Victor Hugo Muniz v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
• Decided: March 12, 2025
• Docket: A24A1562
• Status: Published

Opinion

FIFTH DIVISION MERCIER, C. J., MCFADDEN, P. J., and PIPKIN, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

March 12, 2025

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A24A1562. MUNIZ v. THE STATE.

MERCIER, Chief Judge.

Following a jury trial, Victor Hugo Muniz was convicted in Cobb County

Superior Court of aggravated sexual battery and child molestation for acts against

minor victims E. C. and Y. F. Muniz appeals the denial of his motion for new trial,

arguing that the trial court erred in excluding evidence and committed a sentencing

error. For reasons that follow, we affirm.

1. The State indicted Muniz for crimes against E. C. and Y. F. on December 10,

2015. Muniz subsequently filed a motion to introduce at trial evidence that Y. F. had

falsely accused another individual of molesting her, then retracted the allegation. He

asserted that such evidence was relevant to attack Y. F.’s credibility and to show that the allegations against him were also false. Finding the evidence admissible, the trial

court granted Muniz’s motion on August 25, 2016.

On December 20, 2016, the State asked the trial court to reconsider its ruling

in light of additional information. Approximately two weeks later, and before the trial

court ruled on the reconsideration request, the State obtained a superseding

indictment against Muniz, adding new counts and modifying the dates that Muniz was

alleged to have committed the offenses. The State nolle prossed the original

indictment, and Muniz agreed to proceed under the superseding indictment with a

previously set trial date of January 9, 2017.

The trial court held a pretrial hearing on the State’s motion for reconsideration

and request to exclude the prior-accusation evidence. On the morning of the first day

of trial, the trial court orally announced its new finding that the evidence was

inadmissible and would be excluded. The trial court did not issue a written order

setting forth its evidentiary ruling until February 28, 2024, when it explained that the

ruling had been “partially reduced to writing at the time of its pronouncement [on the

morning of trial, but] the [c]ourt ha[d] been unable to locate the finished order in the

[c]lerk’s file.”

2 (a) Muniz now challenges the trial court’s exclusion of the prior accusation

evidence, arguing that the court lacked authority to reconsider its original

determination that the evidence was admissible. He notes that by the time the State

filed its motion for reconsideration in December 2016, the term of court in which the

trial court first ruled had ended. See OCGA § 15-6-3 (11) (terms of Cobb Superior

Court begin the “[s]econd Monday in January, March, May, July, September, and

November”). And he claims that the trial court was barred from altering its ruling

under the “end-of-term rule,” which “limits a trial court’s inherent power to revoke

interlocutory rulings in criminal cases to the end of the term in which the ruling was

entered.” Thomas v. State, 319 Ga. 123, 125 (2) (902 SE2d 566) (2024) (citations,

punctuation, and footnote omitted).

This case, however, does not implicate the end-of-term rule. The trial court

entered its original order admitting the evidence in the proceeding commenced by the

first indictment (Case No. 15-9-4612). Following that determination, the State filed

a superseding indictment, which “initiated an entirely separate proceeding.” State v.

Outen, 324 Ga. App. 457, 464 (2) (751 SE2d 109) (2013). The subsequent ruling

excluding the evidence was entered in the new case created by the superseding

3 indictment (Case No. 17-9-0068). The two evidentiary rulings, therefore, were made

in entirely different cases. See Brown v. State, 322 Ga. App. 446, 449 (1) n.4 (745 SE2d

699) (2013) (“Each of the indictments here initiated a separate proceeding in the trial

court: the First Indictment initiated Case No. 1190058, and the Second Indictment

initiated Case No. 1192482.”). Although Muniz characterizes the ruling on appeal as

a reconsideration of an earlier ruling in a different term, it was, in fact, the trial court’s

first ruling on the issue in the new criminal proceeding initiated by the superseding

indictment.

