The opinion of the court was delivered by
Watkins, J.
As assignee, S. Vidalat, the plaintiff, claims of the •city of New Orleans $100,000, on the averment that, by the acts and •omissions of her officers and agents, his assignor, S. Vidalat & Co., suffered, during the term of its lease of the public markets, a diminuition of profits to that extent.
This demand is founded on three different causes of action, of ■similar import, viz.:
1. His claim is that, for an alleged diminution of market revenues, arising from competition with the private markets, which, as lessor, the city had failed to suppress and prevent, as she was, in duty and in law, obligated to do, he is entitled to demand and recover $75,000.
2. That for and on account of eviction from certain spaces adjacent to certain of the market places he had sustained loss of custom •and revenues aggregating $10,000; and—
3. That, on account of the banquette on the south side of Poydras street, in the immediate vicinity of the Bilie market, being torn up .and left in an impassable condition for many months, through the fault and negligence of the defendant, and whereby access to the markets on that side was prevented, he had sustained a loss of ¡$15,000 — and for which last two items he is, likewise, entitled to ■demand and receive the additional sum of $25,000.
[1124]*1124Plaintiff’s claim is that, in October, 1884, Vidalat & Oo. purchased at public auction the right or privilege of using and operating the public markets of the city for the period of twenty-six months, for a consideration of $421,000, payable in monthly installments of $16,-200, and under said contract — which was one of lease — the company acquired a right to all the market revenues derivable therefrom,, under then existing laws and city ordinances then in force.
His further averment is, that all such laws and ordinances entered into and formed part of the contract; and that the city, also, bound itself by a special covenant to maintain and enforce such laws and ordinances for its lessee’s protection against unlawful interference with its rights and privileges by private market people, and by all lawful means at its command.
On the trial there was a verdict in plaintiff’s favor for' $7500, without any specification of the particular demand, on account of which this allowance was made; and, after an unsuccessful effort, on the-part of the defendant, to obtain a new trial, judgment was rendered accordingly, and it has appealed. In this court the plaintiff filed an-answer to the appeal, and prayed for the judgment to be so amended as to allow him $85,000.
I.
With reference to the first item of damages claimed, the following appears to be a fair summary of facts, viz.:
That by the official map and other testimony, it is estimated that there were established and in operation during the contract of Vidalat & Co., 200 or 300 private markets. The purport of the testimony'on this subject is that the distance or radius of six squares-is indicated on a map by a series of circles, having radii of 2100 feet, measured on an air line from the respective market-houses— each corner being taken as the centre of a circle, and the line indicating its circumference that of the limit within which private markets were excluded.
Within the limits of these different circles, as indicated on the map, plaintiff’s witnesses undertake to locate various prohibited private market-houses, by taking streets and their municipal numbers as their guide, and estimating their distances, respectively, from the public markets, by what they -suppose to be 2100 feet.
On this theory, lists of such private market-houses have been elaborately prepared and filed in evidence.
[1125]*1125There was hut one witness who professed to have taken actual measurements, as appertaining to the lists; but cross-interrogation revealed the fact that the list he referred to was prepared in 1885-6, during the Vidalat lease, and that the measurements were made ■only two months previous to the trial in May, 1890.
The lessee gave due notice to the proper city authorities of the existence of these private markets, and demanded their suppression.’ The city made some efforts to abate them, but with, practically, little success. There were some affidavits made against parties offending the private market ordinances, and some arrests were made, but no convictions secured. There seemed to have been considerable opposition to the enforcement of the law. To this effect is the testimony of the Mayor, of that time, his private secretary, police officers, and the City Attorney.
On this subject, the latter says:
“ I have not my docket here; but the private market cases occupied a good deal of my time. There was a good deal of opposition to them. They went to the Supreme Court several times.
“Q. I want to know whether you tried to close up the private markets?
