The Vice-Chancellor.
A motion is made on the part of the complainants, for leave to amend their bill, which was .... . , ... sworn to at the time it was filed, and upon wmcti, esc parte, an injunction was granted and a receiver appointed. The orders allowing the injunction and appointing the receiver, were, upon appeal, reversed: with permission to the complainants to apply for leave to amend the bill, so as to make the corporation of the Mercantile Insurance Company defendants therein; and otherwise, as they might be advised.
The application to amend is accordingly made ; and besides inserting the name of the company, the complainants propose to strike out the whole stating part of the bill, (except the recital of the charter,) the interrogating part and the prayer; and to insert, as a substitute, and by way of amendment—not a statement of new matter entirely—but a restatement of the original matter in a different phraseology; leaving out some of the allegations or portions thereof; introducing some new and additional matter; specifying,, in some instances, dates and times where none were mentioned before, omitting the whole of the particular interrogatories, and restating the prayer of the bill, although, in substance and effect, the same as is contained in the original.
The question is, as this is a sworn bill, whether .amendments can be admitted in this way and to the extent here proposed ? In considering this question, it is necessary to distinguish between an amendment and matter which would constitute a new bill: for under the privilege of amending, the party is not to be permitted to make a new bill. Amendments can only be granted when the bill is found defective in proper parties, in its prayer for relief, or in the omission or mistake of some fact or circumstance connected with the substance of the case but not forming the substance itself. This is the principle laid down in Lyon v. Tallmadge, 1 J. G. R. 184; and it applies to all bills and to pleadings in general in this court. When it comes to be applied to injunction bills or to bills and answers which have been sworn to, other regulations adopted for the. prevention of mischief are to be observed. Thus in Rodgers v. Rodgers, 1 [53]*53Paige's C. R. 424, upon an application to amend an injunction bill, the Chancellor held, that the amendments proposed must be merely in addition to the original bill and not inconsistent with it; and the complainant must swear to the truth of the matter proposed to be inserted by way of amendment and show a valid excuse for not having incorporated it in the original bill. And the latter branch of this rule was strictly adhered to in the subsequent case of Whitmarsh v. Campbell, 2 Paige's C. R. 67. It is contended, however, that the rule in these cases, is to be confined to injunction bills, that is to say, to cases where an injunction has been issued and is actually pending and where the complainant asks for leave to amend without prejudice to the injunction—as was the case in Rodgers v. Rodgers—and that it docs not apply, where a bill has merely been sworn to and no injunction is outstanding upon it. Bui I apprehend it is not to be thus limited in its application; and that the delay which would be occasioned by allowing amendments after an injunction and in some instances after an answer put in, is by no means the only reason for the rule.
Another and more important reason for holding a strict hand over the privilege of amending sworn pleadings is, to check all temptation to falsehood or perjury,by not permitting a party who has once made his allegations or statements under oath to come in at any time and expunge the same or substitute other and diferent matter. If, indeed, it clearly appears there has been a mistake arising from inadvertency or accident, and that the statement is not what theparty thought it was or intended it should be at the time of swearing to the pleading, the court will permit him to amend upon discovery of the error. But, even in such eases, the court will not suffer the amendment to be made by striking out any part of the pleading. It can only be done bv introducing an additional or supplemental statement explaining and correcting the former erroneous one. Thus, in Jennings v. Merton College, 8 Fes. 79, a motion was made to take the answer off the file, upon the ground of a mistake which had occurred in it. The Lord Chancellor refused the application, saying, the safest way would be to file an additional answer, [54]*54giving the explanation so that the court might have the whole before it, without letting any thing go out of the record, And this course was sanctioned in the subsequent cases of Dolder v. The Bank of England, 10 Ves. 284, and Wells v. Wood, ib. 401 ; and several others. The same question came under consideration in Bowen v. Cross, 4 J. C. R. 375, where Chancellor Kent, upon a review of all the English cases, held it to be not only settled, but the safer and wiser practice, not to permit any thing to be struck out of an answer, even where a mistake was clearly shown, but (for the purpose of correcting it) to' give the party leave to file a supplemental or additional answer—thereby leaving to the parties the effect of what had been sworn before, with the explanation given by the supplemental answer. A perusal of his opinion in that case will show the extreme caution with which the court permits even this to be done. He says, “ there can be no doubt that the application ought to be “ narrowly and closely inspected, and a just and necessary case “ clearly made out.”