Muniz has cited no authority, and we know of none, holding that the end-of-

term rule limits a trial court’s ability to make a pretrial evidentiary ruling in a new

criminal proceeding simply because, in another proceeding on an earlier indictment,

the trial court ruled differently. Accordingly, the end-of-term rule did not bar the trial

court from excluding the prior-accusation evidence.1

1 Briefing in this appeal focuses on the broader question of whether, and under what circumstances, the end-of-term rule may prohibit a trial court from reconsidering interlocutory evidentiary rulings in criminal cases before the trial has commenced. Because the end-of-term rule does not apply here, we need not reach that broader question. 4 (b) The dissent takes no issue with this conclusion. It argues, however, that we

must nevertheless vacate the trial court’s ruling because the court used the wrong

standard of review in finding the evidence inadmissible. We disagree.

First, questions regarding the standard of review used by the trial court are not

properly before us. Muniz’s claim on appeal focuses solely on the trial court’s

authority to reevaluate the admissibility of the evidence. He does not challenge the

substantive merits of the ruling or argue that the trial court used an improper review

standard, and neither party has addressed the issue raised by the dissent. As an

appellate court, we should not “speculate or make arguments on [an appellant’s]

behalf; to do so would improperly change this [C]ourt’s role from disinterested

decision-maker to appellate advocate.” Pierce v. State, 251 Ga. App. 600, 605 (5) (554

SE2d 787) (2001); see also Harmon v. Innomed Technologies, 309 Ga. App. 265, 270 (2)

(709 SE2d 888) (2011) (same).

Moreover, even if Muniz had questioned the standard of review employed by

the trial court, the record shows that the court ultimately used the proper standard.

At the time of trial in 2017, the admissibility of allegedly false prior accusation

evidence was governed by the “reasonable probability of falsity test” established by

5 Smith v. State, 259 Ga. 135, 137-38 (1) (377 SE2d 158) (1989). That test required a

court to make a “threshold determination outside the presence of the jury that a

reasonable probability of falsity exists” before admitting such evidence. Id. at 137 (1)

(citation and punctuation omitted). Several years later, the Supreme Court eliminated

the Smith test, concluding that, instead of considering whether a reasonable

probability of falsity exists, a trial court should analyze the admissibility of allegedly

false prior accusations under “the familiar and usual rules of evidence[.]” State v.

Burns, 306 Ga. 117, 124 (2) (829 SE2d 367) (2019); see also Gallegos-Munoz v. State,

319 Ga. 803, 812 (2) (c) (906 SE2d 711) (2024) (explaining Burns).

Without dispute, the trial court applied the then-controlling (but now defunct)

Smith test when it first revisited the issue in 2017 and excluded the evidence. By the

time it entered contemporaneous written orders in 2024 memorializing its pre-trial

evidentiary ruling and denying Muniz’s motion for new trial, however, the trial court

recognized that the law had changed. In those orders, the trial court reiterated that the

evidence did not meet Smith’s reasonable probability of falsity test, but it also

reviewed the admissibility of the evidence under applicable evidentiary rules.

6 To this end, the trial court first performed its gate-keeping role pursuant to

OCGA § 24-1-104, addressing preliminary questions of admissibility and noting that

such questions must be resolved under the preponderance of the evidence standard.

See OCGA § 24-1-104 (a); Gallegos-Munoz, 319 Ga. at 816 (3) (e) (describing gate-

keeping role). The allegedly false prior accusation was only relevant to Muniz’s guilt

if it was false — a conditional fact that needed to be addressed in resolving its

admissibility. See OCGA § 24-1-104 (b) (“When the relevancy of evidence depends

upon the fulfillment of a condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject to,

the introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the

condition.”); Gallegos-Munoz, 319 Ga. at 816 (3). The trial court properly determined

that, as the proponent of the evidence, Muniz bore the burden of demonstrating falsity

by a preponderance of the evidence. See Wilson v. State, 312 Ga. 174, 185 (1) (c) (860

SE2d 485) (2021) (“Because the State was the proponent of this evidence, the State

bore the burden of producing evidence” on factual issue required for its admissibility);

Kemp v. State, 303 Ga. 385, 393 (2) (b) (810 SE2d 515) (2018) (“proponent has to

make a ‘prima facie’ case of conspiracy to admit co-conspirator’s statements”).

