Wallin, C J.
This action is brought to foreclose a mortgage given to secure the payment of two promissory notes dated October 12, 1892, of $300 each. The notes were executed by the defendants, and delivered to one Pulaski J. Scovil, to whose order they were made payable, and the mortgage was made and delivered by the defendants to Scovil at the same time the notes were delivered. The mortgage covered real estate situated in Burleigh County, and was properly recorded. The complaint alleges: “That thereafter the said notes were, by the indorsement of the said Pulaski J. Scovil, for a valuable consideration, [248]*248and before the same became due, transferred and delivered to the plaintiff; that the said mortgage at the same time was sold and transferred to the said plaintiff by the said Pulaski J. Scovil; that thereafter said Pulaski J. Scovil, by an instrument in writing, duly executed, acknowledged, and delivered, assigned to the said plaintiff the above described mortgage, and the said assignment was thereafter, on the 18th day of March, 1895, filed in the office of the register of deeds of said County of Burleigh, and recorded in Book E of Mortgages.” The allegations of the complaint above quoted, and having reference to the transfer and indorsement of the notes and the assignment of the mortgage, are put in issue by the defendants’ answer. As new matter, and as a defense, the answer sets out, in effect, that the notes in suit were given by the defendants to Scovil for a part of the purchase price of a certain threshing machine outfit sold by Scovil to the defendants; that certain false and fraudulent representations concerning the qualities of said machinery and outfit were made to the defendants by said Scovil as an inducement to them to purchase the same, and that such representations were believed and relied upon, and the defendants were induced thereby to purchase the same, and did accordingly purchase the same; that said representations were known to be false by Scovil when they were made, and the same were false and fraudulent, and that the said machinery and threshing outfit were not worth a greater sum than was paid down in cash for the same at the time of the purchase; and that the notes and mortgage were wholly without consideration.
The fraud in the sale of the machinery, as set out in the answer, was established by the testimony offered at the trial in behalf of the defendants, and no evidence was offered by plaintiff to disprove such fraud. The fraud pleaded must therefore be regarded as an established fact in the case. But fraud, as between original parties, would not be available to the defendants in this action if the plaintiff in this action is a good faith purchaser of the notes, in due course, and without notice of [249]*249such fraud. There is much conflict of judicial opinion as to whether, where fraud in a sale of property, as between the vendor and vendee, is shown, such showing operates to shift the burden of proof to the plaintiff in a case where negotiable paper given for the property by the purchaser is sued on by an indorsee of the paper. We think the better reason and the weight of authority support the view that proof of such fraud does, shift the burden of proof, and that in such cases, after proof of fraud, the plaintiff has the burden of showing a good faith purchase of such paper, in due course and without notice. See Vosburgh v. Diefendorf, (N. Y. App.) 23 N. E. Rep. 801; Id., (Sup.) 1 N. Y. Supp. 58; Bank v. Crosley, (Iowa.) 53 N. W. Rep. 352; Colby v. Parker, (Neb.) 52 N. W. Rep. 693; Darst v. Backus, (Neb.) 24 N. W. Rep. 681; Averill v. Boyles, (Iowa,) 3 N. W. Rep. 731; Bank v. Holan, (Minn.) 65 N. W. Rep. 952; Bank v. Richter, (Minn.) 57 N. W. Rep. 61; Smith v. Livingston, 111 Mass. 342-344; Sullivan v. Langly, 120 Mass. 437. Under the rule of evidence established by these authorities, — fraud as between original parties having been shown, — the burden 'of showing a good- faith purchase, in due course, of the notes in suit, was cast upon the plaintiff. Plaintiff assumed this burden, and undertook to show by his testimony that he was such good faith purchaser, in due course of business. And this issue — which was tendered squarely by the defendants answer — presents the turning point of the case.
