Vaught IV v. Phillips

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: September 16, 2020
• Docket: 3:20-cv-01728
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ELBERT LEE VAUGHT, IV, Case No.: 3:20-cv-01728-DMS-MSB CDCR #H-56089, 12 ORDER: Plaintiff, 13 v. 1) GRANTING MOTION TO 14 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS B.D. PHILLIPS, Associate Warden; S. 15 LIVELO, Assigned Case Records 2) DENYING MOTION TO 16 Analyst; RALPH DIAZ, Secretary of APPOINT COUNSEL; CDCR; M. POLLARD, Warden, 17 Defendants. 3) DISMISSING CIVIL ACTION 18 SUA SPONTE FOR FAILING TO 19 STATE A CLAIM; and

20 4) DENYING MOTION FOR 21 PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

22 [ECF Nos. 2, 4, 5] 23 24 Elbert Lee Vaught IV (“Plaintiff”), a state inmate currently incarcerated at the 25 Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility (“RJD”) located in San Diego, California and 26 proceeding pro se, has filed a civil rights complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See 27 Compl., ECF No. 1. 28 / / / 1 Plaintiff did not pay the filing fee required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) to commence a 2 civil action when he filed his Complaint; instead, he has filed a certified copy of his 3 inmate trust account statement which the Court liberally construes as a Motion to Proceed 4 In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). (ECF No. 5.) In addition, 5 Plaintiff has filed a Motion to Appoint Counsel, along with a Motion for Preliminary 6 Injunction. (ECF Nos. 2, 4.) 7 I. Motion to Proceed IFP 8 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the 9 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of 10 $400.1 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to 11 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 12 § 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007); Rodriguez v. 13 Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1177 (9th Cir. 1999). However, a prisoner who is granted leave to 14 proceed IFP remains obligated to pay the entire fee in “increments” or “installments,” 15 Bruce v. Samuels, __ U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 627, 629 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d 16 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 2015), and regardless of whether his action is ultimately dismissed. 17 See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) & (2); Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 18 2002). 19 Section 1915(a)(2) requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a 20 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for ... the 21 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C. 22 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified 23 trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average 24 monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly 25