Reviewing the evidence in this light, the trial court concluded that Muniz had not

7 “shown by a preponderance of evidence that [the] allegations [were] false.” Although

the trial court also found no reasonable probability of falsity, the court explicitly

considered the evidence under the preponderance standard of OCGA § 24-1-104,

deeming it irrelevant on the question of guilt.

Next, the trial court examined whether — to the extent the prior accusation and

subsequent retraction were relevant to Y. F.’s credibility — the evidence should be

excluded under OCGA § 24-4-403. See OCGA § 24-1-104 (e) (“This Code section

shall not limit the right of a party to introduce before the jury evidence relevant to

weight or credibility.”). Acknowledging “the considerable evidence that [Y. F.’s]

allegations against [the other individual] are in fact true,” the trial court concluded

that the prior accusation offered little value in a credibility attack against Y. F. And it

found a strong likelihood that introducing the prior accusation would unnecessarily

create a “trial within a trial” and possibly produce “spillover” evidence prejudicial

to Muniz. Ultimately, the trial court determined that “the probative value of [Y. F.’s]

‘false allegations’ (which [the court had] already concluded are not likely to be

actually false) is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion

8 of the issues and misleading the jury as to the purpose of the contested evidence.”

The trial court thus excluded the evidence pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-403.

The Supreme Court has made clear that trial courts must review the

admissibility of allegedly false prior accusations under the provisions of Georgia’s new

evidence code. See Gallegos-Munoz, 319 Ga. at 815 (2) (e). The trial court engaged in

the required analysis, assessing Y. F.’s prior allegations pursuant to the general rules

of evidence and deeming the evidence inadmissible. Although the trial court also

reviewed the evidence under the old Smith framework, we cannot ignore the court’s

proper analysis or vacate simply because its alternative ground for decision is no

longer valid. See, e.g., Wyno v. Lowndes County, 331 Ga. App. 541, 545 (2) (771 SE2d

207) (2015) (because the trial court properly dismissed a complaint on a particular

ground, “we need not address [appellant’s] claims of error regarding the trial court’s

alternative ground of dismissing the action”).

2. In his second claim of error, Muniz challenges the Fourth Amendment

waiver included in the probationary portion of his sentence. The trial court imposed

concurrent terms of imprisonment followed by one year of probation on several

counts. The sentence specified that Muniz’s probation would be subject to special

9 conditions applicable to sex offenders, including the following Fourth Amendment

waiver involving searches:

You shall submit to a search of your person, property, residence, or vehicle at any time of the day or night, with or without consent or a search warrant, whenever requested to do so by a Community Supervision Officer or any other peace officer. You specifically consent to the use of any contraband seized as evidence in a probation violation proceeding.

Muniz argues that the trial court improperly included the Fourth Amendment

waiver in the sentence without his consent or knowledge. At the sentencing hearing,

however, the trial court stated that “sex offender conditions” would be imposed, then

briefly outlined the conditions for Muniz. Within that discussion, the trial court

explained that Muniz “would be waiving [his] Fourth Amendment rights in terms of

the search of your person, residence or vehicle.” The trial court asked defense counsel

whether she wanted the court to read aloud the special conditions in their entirety, to

which defense counsel responded: “No, your honor. We’ll go over that.” The trial

court instructed the prosecutor and defense counsel to review and, if no errors were

found, sign the sentencing sheet, which set forth the waiver and all other special

10 conditions. The court further noted that Muniz should also sign the sentencing sheet

but was not required to do so:

If he doesn’t want to sign the sentence sheet, he’s not required to. We can put refused to sign. That’s fine. Unless you have an objection to signing it as to form. The attorney can sign it.