The notes matured, respectively, in November, 1893 and 1894, and were put in evidence without objection, as was the original instrument of assignment, whereby the mortgagee (Scovil) assigned the mortgage to the plaintiff. The notes were indorsed with the following words: “P. J. Scovil.” The instrument of assignment bears date the “14th day of March, A. D., 1895,” and said instrument was recorded in the office of the register of deeds on the “18th day of March, A. D. 1895.” Said instrument of assignment recites that the mortgagee, in addition to the mortgage, does grant, bargain, sell, and set over the “notes or obligations” described in the mortgage. To show that the notes to the plaintiff were trans[250]*250ferred to him in good faith, and in due course, before their maturity, the plaintiff put in evidence his own deposition, that of Pulaski J. Scovil, and the deposition of one Charles Chambers. No other testimony was offered on this feature of the case. It will serve no useful purpose to set these depositions out at length. It will suffice to say that they sufficiently established the following facts, viz.: First, that before the maturity of either of the said notes, and on or about March 13, 1893, the plaintiff sold and conveyed to said Scovil certain town lots situated in Mason City, in the State of Illinois; second, that the plaintiff received in payment from Scovil, for said town lots, the two promissory notes in question; third,'that the plaintiff at the time of the purchase of said notes, had no notice or knowledge of any of the defenses or fraud alleged in the answer. It is not stated in either of said depositions that the notes in suit were actually delivered by Scovil to this plaintiff at the time or on the occasion of the transfer of the town lots to Scovil, or at any other time. It does appear that when suit was commenced, in March, 1895, the notes wexe in the hands of plaintiff’s attoxmey, but when they were delivex-ed to him or to the plaintiff does not appear in evidence. Nor does any witness testify that the notes were actually indox'sed by Scovil at the time of their purchase by the plaintiff, or at any time. In his deposition, Scovil uses the following language: “That he assigned to G. W. Vickery at the time all right, title, and interest in said notes and mortgage, and that said G. W. Vickery became the bona fide and legal owner of said notes and mortgage at the date afox'esaid.” No x-eference to an assignment of either the notes or moi'tgage is made in either of the other depositions, but in all the depositions thex'e is, or seems to be, a studied effort to avoid the cxmcial matter of the actual indorsement of the notes prior to their maturity, or at all; and at the same time all of the witnesses swear, in substance, to the conclusion that after the tx-ansaction had on or about March 13, 1893, the plaintiff was the lawful owner and holder of the notes and mortgages. Upon this testimony, after the evidence had [251]*251been closed, the plaintiff’s counsel (assuming that the evidence demonstrated that the plaintiff was a good faith purchaser of the notes and mortgage, before maturity, and in due course of business) moved the trial court for a directed verdict in plaintiff’s favor.
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Wallin, C J.
This action is brought to foreclose a mortgage given to secure the payment of two promissory notes dated October 12, 1892, of $300 each. The notes were executed by the defendants, and delivered to one Pulaski J. Scovil, to whose order they were made payable, and the mortgage was made and delivered by the defendants to Scovil at the same time the notes were delivered. The mortgage covered real estate situated in Burleigh County, and was properly recorded. The complaint alleges: “That thereafter the said notes were, by the indorsement of the said Pulaski J. Scovil, for a valuable consideration, [248]*248and before the same became due, transferred and delivered to the plaintiff; that the said mortgage at the same time was sold and transferred to the said plaintiff by the said Pulaski J. Scovil; that thereafter said Pulaski J. Scovil, by an instrument in writing, duly executed, acknowledged, and delivered, assigned to the said plaintiff the above described mortgage, and the said assignment was thereafter, on the 18th day of March, 1895, filed in the office of the register of deeds of said County of Burleigh, and recorded in Book E of Mortgages.” The allegations of the complaint above quoted, and having reference to the transfer and indorsement of the notes and the assignment of the mortgage, are put in issue by the defendants’ answer. As new matter, and as a defense, the answer sets out, in effect, that the notes in suit were given by the defendants to Scovil for a part of the purchase price of a certain threshing machine outfit sold by Scovil to the defendants; that certain false and fraudulent representations concerning the qualities of said machinery and outfit were made to the defendants by said Scovil as an inducement to them to purchase the same, and that such representations were believed and relied upon, and the defendants were induced thereby to purchase the same, and did accordingly purchase the same; that said representations were known to be false by Scovil when they were made, and the same were false and fraudulent, and that the said machinery and threshing outfit were not worth a greater sum than was paid down in cash for the same at the time of the purchase; and that the notes and mortgage were wholly without consideration.
The fraud in the sale of the machinery, as set out in the answer, was established by the testimony offered at the trial in behalf of the defendants, and no evidence was offered by plaintiff to disprove such fraud. The fraud pleaded must therefore be regarded as an established fact in the case. But fraud, as between original parties, would not be available to the defendants in this action if the plaintiff in this action is a good faith purchaser of the notes, in due course, and without notice of [249]*249such fraud. There is much conflict of judicial opinion as to whether, where fraud in a sale of property, as between the vendor and vendee, is shown, such showing operates to shift the burden of proof to the plaintiff in a case where negotiable paper given for the property by the purchaser is sued on by an indorsee of the paper. We think the better reason and the weight of authority support the view that proof of such fraud does, shift the burden of proof, and that in such cases, after proof of fraud, the plaintiff has the burden of showing a good faith purchase of such paper, in due course and without notice. See Vosburgh v. Diefendorf, (N. Y. App.) 23 N. E. Rep. 801; Id., (Sup.) 1 N. Y. Supp. 58; Bank v. Crosley, (Iowa.) 53 N. W. Rep. 352; Colby v. Parker, (Neb.) 52 N. W. Rep. 693; Darst v. Backus, (Neb.) 24 N. W. Rep. 681; Averill v. Boyles, (Iowa,) 3 N. W. Rep. 731; Bank v. Holan, (Minn.) 65 N. W. Rep. 952; Bank v. Richter, (Minn.) 57 N. W. Rep. 61; Smith v. Livingston, 111 Mass. 342-344; Sullivan v. Langly, 120 Mass. 437. Under the rule of evidence established by these authorities, — fraud as between original parties having been shown, — the burden 'of showing a good- faith purchase, in due course, of the notes in suit, was cast upon the plaintiff. Plaintiff assumed this burden, and undertook to show by his testimony that he was such good faith purchaser, in due course of business. And this issue — which was tendered squarely by the defendants answer — presents the turning point of the case.
