PER CURIAM.
Claimant Victoria Manso-Pizarro was fifty-eight years old when she applied for social security insurance benefits on September 5, 1991. She alleged that a heart condition, high blood pressure and bad circulation had disabled her from working since June 24, 1991. After a hearing, an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) concluded that claimant suffered from hypertension, obesity, and mild anxiety, but that she could still perform her last previous job. Upon judicial review, a magistrate judge recommended affirming the ALJ’s decision. The district court agreed. The claimant appeals. We vacate and remand for further proceedings.
I.
We must uphold a denial of social security disability benefits unless “the Secretary has committed a legal or factual error in evaluating a particular claim.”
Sullivan v. Hudson,
490 U.S. 877, 885, 109 S.Ct. 2248, 2254, 104 L.Ed.2d 941 (1989). The Secretary’s findings of fact are conclusive if supported by substantial evidence.
See
42 U.S.C. § 405(g);
see also Richardson v. Perales,
402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 1427, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971).
There is substantial record evidence that claimant met her initial burden to provide enough information about the activities her usual work required and how those activities were compromised by her functional inability
to perform that work. Claimant has a twelfth-grade education and worked for twenty-two years as a kitchen helper in a public school cafeteria. Her duties included serving children, preparing milk, washing dishes and trays, helping the cook, and cleaning the floor. The job required her to stand or walk for six hours a day, to sit for one-half hour, and to lift and carry up to thirty pounds (including, on occasion, lifting and carrying large, hot cooking pots). She described her work as fairly heavy and stated that she could no longer perform it because: she lacked the strength to lift anything heavy; she had limited ability to lift and carry because her hands cramped due to bad circulation; she had blurry vision and became dizzy when bending; and she could not stand for very long due to pain on her left side and in her feet. Upon this foundation, the ALJ supportably concluded that claimant’s past relevant work involved medium physical exertion, and required her alternately to walk or stand for six hours, to lift or carry up to thirty pounds.
This finding implicated step four of the Secretary’s sequential evaluation process.
See
20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e). At step four the initial burden is on the claimant to show that she can no longer perform her former work because of her impairments.
See Santiago v. Secretary of HHS,
944 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir.1991). At that point, the ALJ must compare the physical and mental demands of that past work with current functional capability.
See id.; see also
20 C.F.R. § 404.1560(b). In making a step four appraisal, the ALJ is entitled to credit a claimant’s own description of her former job duties and functional limitations,
see id.,
but has some burden independently to develop the record.
See id.
at 5-6.
In this instance, the ALJ decided that claimant retained the residual functional capacity (RFC) to perform her past relevant work as a cook’s helper. In comparing claimant’s retained capacities with the mental and physical demands of her prior work, the ALJ concluded that because the record indicated no physical restrictions limiting her ability to alternately walk or stand for six hours, or to lift up to thirty pounds, claimant’s RFC coincided with her past relevant work activities.
The claimant argues that in making this RFC assessment, the ALJ im-permissibly interpreted raw medical evidence, and instead should have obtained an RFC assessment by a physician. The Secretary disagrees. She contends that the non-severity of claimant’s impairments entitled the ALJ to make a eommonsense RFC assessment and that the ALJ, in finding that claimant retained the RFC to perform medium-level exertion, did not overstep the bounds of lay competence.
II.
With a few exceptions (not relevant here), an ALJ, as a lay person, is not qualified to interpret raw data in a medical record.
See Perez v. Secretary of HHS,
958 F.2d 445, 446 (1st Cir.1991);
Gordils v. Secretary of HHS,
921 F.2d 327, 329 (1st Cir.1990). Of course, where the medical evidence shows relatively little physical impairment, an ALJ permissibly can render a commonsense judgment about functional capacity even without a physician’s assessment.
See, e.g., id.
But when, as now, a claimant has sufficiently put her functional inability to perform her prior work in issue, the ALJ must measure the claimant’s capabilities, and
to make that measurement, an expert’s RFC evaluation is ordinarily essential unless the extent of functional loss, and its effect on job performance, would be apparent even to a lay person.
Santiago,
944 F.2d at 7.
Here, the record contains no analysis of functional capacity by a physician or other expert. Thus, the question whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that claimant retains the functional capacity to do medium-level work and otherwise perform her prior vocational activities depends on a qualitative assessment of the medical evidence that was before the ALJ. If that evidence suggests a relatively mild physical
impairment posing, to the layperson’s eye, no significant exertional restrictions, then we must uphold the ALJ’s finding; elsewise, we cannot (in the absence of an expert’s opinion).
See Perez,
958 F.2d at 446-47;
Gordils,
921 F.2d at 329. It is to that perscrutation that we now turn.
III.