If then, as respects amending an answer, the court is to be thus watchful to prevent any thing from being stricken "out, though introduced unintentionally and through mistake, is it not necessary to be equally particular in regard to a sworn bill^ which a complainant may seek to amend in an important and material part? In some respects,- the comparison may not hold good: for the occasions are much more frequent for amending bills than answers—and therefore a greater latitude should be given in the former cases. Yet it will be perceived, that the occasions for amending bills, in which it is necessary to exhibit a greater indulgence, generally arises from a discovery of a defect in the proper parties, in the prayer for relief, or in the omission of some fact or circumstance rendered necessary to be introduced in consequence of the defendant’s answer (and which a complainant -may be permitted to introduce, especially where the defendant, upon exceptions, is bound to make further answer;) and where the matter for amendment does not affect the substance of the case made by the bill. Where the object of the amendments is to alter or change the substance of the bill, I hol'd that the same strictness should be [55]*55required as where an answer is in question. The complainant may amend by introducing new parties; and by making such new charges, allegations and statements, in addition to the former, as he can verify by his oath, and which are not inconsistent with his former allegations. These are the true and legitimate purposes for which leave to amend may be granted; and it cannot be extended, with any sort of propriety, to the striking out of former allegations and substituting others, although they may not be very different in substance and effect. It has been urged that Renwiclc v. Wilson, 6 J. C. R.
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The Vice-Chancellor.
A motion is made on the part of the complainants, for leave to amend their bill, which was .... . , ... sworn to at the time it was filed, and upon wmcti, esc parte, an injunction was granted and a receiver appointed. The orders allowing the injunction and appointing the receiver, were, upon appeal, reversed: with permission to the complainants to apply for leave to amend the bill, so as to make the corporation of the Mercantile Insurance Company defendants therein; and otherwise, as they might be advised.
The application to amend is accordingly made ; and besides inserting the name of the company, the complainants propose to strike out the whole stating part of the bill, (except the recital of the charter,) the interrogating part and the prayer; and to insert, as a substitute, and by way of amendment—not a statement of new matter entirely—but a restatement of the original matter in a different phraseology; leaving out some of the allegations or portions thereof; introducing some new and additional matter; specifying,, in some instances, dates and times where none were mentioned before, omitting the whole of the particular interrogatories, and restating the prayer of the bill, although, in substance and effect, the same as is contained in the original.
The question is, as this is a sworn bill, whether .amendments can be admitted in this way and to the extent here proposed ? In considering this question, it is necessary to distinguish between an amendment and matter which would constitute a new bill: for under the privilege of amending, the party is not to be permitted to make a new bill. Amendments can only be granted when the bill is found defective in proper parties, in its prayer for relief, or in the omission or mistake of some fact or circumstance connected with the substance of the case but not forming the substance itself. This is the principle laid down in Lyon v. Tallmadge, 1 J. G. R. 184; and it applies to all bills and to pleadings in general in this court. When it comes to be applied to injunction bills or to bills and answers which have been sworn to, other regulations adopted for the. prevention of mischief are to be observed. Thus in Rodgers v. Rodgers, 1 [53]*53Paige's C. R. 424, upon an application to amend an injunction bill, the Chancellor held, that the amendments proposed must be merely in addition to the original bill and not inconsistent with it; and the complainant must swear to the truth of the matter proposed to be inserted by way of amendment and show a valid excuse for not having incorporated it in the original bill. And the latter branch of this rule was strictly adhered to in the subsequent case of Whitmarsh v. Campbell, 2 Paige's C. R. 67. It is contended, however, that the rule in these cases, is to be confined to injunction bills, that is to say, to cases where an injunction has been issued and is actually pending and where the complainant asks for leave to amend without prejudice to the injunction—as was the case in Rodgers v. Rodgers—and that it docs not apply, where a bill has merely been sworn to and no injunction is outstanding upon it. Bui I apprehend it is not to be thus limited in its application; and that the delay which would be occasioned by allowing amendments after an injunction and in some instances after an answer put in, is by no means the only reason for the rule.
Another and more important reason for holding a strict hand over the privilege of amending sworn pleadings is, to check all temptation to falsehood or perjury,by not permitting a party who has once made his allegations or statements under oath to come in at any time and expunge the same or substitute other and diferent matter. If, indeed, it clearly appears there has been a mistake arising from inadvertency or accident, and that the statement is not what theparty thought it was or intended it should be at the time of swearing to the pleading, the court will permit him to amend upon discovery of the error. But, even in such eases, the court will not suffer the amendment to be made by striking out any part of the pleading. It can only be done bv introducing an additional or supplemental statement explaining and correcting the former erroneous one. Thus, in Jennings v. Merton College, 8 Fes. 79, a motion was made to take the answer off the file, upon the ground of a mistake which had occurred in it. The Lord Chancellor refused the application, saying, the safest way would be to file an additional answer, [54]*54giving the explanation so that the court might have the whole before it, without letting any thing go out of the record, And this course was sanctioned in the subsequent cases of Dolder v. The Bank of England, 10 Ves. 284, and Wells v. Wood, ib. 401 ; and several others. The same question came under consideration in Bowen v. Cross, 4 J. C. R. 375, where Chancellor Kent, upon a review of all the English cases, held it to be not only settled, but the safer and wiser practice, not to permit any thing to be struck out of an answer, even where a mistake was clearly shown, but (for the purpose of correcting it) to' give the party leave to file a supplemental or additional answer—thereby leaving to the parties the effect of what had been sworn before, with the explanation given by the supplemental answer. A perusal of his opinion in that case will show the extreme caution with which the court permits even this to be done. He says, “ there can be no doubt that the application ought to be “ narrowly and closely inspected, and a just and necessary case “ clearly made out.”
