-eligible application of 20 that idea.” Interval Licensing LLC v. AOL, Inc., 896 F.3d 1335, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2018). The Court 21 therefore holds that the ‘886 Patent is directed to an abstract concept, and that the steps described 22 in the patent, individually or taken in ordered combination, do not provide an “inventive concept” 23 rendering the abstract concept patentable. The ‘886 Patent is invalid.
24 1 C. Indirect Infringement Claims in Count I5 2 Defendant seeks dismissal of claims for indirect infringement, asserted in Count I, in 3 violation of 35 U.S.C. § 271(b), which provides “Whoever actively induces infringement of a 4 patent shall be liable as an infringer.” Defendant argues that these claims are insufficiently pled.
5 The Federal Circuit has emphasized that “the general principles of Twombly and Iqbal must be 6 applied to indirect infringement claims.” In re Bill of Lading Transmission & Processing Sys. 7 Patent Litig., 681 F.3d 1323, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). Under this standard, a 8 plaintiff must “plead facts ‘plausibly showing that [defendant] specifically intended [its] customers 9 to infringe the [patents-in-suit] and knew that the customers’ acts constituted infringement.’” Id. 10 at 1339. Furthermore, liability under § 271(b) “requires knowledge that the induced acts constitute 11 patent infringement.” Id., citing Glob.-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A., 563 U.S. 754, 765 12 (2011); DSU Med. Corp. v. JMS Co., 471 F.3d 1293, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[I]nducement 13 requires that the alleged infringer knowingly induced infringement and possessed specific intent 14 to encourage another's infringement.”).
15 In its First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges, among other things, that “Kit Builder has 16 also induced, and continue[s] to induce, infringement of the claims of the Patents-in-Suit by 17 instructing others to use 3D Kit Builder, including, but not limited to, by selling or offering to sell 18 3D Kit Builder and by providing training and ongoing support on how to use 3D Kit Builder.” 19 FAC ¶19. Count I avers: 20 35. Kit Builder has indirectly infringed and continues to infringe claim 1 [of] the ‘280 Patent under 35 U.S.C. §271 (b), either literally or under the doctrine of 21 equivalents, by actively inducing infringement of claim 1 by others. The direct infringement occurs when an individual uses 3D Kit Builder. 22
23 5 Defendant also seeks dismissal of the indirect infringement claims in Count III, related to the ‘886 patent. Given the Court’s ruling on the invalidity of the ‘886 patent, however, Defendant’s motion on this point is moot. 24 1 36. Kit Builder has indirectly infringed and continues to infringe claim 1 of the ‘280 Patent under 35 U.S.C. §271 (g), either literally or under the doctrine of 2 equivalents, by actively inducing infringement of claim 1 by others. The direct infringement occurs when an individual, without authority, imports, offers to sell 3 or sells, or uses in the United States products made using 3D Kit Builder.
4 37. On information and belief, Kit Builder’s active inducement has occurred with the specific intent of encouraging others to infringe the ‘280 Patent as 5 demonstrated by, inter alia, promoting and advertising 3D Kit Builder, and instructing users to use 3D Kit Builder, in a manner that directly infringes the 6 ‘280 Patent.
