Opinion
SCHALLER, J.
The plaintiffs, Cynthia A. Violano and Cinderella of New Haven, LLC, doing business as Seasons (Cinderella), appeal from the judgment of the trial court rendered in favor of the defendants, Henry J. Fernandez III and the city of New Haven (city). On appeal, the plaintiffs claim that the court improperly struck their fourth revised complaint in its entirety.1 We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
In their operative complaint, filed on May 10, 2002, the plaintiffs alleged the following facts, which are relevant to our discussion of the issue on appeal. On June 16, 1999, the plaintiffs entered into a ten year lease for property located at 26-28 Townsend Avenue (property) in New Haven.2 The plaintiffs also signed a purchase option agreement that gave Cinderella the exclusive right to purchase the property. Both the lease agreement and the purchase option were recorded on the appropriate land records.
The plaintiffs intended to operate a restaurant on the property, which was located next to a firehouse. The plaintiffs obtained the necessary zoning permits and health department certificates for the restaurant. They also acquired a liquor permit from the department of consumer protection.
[4]*4On December 13, 1999, Fernandez, the director of the Livable City Initiative (Livable City),3 recommended that the city take the property by eminent domain and Livable City’s board voted in accordance with his recommendation. On January 3, 2000, the city’s board of aldermen (board) approved the taking for the purpose of expanding the firehouse. The city filed and recorded the certificate of taking in April, 2000.4 Subsequent to the taking, on November 3, 2000, a robbery occurred at the property, and all of the plaintiffs’ items, renovations and fixtures were stolen or destroyed.
On June 18, 2001, the plaintiffs commenced the present action. On May 22, 2002, the defendants filed a motion to strike the entire complaint, alleging that it was insufficient to state a claim on which relief could be granted. Following a hearing on the defendants’ motion, the court, on October 17, 2003, granted the defendants’ motion. The defendants subsequently filed a motion for judgment, which the court granted on November 17, 2003. This appeal followed. Additional facts will be set forth as necessary.
As a preliminary matter, we identify the appropriate standard of review. “Because a motion to strike challenges the legal sufficiency of a pleading and, consequently, requires no factual findings by the trial court, our review of the court’s ruling on the [defendants’ motion] is plenary. . . . We take the facts to be those alleged in the complaint that has been stricken and we construe the complaint in the manner most favorable to sustaining its legal sufficiency. . . . Thus, [i]f facts provable in the complaint would support a cause of action, the motion to strike must be denied. . . . More[5]*5over, we note that [w]hat is necessarily implied [in an allegation] need not be expressly alleged. ... It is fundamental that in determining the sufficiency of a complaint challenged by a defendant’s motion to strike, all well-pleaded facts and those facts necessarily implied from the allegations are taken as admitted. . . . Indeed, pleadings must be construed broadly and realistically, rather than narrowly and technically. ” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Commissioner of Labor v. C.J.M. Services, Inc., 268 Conn. 283, 292-93, 842 A.2d 1124 (2004); see also Heim v. California Federal Bank, 78 Conn. App. 351, 358-59, 828 A.2d 129, cert. denied, 266 Conn. 911, 832 A.2d 70 (2003). We will address each of the stricken counts in turn.
I
The plaintiffs first claim that the court improperly struck count one of their complaint. In that count, the plaintiffs alleged that Fernandez negligently caused the property to be taken, and that, as a result of his negligence, they lost a valuable contract right to manage and own a restaurant located on the property, as well as expenses for obtaining permits and supplies. Specifically, the plaintiffs claimed that Fernandez was negligent by causing, allowing or permitting (1) the taking of their option to purchase without compensation, (2) the city to acquire the property without determining if it was for a public purpose, (3) the city to acquire the property in bad faith, (4) the taking by the city without determining its actual purpose and (5) the taking after failing to make a reasonable and proper determination of the city’s true intention for the property.