“ A. I did all I was called upon to do. * * * My associate attorney took them to the recorder’s courts, and he attended to those cases; and, if I mistake not, S. P. Blanc, (who) was the attorney for Vidalat & Oo., was associated with me in those cases, etc.
fk * # * * % ?{s
f “ The private market men were particularly litigous, and one decision did not seem to have the effect of a final judgment.”
On the score of losses sustained on account of these private markets, the proof is desultory and suppositious. It shows, substantially, that for the period between 1859 and 1868, the market revenues were farmed out for §400,000 per annum, and since the termination of Vidalat’s lease, in 1886, they have been adjudicated for about §375,000 per annum.
There have been constantly in force since 1868, statutes and city ordinances permitting private markets, and their regulation has been constantly attended with similar difficulties to those which appear to have beset the Vidalat company.
The proof tends to show that during its lease there were many [1126]*1126stalls vacant, and that the profits were greatly less than seemed to-have been contemplated.
In the lease there is a stipulation to the effect that all city ordinances relating to market leases then in force, whereby it was provided that private markets might be established in any portion of the city not within a radius of sis squares of any public market, and whereby it was made the duty of the chief of police to prevent any private market being established within the prohibited limits, were-to form parts of the contract, and the city, as lessor, undertook to-maintain and enforce such ordinances by all lawful means.
Taken all in all, this testimony falls short of its purpose, and fails, to make out a case for damages against the city on this score, and, for several reasons.
(a) In the first place, the modus operandi of establishing the-localities in which private markets were situated, was entirely incorrect and unsatisfactory.
This clearly appears from the testimony of the city surveyor, a portion of which we quote, as follows, viz.: ,
“Q.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Watkins, J.
As assignee, S. Vidalat, the plaintiff, claims of the •city of New Orleans $100,000, on the averment that, by the acts and •omissions of her officers and agents, his assignor, S. Vidalat & Co., suffered, during the term of its lease of the public markets, a diminuition of profits to that extent.
This demand is founded on three different causes of action, of ■similar import, viz.:
1. His claim is that, for an alleged diminution of market revenues, arising from competition with the private markets, which, as lessor, the city had failed to suppress and prevent, as she was, in duty and in law, obligated to do, he is entitled to demand and recover $75,000.
2. That for and on account of eviction from certain spaces adjacent to certain of the market places he had sustained loss of custom •and revenues aggregating $10,000; and—
3. That, on account of the banquette on the south side of Poydras street, in the immediate vicinity of the Bilie market, being torn up .and left in an impassable condition for many months, through the fault and negligence of the defendant, and whereby access to the markets on that side was prevented, he had sustained a loss of ¡$15,000 — and for which last two items he is, likewise, entitled to ■demand and receive the additional sum of $25,000.
[1124]*1124Plaintiff’s claim is that, in October, 1884, Vidalat & Oo. purchased at public auction the right or privilege of using and operating the public markets of the city for the period of twenty-six months, for a consideration of $421,000, payable in monthly installments of $16,-200, and under said contract — which was one of lease — the company acquired a right to all the market revenues derivable therefrom,, under then existing laws and city ordinances then in force.
His further averment is, that all such laws and ordinances entered into and formed part of the contract; and that the city, also, bound itself by a special covenant to maintain and enforce such laws and ordinances for its lessee’s protection against unlawful interference with its rights and privileges by private market people, and by all lawful means at its command.
On the trial there was a verdict in plaintiff’s favor for' $7500, without any specification of the particular demand, on account of which this allowance was made; and, after an unsuccessful effort, on the-part of the defendant, to obtain a new trial, judgment was rendered accordingly, and it has appealed. In this court the plaintiff filed an-answer to the appeal, and prayed for the judgment to be so amended as to allow him $85,000.
I.
With reference to the first item of damages claimed, the following appears to be a fair summary of facts, viz.:
That by the official map and other testimony, it is estimated that there were established and in operation during the contract of Vidalat & Co., 200 or 300 private markets. The purport of the testimony'on this subject is that the distance or radius of six squares-is indicated on a map by a series of circles, having radii of 2100 feet, measured on an air line from the respective market-houses— each corner being taken as the centre of a circle, and the line indicating its circumference that of the limit within which private markets were excluded.