The notes matured, respectively, in November, 1893 and 1894, and were put in evidence without objection, as was the original instrument of assignment, whereby the mortgagee (Scovil) assigned the mortgage to the plaintiff. The notes were indorsed with the following words: “P. J. Scovil.” The instrument of assignment bears date the “14th day of March, A. D., 1895,” and said instrument was recorded in the office of the register of deeds on the “18th day of March, A. D. 1895.” Said instrument of assignment recites that the mortgagee, in addition to the mortgage, does grant, bargain, sell, and set over the “notes or obligations” described in the mortgage. To show that the notes to the plaintiff were trans[250]*250ferred to him in good faith, and in due course, before their maturity, the plaintiff put in evidence his own deposition, that of Pulaski J. Scovil, and the deposition of one Charles Chambers. No other testimony was offered on this feature of the case. It will serve no useful purpose to set these depositions out at length. It will suffice to say that they sufficiently established the following facts, viz.: First, that before the maturity of either of the said notes, and on or about March 13, 1893, the plaintiff sold and conveyed to said Scovil certain town lots situated in Mason City, in the State of Illinois; second, that the plaintiff received in payment from Scovil, for said town lots, the two promissory notes in question; third,'that the plaintiff at the time of the purchase of said notes, had no notice or knowledge of any of the defenses or fraud alleged in the answer. It is not stated in either of said depositions that the notes in suit were actually delivered by Scovil to this plaintiff at the time or on the occasion of the transfer of the town lots to Scovil, or at any other time. It does appear that when suit was commenced, in March, 1895, the notes wexe in the hands of plaintiff’s attoxmey, but when they were delivex-ed to him or to the plaintiff does not appear in evidence. Nor does any witness testify that the notes were actually indox'sed by Scovil at the time of their purchase by the plaintiff, or at any time. In his deposition, Scovil uses the following language: “That he assigned to G. W. Vickery at the time all right, title, and interest in said notes and mortgage, and that said G. W. Vickery became the bona fide and legal owner of said notes and mortgage at the date afox'esaid.” No x-eference to an assignment of either the notes or moi'tgage is made in either of the other depositions, but in all the depositions thex'e is, or seems to be, a studied effort to avoid the cxmcial matter of the actual indorsement of the notes prior to their maturity, or at all; and at the same time all of the witnesses swear, in substance, to the conclusion that after the tx-ansaction had on or about March 13, 1893, the plaintiff was the lawful owner and holder of the notes and mortgages. Upon this testimony, after the evidence had [251]*251been closed, the plaintiff’s counsel (assuming that the evidence demonstrated that the plaintiff was a good faith purchaser of the notes and mortgage, before maturity, and in due course of business) moved the trial court for a directed verdict in plaintiff’s favor. The motion was granted, and such verdict was returned, and upon it judgment was entered in plaintiff’s favor. The ruling of the court below in directing the verdict is assigned as error in this court. We are satisfied that the ruling was erroneous. It is elementary that an indorsement by the payee of the note is essential to a transfer in due course, and that, without such indorsement, a good faith purchaser before maturity will not take the paper free from defenses existing between original parties. Spinning v. Sullivan, (Mich.) 11 N. W. Rep. 758; Dunham v. Peterson, 5 N. D. 414, 67 N. W. Rep. 293; Bank v. Kingsland, 5 N. D. 263, 65 N. W. Rep. 697.