In their motion to strike, the defendants argued, inter alia, that Fernandez could not be held hable for the taking because any such taking was a “legislative function that was carried out by [the board].” The trial court agreed with this argument. We are similarly persuaded.
[6]*6“Eminent domain refers to a legal proceeding in which a government asserts its authority to condemn property.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Citino v. Redevelopment Agency, 51 Conn. App. 262, 279, 721 A.2d 1197 (1998). General Statutes § 7-148 (c) (3) (A) provides in relevant part that a municipality, such as the city, has the power to “[t\ake . . . hold, condemn, lease, sell, manage, transfer, release and convey such real and personal property or interest therein absolutely or in trust as the purposes of the municipality or any public use or purpose, including that of . . . health . . . buildings or other structures . . . require. . . .” (Emphasis added.) Additionally, General Statutes § 48-6 (a) provides in relevant part that “[a]ny municipal corporation having the right to purchase real property for its municipal purposes which has, in accordance with its charter or the general statutes, voted to purchase the same shall have power to take or acquire such real property . . . .” The New Haven charter vests the power of eminent domain with the board.5 Thus, although a broad reading of the allegation in the first count of the plaintiffs’ complaint indicates that Feman-[7]*7dez was the director of Livable City, which made an improper recommendation in favor of taking the property, ultimately it was the board that actually took the property pursuant to the procedures found in the General Statutes and the city’s charter. Thus, responsibility for the taking lies with the board, and not Fernandez.
We conclude that the allegations in count one of the complaint indicate that Fernandez was responsible for the taking of the property. We agree with the court that it was, in fact, the board that took the property. The plaintiffs, therefore, failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted, and the court properly struck count one of the complaint.
II
The plaintiffs next claim that the court improperly struck count two of their complaint.
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Opinion
SCHALLER, J.
The plaintiffs, Cynthia A. Violano and Cinderella of New Haven, LLC, doing business as Seasons (Cinderella), appeal from the judgment of the trial court rendered in favor of the defendants, Henry J. Fernandez III and the city of New Haven (city). On appeal, the plaintiffs claim that the court improperly struck their fourth revised complaint in its entirety.1 We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
In their operative complaint, filed on May 10, 2002, the plaintiffs alleged the following facts, which are relevant to our discussion of the issue on appeal. On June 16, 1999, the plaintiffs entered into a ten year lease for property located at 26-28 Townsend Avenue (property) in New Haven.2 The plaintiffs also signed a purchase option agreement that gave Cinderella the exclusive right to purchase the property. Both the lease agreement and the purchase option were recorded on the appropriate land records.
The plaintiffs intended to operate a restaurant on the property, which was located next to a firehouse. The plaintiffs obtained the necessary zoning permits and health department certificates for the restaurant. They also acquired a liquor permit from the department of consumer protection.
[4]*4On December 13, 1999, Fernandez, the director of the Livable City Initiative (Livable City),3 recommended that the city take the property by eminent domain and Livable City’s board voted in accordance with his recommendation. On January 3, 2000, the city’s board of aldermen (board) approved the taking for the purpose of expanding the firehouse. The city filed and recorded the certificate of taking in April, 2000.4 Subsequent to the taking, on November 3, 2000, a robbery occurred at the property, and all of the plaintiffs’ items, renovations and fixtures were stolen or destroyed.
On June 18, 2001, the plaintiffs commenced the present action. On May 22, 2002, the defendants filed a motion to strike the entire complaint, alleging that it was insufficient to state a claim on which relief could be granted. Following a hearing on the defendants’ motion, the court, on October 17, 2003, granted the defendants’ motion. The defendants subsequently filed a motion for judgment, which the court granted on November 17, 2003. This appeal followed. Additional facts will be set forth as necessary.