7 FAC ¶¶ 35-37. 8 The factual allegations in the First Amended Complaint are admittedly spare. Nevertheless, 9 the Court concludes that the claims for indirect infringement, as recited above, contain the “short 10 and plain statement” required under Rule 8(a). While Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to 11 allege “facts plausibly showing that [Defendants] specifically intended [their] customers to 12 infringe the [patents-in-suit],” its motion ignores the language in the FAC that “Kit Builder’s active 13 inducement has occurred with the specific intent of encouraging others to infringe the ‘280 Patent 14 as demonstrated by, inter alia, promoting and advertising 3D Kit Builder, and instructing users to 15 use 3D Kit Builder, in a manner that directly infringes the ‘280 Patent.” While the claim is not 16 exactly replete with details, it includes enough facts to put Defendant on notice of which product 17 (3D Kit Builder) is allegedly infringing, what actions (promoting, advertising and instructing) 18 Defendant is alleged to have taken in furtherance of this claimed infringement, and what customers 19 (e.g. Samurai Sportswear, Ltd, FAC ¶20) were alleged to have been involved. This information is 20 enough to enable Defendant to seek the discovery necessary to defend against this claim. 21 Plaintiff has also sufficiently alleged that Defendant knew its product infringed the patents- 22 in-suit. See FAC ¶ 22 (“Kit Builder had actual knowledge of the Patents-in-Suit and of Kit 23 Builder’s infringement of those patents, at least as of October 29, 2018, when Kit Builder received 24 1 a notice letter regarding Infringement of Patents Owned by vPersonalize Inc from vPersonalize’s 2 undersigned counsel.”). From the statements in the FAC, one may plausibly and reasonably (if not 3 necessarily) draw the conclusion that Defendant “specifically intended its customers to infringe 4 the [patents-in-suit] and knew that the customers’ acts constituted infringement.” Bill of Lading,
5 681 F.3d at 1339. Obviously, at this stage the Court makes no judgment on the merits of this claim. 6 For purposes of a motion to dismiss, however, the Court must accept a true Plaintiff’s allegations, 7 however sparsely drawn. That portion of Defendant’s motion seeking dismissal of Plaintiff’s 8 claims for indirect infringement of the ‘280 Patent is therefore denied. 9 D. Count IV: Federal Defend Trade Secrets Act 10 Count IV of the First Amended Complaint is titled “Misappropriation of vPersonalize’s 11 Trade Secrets in Violation of the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016,” (“DTSA”). FAC ¶¶54-61. 12 That federal statute provides, in relevant part, “An owner of a trade secret that is misappropriated 13 may bring a civil action under this subsection if the trade secret is related to a product or service 14 used in, or intended for use in, interstate or foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C. §1836(b)(1). Plaintiff
15 alleges “Kit Builder has acquired vPersonalize’s trade secret through at least one third party 16 (Inksewn) knowing or having reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by the third-party 17 through improper means.” FAC ¶ 55. 18 Defendant seeks dismissal of this count, asserting that it is a United Kingdom-based entity, 19 and arguing in essence that the DTSA civil enforcement provision does not apply to foreign 20 entities. Defendant argues in the alternative that even if the DTSA is found to apply to foreign 21 entities, the DTSA cannot be applied to Kit Builder under the facts as alleged in the FAC. The 22 Court disagrees on both counts. 23
24 1 First, 18 U.S.C. §1837 provides “This chapter,” which includes the civil enforcement 2 provision of § 1836, “also applies to conduct occurring outside the United States if . . . an act in 3 furtherance of the offense was committed in the United States.” Defendant argues that “offense” 4 in this context refers only to the criminal offenses outlawed in Chapter 90, “Protection of Trade
5 Secrets,” which includes both civil and criminal enforcement provisions. Defendant argues, 6 without authority, that “offense” is limited to criminal actions, and cannot be read to refer to civil 7 actions, and that therefore the extra-territorial provision does not apply in a civil context such as 8 here. The Court is not persuaded. Under Defendant’s narrow interpretation of “offense,” a plaintiff 9 could never bring a civil enforcement action against a foreign entity, even one that had committed 10 an offense in the U.S. 11 In addition, Defendant’s position lacks the support of case law. The few cases the Court 12 was able to identify on the subject assume (albeit without explicitly deciding) that the DTSA civil 13 enforcement provision may be applied to a foreign entity. See ProV Int'l Inc. v. Lucca, No. 8:19- 14 CV-978-T-23AAS, 2019 WL 5578880, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 29, 2019) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1837(2)
15 and dismissing civil DTSA claim against German and Brazilian defendants because “[t]he 16 plaintiffs allege no facts showing that ‘an act in furtherance of the offense was committed in the 17 United States’); Micron Tech., Inc. v. United Microelectronics Corp., No. 17-CV-06932-MMC, 18 2019 WL 1959487, at *8 (N.D. Cal. May 2, 2019), citing 18 U.S.C. § 1837 (“federal law provides 19 for jurisdiction over misappropriation occurring outside the United States.”); Micron Tech., Inc. v. 20 United Microelectronics Corp., No. 17-CV-06932-MMC, 2019 WL 266518, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 21 18, 2019) (“There is no dispute that a misappropriation claim under § 1836 can be based on 22 “conduct occurring outside the United States” where “an act in furtherance of the offense was 23 committed in the United States,” see 18 U.S.C. § 1837.”). In the absence of persuasive argument
24 1 to the contrary, and based on a plain reading of the statute, the Court holds that 18 U.S.C. §1837 2 authorizes civil enforcement actions against foreign entities to the same extent as criminal actions. 3 Defendant also argues that even if the DTSA does apply to foreign entities, Plaintiff has 4 failed to allege facts supporting an inference that it, Kit Builder, committed an act in furtherance
5 of the offense. The Court rejects Defendant’s position for two reasons. First, the extraterritoriality 6 provision of §1837(2) requires only that “an act in furtherance of the offense was committed in the 7 United States.” It pointedly (and the Court must assume intentionally) does not require the 8 defendant to have committed such act. Plaintiff has alleged that “Kit Builder improperly obtained 9 access to vPersonalize’s proprietary product, patterns, software code and technical documents 10 through at least one third-party, Inksewn USA Corp.,” which Defendant acknowledges is an “act 11 alleged to have been committed in the United States.” FAC ¶ ¶¶ 27-28 (“Inksewn downloaded 12 blank product patterns of all sizes of at least one product, women’s sports bra, on May 14, 2018” 13 and “Inksewn shared vPersonalize’s proprietary patterns, technical documents, work order formats 14 and workflows with [defendant].”); Mot. to Dis. at 13.