In this case the words “P. J. Scovil” appeared on the back of the notes when they were put in evidence, but, as has been seen, there was no testimony whatever tending to show when, or by whom, these words were placed upon the notes. Counsel argue that, where the name of the payee appears on the back of a note, the law will supplement such name by a prima facie presumption that the name-was written there in due course, and before maturity. Such is the settled rule of law where the fact of the payee’s signature is duly established. This elementary rule is enunciated by §4867, Rev. Codes, which reads: “The signature of every drawer, acceptor and endorser of a negotiable instrument is presumed to have been made for a valuable consideration before the maturity of the instrument and in the ordinary course of business.” And in defining an “endorsee” the statute declares that the instrument must be “duly endorsed to him or endorsed generally, or payable to the bearer, or one other than the payee who acquires such an interest of such an endorsee thereof.” Rev. Codes, §4884. Only such an indorsee is entitled to protection. Id. §4885. It therefore appears that under the provisions of the Code of this state, as well as by the rules of the law merchant, in a case like [252]*252the case at bar an indorsement by the payee is essential, in order to vest the purchaser with the rights of an indorsee of negotiable paper. In our view of the evidence in this record, the plaintiff has signally failed to show the essential fact of indorsement by Scovil, the payee named in the -notes. Not one syllable of evidence was offered at the trial tending to prove an indorsement of the notes in suit by the payee either before or after maturity, or at all. As has been said, no evidence was offered to show when, where, or by whom the words “P. J. Scovil” were written on the back of the notes. It is clear that, until the pi-imaiy fact of indorsement is established, the presumption that the holder of the paper, other than the payee, received it in due course, cannot attach. See authorities cited in Abb. Tr. Ev. p. 403. This well-settled rule of law is changed by statute in the State of Minnesota. See Gen. St. Minn. 1894, §5751; Tarbox v Gorman, 31 Minn. 62, 16 N. W. Rep. 466; 2 Rand Com. Paper, § § 774, 775. But in this state, as has been seen, an actual indorsement is requisite, as a condition to a good-faith purchase in due course. See Blakely v. Grant, 6 Mass. 386; Spicer v. Smith, 23 Mich. 96.
Counsel for respondent points to an expression found in Scovil’s deposition, as follows: “That he assigned to D. W. Vickery, at that time, all right, title, and interest in said notes and mortgage.” It will be noticed that' neither the plaintiff nor Chambers, in their testimony, refer to any aisignment, or instrument of assignment, of either the notes or mortgage, as having been made or signed by Scovil at the time referred to, at which it is claimed the notes were sold; and a careful perusal of all the evidence brings out the fact that Scovil must have used the term “assign,” in his deposition, in a general sense/and as synonymous with the terms “transferred,” “set over,” and like general expressions, and did not intend to be understood as testifying that he made a written assignment, much less an indorsement, of the notes, at the time referred to. In fact, this construction of the evidence becomes manifestly the correct one, in view of the fact that the plaintiff’s own evidence shows conclusively that the mortgage, at least, was [253]*253not assigned by writing until long after the note matured, and not until March, 1895, which is the date of the instrument of assignment put in evidence by the plaintiff. From the whole evidence when considered together, it sufficiently appears, and we are satisfied of the fact, that Scovil did not intend to swear that he affixed his signature to either the notes or the assignment of mortgage in the month March, 1893. In his testimony he couples the notes with the mortgage, and refers to both as being assigned by him at one and the same time. From this it is clear that the witness must, as we have suggested, have used the word “assign” only in a general sense. In this condition of the evidence, we are at a loss to understand upon what theory the learned trial court assumed that the evidence was conclusive, and showed clearly that the plaintiff had shown an indorsement of the notes to him, in due course, by the payee, before their maturity. There is a marked unanimity of reticence on the part of the witnesses with respect to the decisive matter of an indorsement of the notes by the payee thereof. Parties and counsel are presumed to know that this matter of the indorsement of the notes was the controlling issue in the case, and yet upon this point the plaintiff offered no evidence. Comment would seem to be unnecessary. But counsel say the words “P. J. Scovil” appeared on the back of the notes when they were put in evidence. This is true, but from this fact no legal inference can be drawn that such words were written on the notes by the payee. Nor is there any presumption of law that the letters “P. J.” are intended to stand for the initials of Pulaski J. Scovil, the payee. See Andrews v. Wynn, 4 S. D. 40, 54 N. W. Rep. 1047. It cannot be too frequently stated that great caution is necessary in taking a controverted question of fact from a jury, and this should never be done in a case where there is reasonable doubt upon the state of the evidence. See Pirie v. Gillitt, 2 N. D. 255, 50 N. W. Rep. 710; Slattery v. Donnelly, 1 N. D. 264, 47 N. W. Rep. 375; Finney v. Railway Co., 3 Dak. 270, 16 N. W. Rep. 500.
(69 N. W. Rep. 193.)
The judgment of the District Court is reversed and a new trial ordered.
All the judges concurring.