As a preliminary matter, we identify the appropriate standard of review. “Because a motion to strike challenges the legal sufficiency of a pleading and, consequently, requires no factual findings by the trial court, our review of the court’s ruling on the [defendants’ motion] is plenary. . . . We take the facts to be those alleged in the complaint that has been stricken and we construe the complaint in the manner most favorable to sustaining its legal sufficiency. . . . Thus, [i]f facts provable in the complaint would support a cause of action, the motion to strike must be denied. . . . More[5]*5over, we note that [w]hat is necessarily implied [in an allegation] need not be expressly alleged. ... It is fundamental that in determining the sufficiency of a complaint challenged by a defendant’s motion to strike, all well-pleaded facts and those facts necessarily implied from the allegations are taken as admitted. . . . Indeed, pleadings must be construed broadly and realistically, rather than narrowly and technically. ” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Commissioner of Labor v. C.J.M. Services, Inc., 268 Conn. 283, 292-93, 842 A.2d 1124 (2004); see also Heim v. California Federal Bank, 78 Conn. App. 351, 358-59, 828 A.2d 129, cert. denied, 266 Conn. 911, 832 A.2d 70 (2003). We will address each of the stricken counts in turn.
I
The plaintiffs first claim that the court improperly struck count one of their complaint. In that count, the plaintiffs alleged that Fernandez negligently caused the property to be taken, and that, as a result of his negligence, they lost a valuable contract right to manage and own a restaurant located on the property, as well as expenses for obtaining permits and supplies. Specifically, the plaintiffs claimed that Fernandez was negligent by causing, allowing or permitting (1) the taking of their option to purchase without compensation, (2) the city to acquire the property without determining if it was for a public purpose, (3) the city to acquire the property in bad faith, (4) the taking by the city without determining its actual purpose and (5) the taking after failing to make a reasonable and proper determination of the city’s true intention for the property.
In their motion to strike, the defendants argued, inter alia, that Fernandez could not be held hable for the taking because any such taking was a “legislative function that was carried out by [the board].” The trial court agreed with this argument. We are similarly persuaded.
[6]*6“Eminent domain refers to a legal proceeding in which a government asserts its authority to condemn property.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Citino v. Redevelopment Agency, 51 Conn. App. 262, 279, 721 A.2d 1197 (1998). General Statutes § 7-148 (c) (3) (A) provides in relevant part that a municipality, such as the city, has the power to “[t\ake . . . hold, condemn, lease, sell, manage, transfer, release and convey such real and personal property or interest therein absolutely or in trust as the purposes of the municipality or any public use or purpose, including that of . . . health . . . buildings or other structures . . . require. . . .” (Emphasis added.) Additionally, General Statutes § 48-6 (a) provides in relevant part that “[a]ny municipal corporation having the right to purchase real property for its municipal purposes which has, in accordance with its charter or the general statutes, voted to purchase the same shall have power to take or acquire such real property . . . .” The New Haven charter vests the power of eminent domain with the board.5 Thus, although a broad reading of the allegation in the first count of the plaintiffs’ complaint indicates that Feman-[7]*7dez was the director of Livable City, which made an improper recommendation in favor of taking the property, ultimately it was the board that actually took the property pursuant to the procedures found in the General Statutes and the city’s charter. Thus, responsibility for the taking lies with the board, and not Fernandez.
We conclude that the allegations in count one of the complaint indicate that Fernandez was responsible for the taking of the property. We agree with the court that it was, in fact, the board that took the property. The plaintiffs, therefore, failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted, and the court properly struck count one of the complaint.
II
The plaintiffs next claim that the court improperly struck count two of their complaint. Specifically, they argue that, as of April 12,2000, the city was the owner of the premises and that Fernandez, as director of Livable City, was the controller, possessor and manager of the premises and that, due to the defendants’ negligence in failing to provide adequate security, the plaintiffs sustained damages. We agree with the plaintiffs that the court improperly concluded that they failed to plead that Fernandez controlled, possessed, managed or maintained the property after the taking.6 Nevertheless, [8]*8we affirm the court’s judgment as to count two on alternate grounds.7
The defendants argue, in the alternative, that Fernandez, who was alleged to be an employee of the city, is entitled to qualified governmental immunity because any acts or omissions with respect to security related to the property were discretionary in nature.8 The defendants further argue that the allegations set forth in the complaint do not implicate any of the exceptions applicable to qualified governmental immunity for discretionary acts. We agree.