Within the limits of these different circles, as indicated on the map, plaintiff’s witnesses undertake to locate various prohibited private market-houses, by taking streets and their municipal numbers as their guide, and estimating their distances, respectively, from the public markets, by what they -suppose to be 2100 feet.
On this theory, lists of such private market-houses have been elaborately prepared and filed in evidence.
[1125]*1125There was hut one witness who professed to have taken actual measurements, as appertaining to the lists; but cross-interrogation revealed the fact that the list he referred to was prepared in 1885-6, during the Vidalat lease, and that the measurements were made ■only two months previous to the trial in May, 1890.
The lessee gave due notice to the proper city authorities of the existence of these private markets, and demanded their suppression.’ The city made some efforts to abate them, but with, practically, little success. There were some affidavits made against parties offending the private market ordinances, and some arrests were made, but no convictions secured. There seemed to have been considerable opposition to the enforcement of the law. To this effect is the testimony of the Mayor, of that time, his private secretary, police officers, and the City Attorney.
On this subject, the latter says:
“ I have not my docket here; but the private market cases occupied a good deal of my time. There was a good deal of opposition to them. They went to the Supreme Court several times.
“Q. I want to know whether you tried to close up the private markets?
“ A. I did all I was called upon to do. * * * My associate attorney took them to the recorder’s courts, and he attended to those cases; and, if I mistake not, S. P. Blanc, (who) was the attorney for Vidalat & Oo., was associated with me in those cases, etc.
fk * # * * % ?{s
f “ The private market men were particularly litigous, and one decision did not seem to have the effect of a final judgment.”
On the score of losses sustained on account of these private markets, the proof is desultory and suppositious. It shows, substantially, that for the period between 1859 and 1868, the market revenues were farmed out for §400,000 per annum, and since the termination of Vidalat’s lease, in 1886, they have been adjudicated for about §375,000 per annum.
There have been constantly in force since 1868, statutes and city ordinances permitting private markets, and their regulation has been constantly attended with similar difficulties to those which appear to have beset the Vidalat company.
The proof tends to show that during its lease there were many [1126]*1126stalls vacant, and that the profits were greatly less than seemed to-have been contemplated.
In the lease there is a stipulation to the effect that all city ordinances relating to market leases then in force, whereby it was provided that private markets might be established in any portion of the city not within a radius of sis squares of any public market, and whereby it was made the duty of the chief of police to prevent any private market being established within the prohibited limits, were-to form parts of the contract, and the city, as lessor, undertook to-maintain and enforce such ordinances by all lawful means.
Taken all in all, this testimony falls short of its purpose, and fails, to make out a case for damages against the city on this score, and, for several reasons.
(a) In the first place, the modus operandi of establishing the-localities in which private markets were situated, was entirely incorrect and unsatisfactory.
This clearly appears from the testimony of the city surveyor, a portion of which we quote, as follows, viz.: ,
“Q. What is the difference between the radius-map (in evidence), and the distance or measurement used by the Supreme Court?
“ A. This, by the Supreme Court, is in a walking distanc.e of sis: blocks.
“Q. Then the map is not a correct guide as to the prohibited markets?
“ A. No, sir.
“ Q. This list of private markets, that you made at the request of Yidalat & Co., * * which are supposed to be within the prohibited distance, were made with reference to the radius?
“A. Yes, sir.
“ Q. But that is not the list used by the Supreme Court,, is it?
“A. No, sir.
“ Q. * * This list that is introduced here, prepared by order of Yidalat &Co., was prepared according to this 2100 feet map?
“ A. Yes, sir.
“ Q,. And this 2100 feet map is not a map by which the-distance is to be ascertained?
“A. No, sir,” etc.