Defense counsel indicated that she would “write in his refusal to sign[,]” and

the sentencing sheet reflects that refusal. She did not object to the probation

conditions, the Fourth Amendment waiver, or the form of the sentence. The

sentencing hearing concluded with defense counsel stating that no additional matters

needed to be discussed. And she testified at the hearing on Muniz’s motion for new

trial that she reviewed the sentencing sheet with Muniz.

“[A] defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights can be waived as a condition of

probation.” Cummings v. State, 345 Ga. App. 702, 709 (4) (814 SE2d 806) (2018).

Furthermore, if “the defendant is represented by counsel at sentencing and the

validity of the waiver is not challenged at that time, the defendant has forfeited his

right to challenge the waiver.” Id. at 709-710 (4). The record shows that the trial court

specifically referenced the Fourth Amendment waiver at the hearing before sentence

was imposed, defense counsel raised no objection to the waiver, she declined the trial

11 court’s offer to read the exact wording of the waiver into the record, and she signed

the sentencing sheet containing the waiver. “[C]ounsel’s failure at that time to raise

any issue with the Fourth Amendment waiver is fatal to [this] argument on appeal.”

Id. at 710 (4).

Judgment affirmed. Pipkin, J., concurs and McFadden, P. J., dissents.

12 A24A1562. MUNIZ v. THE STATE.

MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge, dissenting.

I agree with the majority that the trial court had the authority to rule on the

admissibility of the prior-accusation evidence in the new proceeding. But the trial

court did so using a legal test that our Supreme Court has disavowed. So I respectfully

dissent.

For that reason, I would vacate the trial court’s denial of Muniz’s motion for

new trial and remand for the trial court to consider that motion under the applicable

evidentiary standards. See Gallegos-Munoz v. State, 319 Ga. 803, 804 (906 SE2d 711)

(2024). I would not reach Muniz’s challenge to his sentence, because the outcome on

remand might render that challenge moot. See Elkins v. State, 306 Ga. 351, 352 n. 1

(830 SE2d 217) (2019).

The rule now disavowed by our Supreme Court — for a second time — is the

judge-made rule that required a defendant in a molestation case to demonstrate a

reasonable probability of falsehood as a prerequisite to introduction of evidence of a

prior false allegation. The trial court excluded such evidence here and did so in

reliance on that rule. On appeal Muniz challenges that exclusion. But, as the majority says, he does not argue that the rule had been disavowed.

He did not so argue because, at the time the parties’ briefs were filed, the most recent

appellate decision on point was an erroneous decision by this court that misread our

Supreme Court’s first disavowal of that rule and declared that rule to still be good law.

It is fair to say that Muniz ought to have filed a supplemental brief. And the

majority is right to reaffirm that judges should remain impartial. But we have a

countervailing duty to decide cases correctly. See Felix v. State, 271 Ga. 534, 539 (523

SE2d 1) (1999) (“where the enumeration of errors filed in the appellate court

identifies the trial court ruling asserted to be error, the error relied upon is sufficiently

set out separately to require the appellate court to shoulder its constitutional

responsibility to be a court of review, and its statutory duty to bring about a decision

on the merits of every case appealed”) (citations, punctuation, and footnote omitted).

And in this case, our responsibility for the unsettled state of the law tips the balance

in favor of Muniz.

1. Our responsibility for the unsettled status of the reasonable-probability-of-falsehood

test

In 1989 our Supreme Court created the reasonable-probability-of-falsehood test.

Smith v. State, 259 Ga. 135, 137-138 (1) (377 SE2d 158) (1989). Smith held that a trial 2 court, before admitting prior-accusation evidence, was required to “make a threshold

determination outside the presence of the jury that a reasonable probability of falsity

exists.” Id. at 137-138 (1) (citation and punctuation omitted).