“The [common-law] doctrines that determine the tort liability of municipal employees are well established. . . . Although historically [a] municipality itself was generally immune from liability for its tortious acts at common law . . . [municipal] employees faced the same personal tort liability as private individuals. . . . [9]*9Over the years, however, [t]he doctrine of [qualified] immunity has provided some exceptions to the general rule of tort liability for municipal employees. . . . Generally, a municipal employee is liable for the misperformance of ministerial acts, but has a qualified immunity in the performance of governmental acts. . . . Governmental acts are performed wholly for the direct benefit of the public and are supervisory or discretionary in nature. ... In contrast, [ministerial refers to a duty [that] is to be performed in a prescribed manner without the exercise of judgment or discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Myers v. Hartford, 84 Conn. App. 395, 401-402, 853 A.2d 621, cert. denied, 271 Conn. 927, 859 A.2d 582 (2004); see also Burns v. Board of Education, 228 Conn. 640, 645, 638 A.2d 1 (1994). Put another way, “[t]he hallmark of a discretionary act is that it requires the exercise of judgment.” (Emphasis added.) Lombard v. Edward J. Peters, Jr., P.C., 252 Conn. 623, 628, 749 A.2d 630 (2000).
In the present case, the plaintiffs alleged in count two of their complaint that Fernandez negligently failed to install a security system or device to protect the property, failed to install adequate locks, failed to monitor adequately who possessed keys to the property, failed to supervise adequately the security of the property, failed to respond to reports of theft or loss at the property so as to prevent future losses, caused or allowed the property to be maintained with defective or inadequate security and failed to make reasonable and proper inspections of the property. There is no mention in the complaint of a policy or directive instructing Fernandez in the manner in which he was obligated to ensure the security of the property. See Segreto v. Bristol, 71 Conn. App. 844, 857, 804 A.2d 928, cert. denied, 261 Conn. 941,808 A.2d 1132 (2002); Colon v. Board of Education, 60 Conn. App. 178, 181-83, 758 A.2d 900, cert. denied, 255 Conn. 908, 763 A.2d 1034 [10]*10(2000). Moreover, the allegations in count two that Fernandez failed to install “adequate” locks, failed to monitor “adequately” who received keys to the building, failed to supervise “adequately” the security of the property and failed to make “reasonable and proper” inspections of the property all implicate the exercise of judgment, and thus are discretionary acts. See Evon v. Andrews, 211 Conn. 501, 506-507, 559 A.2d 1131 (1989). Even the determination of whether a security system was needed required the use of judgment on the part of Fernandez. See id., 506. We conclude, therefore, that on the face of the allegations in count two of the complaint, Fernandez was entitled to qualified governmental immunity and that such a defense, under these facts and circumstances, properly was raised by way of a motion to strike.9
We now consider the three exceptions to qualified governmental immunity for discretionary acts of municipal employees in order to determine if any are applicable to the present case. “The immunity from liability for the performance of discretionary acts by a municipal employee is subject to three exceptions or circumstances under which liability may attach even though the act was discretionary: first, where the circumstances make it apparent to the public officer that his or her failure to act would be likely to subject an identifiable person to imminent harm . . . second, where a statute specifically provides for a cause of action against a municipality or municipal official for failure to enforce certain laws . . . and third, where the alleged acts involve malice, wantonness or intent to injure, rather than negligence.” (Internal quotation [11]*11marks omitted.) Colon v. Board of Education, supra, 60 Conn. App. 180-81. The only exception to the qualified immunity of a municipal employee for discretionary acts that is relevant to the present case is the exception permitting a tort action in circumstances of imminent harm to an identifiable person, which has received very limited recognition in this state. See Doe v. Board of Education, 76 Conn. App. 296, 302, 819 A.2d 289 (2003).