15 Second, even if the extraterritoriality provision is interpreted to apply only where the 16 defendant has committed the proscribed act, Plaintiff has in fact alleged that Defendant committed 17 acts constituting misappropriation in the United States. The DTSA defines “misappropriation” as 18 (a) “acquisition of a trade secret” by a person who knows or should know the secret was improperly 19 acquired or (b) “disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent 20 …” 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5). In this case, Plaintiff alleges that Kit Builder “acquired” a trade secret 21 through Inksewn USA, a U.S. company, and “used” that trade secret by offering its products and 22 services, including 3D Kit Builder, throughout the United States. See, e.g., FAC ¶ 26 (“Kit Builder 23 improperly obtained access to vPersonalize’s proprietary product, patterns, software code and
24 1 technical documents through at least one third-party, Inksewn USA Corp.”); see also FAC ¶ 23 2 (alleging Defendant infringed the patents-in-suit “through its continued use, sale, and/or offer for 3 sale of 3D Kit Builder to its customers in the United States.”); FAC ¶ 25 (Defendant “has acted 4 willfully and in disregard of vPersonalize’s patent rights through its continued sale and/or offer for
5 sale of 3D Kit Builder to companies in the United States.”). Insulating a foreign defendant for the 6 sole reason that a transaction occurred over the internet, rather than in a brick and mortar location, 7 is untenable in the context of modern commerce. Dismissal of Plaintiff’s DTSA claim is 8 inappropriate at this time. 9 E. Count V: Washington Uniform Trade Secrets Act 10 In Count V Plaintiff invokes Washington’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act, RCW 19.108.010 11 et seq. (“UTSA”). Defendant seeks dismissal of this count, on the grounds that none of the actions 12 relevant to this lawsuit are alleged to have occurred in Washington, have been committed by or 13 against a Washington resident, or otherwise merit the extraterritorial application of Washington 14 law. Plaintiff responds that Kit Builder “conducts business throughout the United States, including
15 Washington,” and also refers to non-party Inksewn’s business in the state. However, the FAC fails 16 to allege that any of the activities at issue in this litigation, committed by vPersonalize, Kit Builder, 17 or Inksewn, were conducted in Washington. Plaintiff merely speculates, without any factual 18 allegations in support, that the Defendant’s alleged activities have harmed Washington or its 19 residents. 20 Neither the parties nor the Court could identify any case analyzing the extraterritorial reach 21 of the Washington UTSA. Nevertheless, courts have noted that “a Washington law would not 22 apply extraterritorially when neither party is a Washington resident and the acts giving rise to the 23 claim occurred outside of Washington.” See Trader Joe's Co. v. Hallatt, 835 F.3d 960, 977 (9th
24 1 Cir. 2016), citing Red Lion Hotels Franchising, Inc. v. MAK, LLC, 663 F.3d 1080, 1090 (9th Cir. 2 2011). These are precisely the circumstances here. Plaintiff’s Washington UTSA claim is 3 accordingly dismissed. 4 IV. CONCLUSION
5 For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismissed is GRANTED in part and 6 DENIED in part. Counts III and V are DISMISSED, leaving Counts I and IV for another day. 7 Dated this 3rd day of February, 2020. 8
9 A 10 Barbara Jacobs Rothstein 11 U.S. District Court Judge
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24