On June 27, 1991, three days after she stopped working, claimant saw Dr. Ruiz for chest pain, dizziness and palpitations. Dr. Ruiz diagnosed her as having high blood pressure and premature ventricular contractions.
Although he prescribed medication, the claimant’s condition worsened and he hospitalized her on July 6. She was placed in the intensive care unit. Tests showed ventricular tachycardia (an abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm, most commonly associated with atrioventricular dissociation,
see
Dorland’s,
supra,
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PER CURIAM.
Claimant Victoria Manso-Pizarro was fifty-eight years old when she applied for social security insurance benefits on September 5, 1991. She alleged that a heart condition, high blood pressure and bad circulation had disabled her from working since June 24, 1991. After a hearing, an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) concluded that claimant suffered from hypertension, obesity, and mild anxiety, but that she could still perform her last previous job. Upon judicial review, a magistrate judge recommended affirming the ALJ’s decision. The district court agreed. The claimant appeals. We vacate and remand for further proceedings.
I.
We must uphold a denial of social security disability benefits unless “the Secretary has committed a legal or factual error in evaluating a particular claim.”
Sullivan v. Hudson,
490 U.S. 877, 885, 109 S.Ct. 2248, 2254, 104 L.Ed.2d 941 (1989). The Secretary’s findings of fact are conclusive if supported by substantial evidence.
See
42 U.S.C. § 405(g);
see also Richardson v. Perales,
402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 1427, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971).
There is substantial record evidence that claimant met her initial burden to provide enough information about the activities her usual work required and how those activities were compromised by her functional inability
to perform that work. Claimant has a twelfth-grade education and worked for twenty-two years as a kitchen helper in a public school cafeteria. Her duties included serving children, preparing milk, washing dishes and trays, helping the cook, and cleaning the floor. The job required her to stand or walk for six hours a day, to sit for one-half hour, and to lift and carry up to thirty pounds (including, on occasion, lifting and carrying large, hot cooking pots). She described her work as fairly heavy and stated that she could no longer perform it because: she lacked the strength to lift anything heavy; she had limited ability to lift and carry because her hands cramped due to bad circulation; she had blurry vision and became dizzy when bending; and she could not stand for very long due to pain on her left side and in her feet. Upon this foundation, the ALJ supportably concluded that claimant’s past relevant work involved medium physical exertion, and required her alternately to walk or stand for six hours, to lift or carry up to thirty pounds.
This finding implicated step four of the Secretary’s sequential evaluation process.
See
20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e). At step four the initial burden is on the claimant to show that she can no longer perform her former work because of her impairments.
See Santiago v. Secretary of HHS,
944 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir.1991). At that point, the ALJ must compare the physical and mental demands of that past work with current functional capability.
See id.; see also
20 C.F.R. § 404.1560(b). In making a step four appraisal, the ALJ is entitled to credit a claimant’s own description of her former job duties and functional limitations,
see id.,
but has some burden independently to develop the record.
See id.
at 5-6.
In this instance, the ALJ decided that claimant retained the residual functional capacity (RFC) to perform her past relevant work as a cook’s helper. In comparing claimant’s retained capacities with the mental and physical demands of her prior work, the ALJ concluded that because the record indicated no physical restrictions limiting her ability to alternately walk or stand for six hours, or to lift up to thirty pounds, claimant’s RFC coincided with her past relevant work activities.
The claimant argues that in making this RFC assessment, the ALJ im-permissibly interpreted raw medical evidence, and instead should have obtained an RFC assessment by a physician. The Secretary disagrees. She contends that the non-severity of claimant’s impairments entitled the ALJ to make a eommonsense RFC assessment and that the ALJ, in finding that claimant retained the RFC to perform medium-level exertion, did not overstep the bounds of lay competence.
II.
With a few exceptions (not relevant here), an ALJ, as a lay person, is not qualified to interpret raw data in a medical record.
See Perez v. Secretary of HHS,
958 F.2d 445, 446 (1st Cir.1991);
Gordils v. Secretary of HHS,
921 F.2d 327, 329 (1st Cir.1990). Of course, where the medical evidence shows relatively little physical impairment, an ALJ permissibly can render a commonsense judgment about functional capacity even without a physician’s assessment.
See, e.g., id.
But when, as now, a claimant has sufficiently put her functional inability to perform her prior work in issue, the ALJ must measure the claimant’s capabilities, and
to make that measurement, an expert’s RFC evaluation is ordinarily essential unless the extent of functional loss, and its effect on job performance, would be apparent even to a lay person.