Our Supreme Court’s opinion in Evon v. Andrews, supra, 211 Conn. 501, provides us with guidance in resolving this issue.10 In that case, the plaintiffs alleged in the fifth count of their complaint that the defendants, the city of Waterbury and various city officials, negligently failed to enforce certain statutes, regulations and codes regarding rental dwellings and fire prevention. Id., 502. The trial court granted the defendants’ motion to strike that count on the basis that the count focused on a governmental duty. Id., 504. On appeal, the plaintiffs claimed, inter alia, that the identifiable person-imminent harm exception applied. Our Supreme Court rejected that argument. In doing so, it concluded that the risk of fire implicated a wide range of factors and that the possibility of a fire did not implicate an immediate harm. Id., 508.
[12]*12In the present case, the risk of a robbery at the property also implicates a variety of factors, such as the location of the building, the surrounding area, the security measures taken and the type of materials stored within the building. Furthermore, because the robbery did not occur until months after the city obtained legal title to the building, it cannot be said that an “immediate harm” was implicated. See Shore v. Stonington, 187 Conn. 147, 153-54, 444 A.2d 1379 (1982). In short, we conclude that, because the acts and omissions alleged in count two of the plaintiffs’ complaint were discretionary in nature, Fernandez was entitled to qualified governmental immunity. None of the exceptions to qualified governmental immunity apply to the facts alleged. Accordingly, the court properly struck count two of the complaint.11
Ill
The plaintiffs’ final claim is that the court improperly struck count four of their operative complaint. Specifically, they argue that count four incorporated the allegations contained in count two (negligent security against Fernandez) and further alleged that the city, as the employer of Fernandez and others, was responsible for those actions pursuant to General Statutes § 52-557n.12 [13]*13We affirm the judgment as to this count, but on grounds different from those set forth by the court.13
In its memorandum of decision, the court properly concluded that § 52-557n (a) (1) and our Supreme Court’s holding in Spears v. Garcia, 263 Conn. 22, 818 A.2d 37 (2003), permitted a direct action against the city.14 It then, however, turned to § 52-557n (b), which provides that “[notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, a political subdivision of the state or any employee, officer or agent acting within the scope of his employment or official duties shall not be liable for damages to person or property resulting from ... (5) the initiation of a judicial or administrative proceeding, provided that such action is not determined to have been commenced or prosecuted without probable cause or with a malicious intent to vex or trouble, as provided in section 52-568 . . . .” The court determined that this subsection of § 52-557n afforded the city immunity because the eminent domain proceeding fell within its scope.
We disagree with the court’s interpretation of the pleading.15 In our view, count four of the complaint raised allegations of negligence that occurred after the [14]*14eminent domain proceeding, namely, that city employees, including Fernandez, failed to take the appropriate steps to ensure the security of the property after the city took legal title to the property. Thus, it appears that § 52-557n (b) (5) does not apply to the allegations contained in count four.
The defendants argue, as an alternate ground for affirming the judgment, that the city was entitled to judgment pursuant to § 52-577n (a) (2) (B), which provides that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law, a political subdivision of the state shall not be liable for damages to person or property caused by . . . negligent acts or omissions which require the exercise of judgment or discretion as an official function of the authority expressly or impliedly granted by law.” See also Romano v. Derby, 42 Conn. App. 624, 629, 681 A.2d 387 (1996). In part II of this opinion, we concluded that any of the alleged negligent acts or omissions regarding the security of the property involved the exercise of judgment or discretion. Accordingly, by operation of § 52-577n (a) (2) (B), the city cannot be held liable for the actions of its employees pertaining to the security of the property.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion HENNESSY, J., concurred.