Reference to decisions of this court in private market cases show , [1127]*1127this testimony to be entirely correct. State vs. Schmidt,. 41 An. 27;: State vs. Barthe, 41 An. 46.
In the former case it was established, by the testimony of the City Attorney of 1880, that the map in question was made under his. instructions, and as a part of Ordinance No. 4798, of which he was. author; and that the distance of six squares was, in contemplation thereof, to be computed “ by taking the far side of the streets around, the market and walking six squares the nearest way.”
This has been the rule to which this court has adhered ever since. Thai rule was inaugurated under the city administration preceding-that under which 'Vidalat & Co. farmed the markets, and it was not. changed subsequently. The duty was plainly imposed on the plaintiff, at the trial in May, 1890, to have produced such evidence as-would have rendered hts right clear to recover so large a sum as that demanded against the city on this account. This duty he did not. discharge. In so far as the testimony of the single witness,, who testified that he had made actual measurements of the distances,, is concerned, but little importance can be given to it, because it is manifestly unreliable, it not being pretended that the identical private-markets in existence in 1885-6, when the lists were made,, had been continued, in the same localities, to January, 1890, when the measurements were taken. And it is evident that actual measurements, made in 1890, on the hypothesis that the list made in 1885 was still correct, are unreliable, and such data is of very doubtful character. It is quite unreasonable to suppose that any witness could, with any sort of accuracy, have remembered the identity and localities of 2.00 or 300 private market-houses for such a length of time.
(6) In the second place, there is nothing to show that the city authorities were wilfully and flagrantly neglectful of the lessee’s contract rights in this particular, or indisposed to perform their duties.
Some efforts were exerted in this direction,, but difficulties were-presented which seemed hard to overcome.
The contention of plaintiff’s counsel is, that the city, having leased the public markets to the plaintiff’s assignor,, was bound to maintain them in a condition to subserve the purposes of the lessee, and could not lawfully do any act to diminish the revenues thereof during its-existence, and the city, having expressly contracted to enforce the-laws and ordinances relative to private markets for the benefit of. [1128]*1128.the plaintiff as market lessee, was required to close all private markets opened in contravention thereof, and in default of so doing ,it became liable in damages.
As applicable to this theory, the case of LaRosa vs. The Mayor, 4 .La. 24, is cited and relied upon. In that case the city adjudicated to the plaintiff the exclusive right of vending oysters at designated stands, and prohibited the sale of oysters at all other places, and the plaintiff was awarded damages against the city in consequence of its failure to enforce the prohibition of its ordinances. But, in the plaintiff’s case, now under consideration, the right acquired to, the revenues of the public markets was necessarily subordinated to the laws and ordinances specially authorizing the establishment of private markets elsewhere, in any part of the city not within prohibited .limits.
The element of uncertainty in this case is the failure of the evidence to show that the private market houses were within prohibited limits, for in the absence of such proof they were presumably authorized.
The claim of plaintiff is one sounding in damages ex contractu, and he is only entitled to be reimbursed the loss he has sustained under his contract, and the profit of which he has been deprived; that is, “ such damages as were contemplated or may reasonably be supposed to have entered into the contemplation of the parties at the time of the contract.” R. C. C. 19S4.
Plaintiff’s evidence leaves our minds in doubt of his contract having been' violated by the city, and if, for the sake of argument, this were conceded to have been made plain, this is not otherwise shown to be a case for the allowance of damages.
In the interpretation of the contract powers and duties of a municipal corporation, much the same tests must be applied as those which are applicable to private corporations and individuals. 2 Dillon’s Munic. Corp., Sec. 935, 3d Ed.; Walling vs. Mayor, 5 An. 660; Arrowsmith vs. Gordon, 3 An. 105; Smith vs. Thulton, 17 An. 240; Gobet vs. Municipality, 11 An. 300; McCord vs. Railway Co., 3 An. 285; Virgus vs. Eorshu, 9 An. 294.