If then, as respects amending an answer, the court is to be thus watchful to prevent any thing from being stricken "out, though introduced unintentionally and through mistake, is it not necessary to be equally particular in regard to a sworn bill^ which a complainant may seek to amend in an important and material part? In some respects,- the comparison may not hold good: for the occasions are much more frequent for amending bills than answers—and therefore a greater latitude should be given in the former cases. Yet it will be perceived, that the occasions for amending bills, in which it is necessary to exhibit a greater indulgence, generally arises from a discovery of a defect in the proper parties, in the prayer for relief, or in the omission of some fact or circumstance rendered necessary to be introduced in consequence of the defendant’s answer (and which a complainant -may be permitted to introduce, especially where the defendant, upon exceptions, is bound to make further answer;) and where the matter for amendment does not affect the substance of the case made by the bill. Where the object of the amendments is to alter or change the substance of the bill, I hol'd that the same strictness should be [55]*55required as where an answer is in question. The complainant may amend by introducing new parties; and by making such new charges, allegations and statements, in addition to the former, as he can verify by his oath, and which are not inconsistent with his former allegations. These are the true and legitimate purposes for which leave to amend may be granted; and it cannot be extended, with any sort of propriety, to the striking out of former allegations and substituting others, although they may not be very different in substance and effect. It has been urged that Renwiclc v. Wilson, 6 J. C. R. 81, contains a different doctrine, and that Chancellor Kent, if he has not so decided, has there, at least, sanctioned the idea that parts of a sworn bill may be expunged for the purposes of amendment—and that too, without prejudice to an injunction, provided the part expunged does not constitute the ground upon which the injunction rests. I do not, however, understand him as going that length. On the contrary, he expressly limited the amendments, which he permitted to be made in that case, to additions to the bill: by “ inserting such additional state- “ ments, matters and charges as the plaintiff should be advised “ were materialand this was done without prejudice to the injunction. At the same time, he says, he could not allow any part of the bill to be stricken out, without a previous specification of the parts intended to be omitted. It would seem from this expression, he considered the court might, in the exercise of its discretion, permit an amendment by striking out: but I apprehend this permission should in no case be extended beyond the mere formal parts of a bill, and that the Chancellor in that case did not mean to be understood as intimating an opinion that any material or substantial allegation of fact, sworn to, might, at the instance of the party who made it, be withdrawn or obliterated, so that, if guilty of perjury, no vestige of it might remain.
No court of justice or equity ought, for one moment, to tolerate a practice, which would hold out to the designing an opportunity to commit and yet escape from tins [56]*56crime. By thus adverting to the danger of such a practice^ I do not wish to be understood as reflecting in the slightest _ . , . T , . , , .. , degree upon the complainants. I am bound to believe and do believe the present application is made from pure and honest motives, the better to enable them to present their case. My object in these observations is merely to show, that if the bill is permitted to be amended to the extent proposed, it will be establishing a precedent dangerous in practice—and the consequences of which might be' a reproach to the court. The only safe and true role, in my judgment, is the one adopted in Rodgers v. Rodgers; and I see no reason for confining its application to the case of an injunction bill having a writ of injunction outstanding. It applies, with equal force, to alf cases of sworn bills; and I must, therefore, hold that no "bill which has been sworn to in this court can be amended by striking out the whole or any portion of the stating part and recasting it in different phraseology, with some omissions of former charges, and the* addition of some new matter. This, instead of being an amendment in the technical sense of the term, would be converting it into a new bill: and which the complainants can resort to, if they please.
Other objections have been urged against the present application, namely, that the proposed amendments are not verified by the oath of the complainants or of any of them; and also, that the complainants have not sworn as to the information (upon which the new matter is founded) having come to their knowledge since the filing of the original bill. The petition is verified by the affidavit of the solicitor only ; and no reason is given, why the complainants or some one of them have not sworn to it. I am strongly inclined to think it is insufficient; and that, on this ground aloné, the court would be compelled to deny the motion. I have thought it my duty, nevertheless, to' examine the case and to express my opinion upon the other and principal question; and the result is, that I cannot give the complainants' permission to amend, in the way proposed. All I can do upon this application is, to Jet them amend by insert-[57]*57ing the corporate name of the Mercantile Insurance Company in the place of the President and Directors: but it must be , r , „ . ,. upon the payment ot the costs oí opposing this motion.
The amendment was made accordingly.
As to the costs of opposing the above motion:
Mr. Jacob Barker presented to the Vice-Chancellor, as taxing officer, a bill of costs on his own part. His honor decided, he could not tax Mr. Barker any costs for his opposition, he not being an officer of the court: the Revised Statutes having made provision only for .fees to “ counsellors” and “ soli- “ citors.” 2 R. S. 629, 630.