On January 1, 2013 our current Evidence Code took effect. It “precludes courts

from promulgating or perpetuating judge-made exclusionary rules of evidence. . . .”

State v. Orr, 305 Ga. 729 (827 SE2d 892) (2019). So, although it would not be

disavowed for several years, Smith’s reasonable-probability-of-falsehood test ceased

to be good law in 2013. Nevertheless, this court continued to follow it. E.g., Ray v.

State, 345 Ga. App. 522, 529 (4) (812 SE2d 97) (2018), overruled in part by State v.

Burns, 306 Ga. 117, 124 (2) (829 SE2d 367) (2019); Morgan v. State, 337 Ga. App. 29,

31 (1) (785 SE2d 667) (2016), overruled in part by Burns, 306 Ga. at 124 (2) n. 3.

So in 2017, when the trial court addressed the issue during trial, it is

understandable that the trial court and the parties believed that Smith was still good

law.

In 2019 our Supreme Court formally overruled Smith, as well as similar

holdings in numerous cases following it. Burns, 306 Ga. at 124 (2).

But in a 2021 divided opinion we erroneously held that our Supreme Court’s

decision in Burns had not “rejected the rule established in Smith. . . .” Vallejo v. State, 3 362 Ga. App. 33, 36 (1) (865 SE2d 640) (2021), overruled in part by Gallegos-Munoz,

319 Ga. at 812 (2) (c) n. 9.

So in the first eight months of 2024 our erroneous rulings in Vallejo and

decisions that followed Vallejo, e. g., Gallegos-Munoz v. State, 369 Ga. App. 277, 281-

282 (893 SE2d 176) (2023), were the last word on the Smith rule. The trial court

reaffirmed the evidentiary ruling before us in an order denying Muniz’s motion for

new trial entered in February 2024. The parties filed their appellate briefs in July

2024.

Then in September 2024, our Supreme Court overruled Vallejo in

Gallegos-Munoz, 319 Ga. at 812 (2) (c) n. 9.

In light of that history, I would apply the now-settled law as to the evidentiary

issue before us.

2. We must vacate and remand

The majority acknowledges that “the trial court reiterated that the evidence did

not meet Smith’s reasonable probability of falsity test[.] But the majority says that does

not matter because the trial court “also reviewed the admissibility of the evidence

under applicable evidentiary rules.”

4 I disagree. The trial court made clear that she considered herself bound by our

decisions reaffirming Smith. She held, “To date, the Court of Appeals has concluded

that Burns did not overrule the threshold common-law requirement that trial courts

are to first determine whether a reasonable probability of falsity exists, before moving

on to the Rule 403 balancing test.” “Because the trial court . . . believed incorrectly

that the now-displaced probable-falsity standard adopted in Smith applied in this case,

[she] did not conduct the analysis required by the 2013 Evidence Code.”

Gallegos-Munoz, 319 Ga. at 820 (2) (f). So we must “vacate the trial court's rulings and

remand the case for further proceedings consistent with” our Supreme Court’s

opinion in Gallegos-Munoz. Id.

3. Determination of conditional facts under OCGA § 24-1-104

Because we must leave it to the trial court to apply Gallegos-Munoz in the first

instance and to exercise her discretion accordingly, I don’t think it’s appropriate for

us to analyze the other factors the trial court addressed in her new-trial order. But

there is one element of the majority’s analysis of those factors that nevertheless

requires a response.

The majority suggests that whether the prior accusation at issue was false is “a

conditional fact that needed to be addressed in resolving its admissibility” and goes 5 on to note that under OCGA § 24-1-104, conditional facts are determined by the trial

court by “a preponderance of the evidence standard.”

That suggestion threatens to resurrect Smith a second time. And it’s not

correct. That “Code section shall not limit the right of a party to introduce before the

jury evidence relevant to weight or credibility.” OCGA § 24-1-104 (e).