II.
With regard to plaintiff’s eviction from certain spaces adjacent to .certain of the market-houses, and the consequent loss of custom he [1129]*1129•sustained thereby, through the unlawful act of the city, in our opinion a case for damages is not made on the law and evidence.
Plaintiff’s lease was made and confirmed, subject to all existing laws and ordinances relating to market leases generally, and among them was ordinance No. 479, O. S., Section 25 of which particularly 'describes the locus in quo to be leased, as follows, viz.:
“ That the entire areas covered by the several market-houses, including the sidewalks bordering the same, and that portion of certain streets spanned and covered by said market-houses, and, also, .certain squares oí neutral ground fronting St'. Mary’s Market, are understood to be devoted to market purposes, except, houfever, a free and unincumbered passage-way on all the said sidewalks bordering the said markets, which passage-way shall be kept free from obstruction.”
And for the evident purpose of reenforcing this descriptive enunciation of said ordinance, the provisions of Section 32 declare “that it shall be unlawful for any person to occupy any portion of the sidewalks or pavements bordering any of the public markets of the city by depositing for sale or other purposes any articles whatsoever calculated to obstruct the free passage thereof by pedestrians, orto erect, or to continue if already erected, in or over the sidewalks or'pavements, any ■ awning, shed, bench or partition, - * * without permission of the ■ commissioner,” etc.
During the course of the trial the judge a quo limited and restricted plaintiff’s evidence to the requirements of the ordinance, and excluded all other. In this he was evidently correct, and the result was that'the evidence failed to show any illegal evictions by the city authorities.
From the evidence, it appears that quite a number of persons who, in 1884 and 1885, occupied portions of open space in front of the French market, and vended their wares and merchandise, such as coffee, soda water and cigars, under awnings stretched overhead, were displaced and removed by the city authorities about the first of the year 1886, and were never permitted to re-occupy same thereafter. But these stands were not kept under the aprons of the market, but on the sidewalks or pavements adjacent to the market house, and formed obstructions to the free use of same, within the terms and plain meaning of said ordinance, and were removable.
Surely plaintiff has no well-founded claim for damages against the [1130]*1130city on account of loss of custom, or diminution of' revenues, on this; account.
III.
This claim of §15,000 damages because access to the Pilie market on the Poydras street side was temporarily obstructed, on account of the banquette adjacent to the market house being torn up during some two or three months, while the street was undergoing repair, is wholly without any foundation.
The proof shows that the Barber Asphalt Paving Company had undertaken a contract to lay that portion of Poydras street in the vicinity of1'the Pilie market, with sheet asphalt, and that for that purpose the banquette adjacent was unavoidably torn up, or necessarily obstructed.
While it is true that this condition of' things was suffered to continue much longer than seemed necessary fbr a speedy and energetic accomplishment of the work, yet we can not detect anything in the evidence that would justify us in the belief that either the city or the paving company were grossly negligent of their obligations, or wilfully did the plaintiff an injury. And it is well established by authority, that such inconveniences as may fairly and legitimately result from the making of needed public improvements, must be submitted to by all citizens of incorporated towns and cities, without compensation; each individual citizen being supposed to be recompensed by the enhancement of the general welfare of the community. ' 2 Dillon’s Mun. Oorp., 4th Ed., See. 990.
In contracting for such public street improvement, the defendant evidently acted within the scope of its contracting power. Barber Asphalt Paving Company vs. Gogreve, 41 An. 251, Sec. 7, Art 20 of 1882.
This is clearly a case of damum absque injuria in this respect.
On the whole, we arise from a very careful examination of the record, and a study of authorities applicable, with the conviction that the plaintiff is entitled to no damages, against the city; and that the verdict of the jury and the judgment thereon based should be reversed in toto.
It is, therefore, ordered and decreed that the judgment appealed from be annulled and reversed, and it is now ordered and decreed that there be judgment rejecting plaintiff’s demands at his cost in both courts.