Santiago,
944 F.2d at 7.
Here, the record contains no analysis of functional capacity by a physician or other expert. Thus, the question whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that claimant retains the functional capacity to do medium-level work and otherwise perform her prior vocational activities depends on a qualitative assessment of the medical evidence that was before the ALJ. If that evidence suggests a relatively mild physical
impairment posing, to the layperson’s eye, no significant exertional restrictions, then we must uphold the ALJ’s finding; elsewise, we cannot (in the absence of an expert’s opinion).
See Perez,
958 F.2d at 446-47;
Gordils,
921 F.2d at 329. It is to that perscrutation that we now turn.
III.
On June 27, 1991, three days after she stopped working, claimant saw Dr. Ruiz for chest pain, dizziness and palpitations. Dr. Ruiz diagnosed her as having high blood pressure and premature ventricular contractions.
Although he prescribed medication, the claimant’s condition worsened and he hospitalized her on July 6. She was placed in the intensive care unit. Tests showed ventricular tachycardia (an abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm, most commonly associated with atrioventricular dissociation,
see
Dorland’s,
supra,
at 1655), frequent PVCs, premature arterial contractions, and some evidence of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (a condition marked by sudden onset and cessation of rapid cardiac rate in the atrial locus, Dorland’s,
supra,
at 655).
The principal diagnosis was ventricular tachycardia. Coexisting admission diagnoses included premature ventricular beats, hyperthyroidism, excess calcium and uric acid in the blood, moderate dehydration, and two other illegible conditions.
During the claimant’s twelve-day hospital stay, seven electrocardiograms combined conclusively to show sinus tachycardia. Two chest x-rays revealed an enlarged heart. No fewer than five physicians were asked to consult.
A July 8 consultation report related a diagnostic impression of sinusal tachycardia and a history of arterial hypertension.
The discharge summary is mostly unreadable. It indicates, however, that the claimant’s laboratory, chemical profile, and radiology tests were not within normal limits. The prognosis was described as “fair.” Claimant was released on a regime of medication and extremely limited physical activity.
Dr. Ruiz saw the claimant as an out-patient in July and August, and again in January of 1992. At the August visit, he found her chest pain to be precipitated by hyperthyroidism with supraventricular tachycardia and occasional episodes of ventricular tachycardia. He diagnosed her as suffering from hyperthyroidism with associated hypertensive cardiovascular disease, ventricular and atrial tachycardia, and PVCs. He noted other adverse conditions, but they are unreadable. During that same month, the claimant was also evaluated at the State Insurance Fund. Tests showed cardiomegaly, an elongated aorta with a calcified knob, and multi-focal PVCs.
On November 26, 1991, the claimant was seen by Dr. Medina-Ruiz, the Secretary’s consulting cardiologist. At that point, the claimant’s chief complaints were fatigue, lack of energy, cramping of the legs, palpitations and numbness. The physical examination and associated tests revealed many of the same heart-related problems. Dr. Medina-Ruiz’s diagnostic impression included a finding of hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
On June 13, 1992, the claimant was hospitalized for three days due to high blood pressure, headaches and blurred vision. The diagnosis was hypertensive crisis and renal insufficiency. She improved with medication and was discharged with a one-week restriction of activities.
TV.
Putting aside the many unreadable entries in the medical evidence,
those reports otherwise unambiguously indicate the existence of medical conditions and symptomatology that
do not appear, at least without further evaluation by an expert, to be so mild as to make it obvious to a layperson that the claimant’s ability to perform her particular past work as a cook’s helper was unaffected. The Secretary acknowledges that the record shows cardiac abnormalities and other serious conditions. Even if we were to conclude that substantial evidence documented no more than mild physical impairments with relatively insignificant exertional loss, the record here is sufficiently ramified that understanding it requires more than a layperson’s effort at a commonsense functional capacity assessment.
See Gordils,
921 F.2d at 329 (limiting ALJ’s assessment of claimant’s functional capacity to sedentary work activities only). To sum up, given the illegibility of non-trivial parts of the medical reports, coupled with identifiable diagnoses and symptoms that seem to indicate more than mild
impairment,
we believe that the record alerted the ALJ to the need for expert guidance regarding the extent of the claimant’s residual functional capacity to perform her particular past employment.
See Perez,
958 F.2d at 447;
Santiago,
944 F.2d at 4;
Gordils,
921 F.2d at 329.
We need go no further. Since the ALJ’s conclusion that the claimant can continue to do her prior medium-level work is not readily verifiable on the record as it stands, we think that the case must be remanded to the Secretary for additional evidence of functional ability.
The judgment of the district court is
vacated
and the case is
remanded
with directions to remand to the Secretary for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.