26 1 In addition to the $350 statutory fee, civil litigants must pay an additional administrative fee of $50. See 27 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff. June 1, 2016). The additional $50 administrative fee does not apply to persons granted leave to proceed 28 1 balance in the account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner 2 has no assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution having 3 custody of the prisoner then collects subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the 4 preceding month’s income, in any month in which his account exceeds $10, and forwards 5 those payments to the Court until the entire filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2); 6 Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 629. 7 In support of his IFP Motion, Plaintiff has submitted a prison certificate authorized 8 by an RJD accounting officer. See ECF No. 5 at 1; 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2); S.D. CAL. 9 CIVLR 3.2; Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119. This certificate attests that Plaintiff carried an 10 average monthly balance of $48.10 and had average monthly deposits of $63.33 to his 11 account over the 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of his Motion. Thus, 12 the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP (ECF No. 5) and assesses his 13 initial partial filing fee to be $12.67 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). 14 However, the Court will direct the Secretary of the CDCR, or his designee, to 15 collect this initial fee only if sufficient funds are available in Plaintiff’s account at the 16 time this Order is executed. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) (providing that “[i]n no event 17 shall a prisoner be prohibited from bringing a civil action or appealing a civil action or 18 criminal judgment for the reason that the prisoner has no assets and no means by which to 19 pay the initial partial filing fee.”); Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 630; Taylor, 281 F.3d at 850 20 (finding that 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) acts as a “safety-valve” preventing dismissal of a 21 prisoner’s IFP case based solely on a “failure to pay ... due to the lack of funds available 22 to him when payment is ordered.”). The remaining balance of the $350 total fee owed in 23 this case must be collected by the agency having custody of the prisoner and forwarded to 24 the Clerk of the Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). 25 II. Motion to Appoint Counsel 26 Plaintiff also seeks the appointment of counsel because he is unable to afford a 27 lawyer and claims his imprisonment will limit his ability to litigate. (Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 28 2 at 2.) 1 However, there is no constitutional right to counsel in a civil case. Lassiter v. Dept. 2 of Social Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 25 (1981); Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 3 2009). And while 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1) grants the district court limited discretion to 4 “request” that an attorney represent an indigent civil litigant, Agyeman v. Corr. Corp. of 5 America, 390 F.3d 1101, 1103 (9th Cir. 2004), this discretion may be exercised only 6 under “exceptional circumstances.” Id.; see also Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 1015, 1017 7 (9th Cir. 1991). A finding of exceptional circumstances requires the Court “to consider 8 whether there is a ‘likelihood of success on the merits’ and whether ‘the prisoner is 9 unable to articulate his claims in light of the complexity of the legal issues involved.’” 10 Harrington v. Scribner, 785 F.3d 1299, 1309 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Palmer, 560 F.3d 11 at 970). 12 As currently pleaded, Plaintiff’s Complaint demonstrates neither the likelihood of 13 success nor the legal complexity required to support the appointment of pro bono counsel 14 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). See Terrell, 935 F.3d at 1017; Palmer¸560 F.3d at 15 970. First, while Plaintiff may not be formally trained in law, his allegations, as liberally 16 construed, see Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), show he nevertheless is fully 17 capable of legibly articulating the facts and circumstances relevant to his claims which 18 are not legally “complex.” Agyeman, 390 F.3d at 1103. Second, for the reasons discussed 19 more fully below, Plaintiff’s Complaint requires sua sponte dismissal pursuant to 28 20 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A, and it is simply too soon to tell whether he will be 21 likely to succeed on the merits of any potential constitutional claim against any of the 22 named Defendants. Id. 23 Therefore, the Court finds no “exceptional circumstances” currently exist and 24 DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Appoint Counsel (ECF No. 2) without prejudice on that 25 basis. See, e.g., Cano v. Taylor, 739 F.3d 1214, 1218 (9th Cir. 2014) (affirming denial of 26 counsel where prisoner could articulate his claims in light of the complexity of the issues 27 involved, and did not show likelihood of succeed on the merits). 28 1 III. Screening Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) 2 A. Standard of Review 3 A complaint filed by any person proceeding in forma pauperis is subject to sua 4 sponte dismissal, however, if it is “frivolous, malicious, fail[s] to state a claim upon 5 which relief may be granted, or seek[s] monetary relief from a defendant immune from 6 such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 845, 845 (9th Cir. 7 2001) (per curiam) (holding that “the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) are not 8 limited to prisoners.”); Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) 9 (“[S]ection 1915(e) not only permits, but requires a district court to dismiss an in forma 10 pauperis complaint that fails to state a claim.”). 11 All complaints must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that 12 the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are 13 not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by 14 mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 15 (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). “Determining whether 16 a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] ... a context-specific task that requires 17 the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. The “mere 18 possibility of misconduct” falls short of meeting this plausibility standard. Id.; see also 19 Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). 20 “When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their 21 veracity, and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” 22 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679; see also Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000) 23 (“[W]hen determining whether a complaint states a claim, a court must accept as true all 24 allegations of material fact and must construe those facts in the light most favorable to 25 the plaintiff.”); Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998) (noting that 26 § 1915(e)(2) “parallels the language of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)”). 27 However, while the court “ha[s] an obligation where the petitioner is pro se, 28 particularly in civil rights cases, to construe the pleadings liberally and to afford the 1 petitioner the benefit of any doubt,” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 (9th Cir. 2 2010) (citing Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1027 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985)), it may not 3 “supply essential elements of claims that were not initially pled.” Ivey v. Board of 4 Regents of the University of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 5 B. Discussion 6 1. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 7 To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential 8 elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was 9 violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the 10 color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Naffe v. Frye, 789 F.3d 1030, 11 1035-36 (9th Cir. 2015). 12 2. Factual allegations 13 On July 10, 2020, Plaintiff, after “figuring out if I do not take measures into my 14 own hands I might not ever get out of prison,” wrote to the Secretary for the CDCR 15 regarding his concerns about the “global pandemic, Covid-19.” (Compl. at 6.) Plaintiff 16 received a response from “B.D. Phillips, Associate Warden, Business Services.” (Id.) In 17 this response, Plaintiff alleges that Phillips acknowledged Plaintiff’s “concerns for my 18 health” and listed the “steps they are taking to protect the inmate population” from 19 Covid-19. (Id.) However, Plaintiff claims that all the named Defendants are “personally 20 aware” of his situation and argues that it is “virtually impossible for them to 21 accommodate my need of 6 feet of social distancing with the current population.” (Id. at 22 7.) Plaintiff maintains that because there is no “vaccine or cure for Covid-19,” the “only 23 way to stop it from spreading” is “primarily through social distancing.” (Id. at 8.) 24 Plaintiff claims he should be on the “list for release” due to his “case factors, crime 25 incarcerated for, medical risk, and time (amount) already served.” (Id. at 9.) Plaintiff 26 argues that this “proves [Defendants] deliberate indifference to my health and safety” and 27 because it is “impossible for the CDCR to afford me the simple safety of a 6-foot social 28 distance . . . the only option [is] to let me go.” (Id.) 1 Plaintiff seeks “punitive and nominal damages” in the amount of $200 per day 2 beginning January 15, 2020 to the present. (Id. at 10.) Plaintiff also seeks injunctive 3 relief. (See id.) 4 3. Eighth Amendment 5 To state an Eighth Amendment claim, the “alleged constitutional deprivation must 6 be, objectively, sufficiently serious” such that the “official’s act or omission must result 7 in the denial of the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities.” Farmer v. Brennan, 8 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994) (internal quotations omitted). In addition, Plaintiff must allege 9 that prison officials were “deliberately indifferent” to his serious medical needs. Estelle 10 v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105-06 (1976). 11 Here, Plaintiff generally alleges that he has “medical risks” but does not allege 12 what specific medical conditions from which he purportedly suffers. However, to the 13 extent that Plaintiff claims Covid-19 is a serious and highly contagious virus, the Court 14 will assume that his medical needs were objectively serious. See McGuckin v. Smith, 974 15 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1991) (defining a “serious medical need” as one which the 16 “failure to treat ... could result in further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and 17 wanton infliction of pain.’”), overruled on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 18 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104); Iqbal, 556 U.S. 19 at 678 (“[A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a 20 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). 21 However, even assuming Plaintiff’s medical issues were “objectively serious” 22 medical conditions, nothing in his Complaint supports a “reasonable inference that [any 23 individual] defendant” acted with deliberate indifference to his plight. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 24 678. “In order to show deliberate indifference, an inmate must allege sufficient facts to 25 indicate that prison officials acted with a culpable state of mind.” Wilson v. Seiter, 501 26 U.S. 294, 302 (1991). The indifference to medical needs also must be substantial; 27 inadequate treatment due to malpractice, or even gross negligence, does not amount to a 28 constitutional violation. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106; Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 1 (9th Cir. 2004) (“Deliberate indifference is a high legal standard.”). 2 In his Complaint, Plaintiff argues that providing social distance is the “only way to 3 control the virus.” (Compl. at 8.) However, Plaintiff also acknowledges that he was 4 informed by Defendant Phillips that the CDCR understood his “concern for [his] health 5 and life” and informed him of the “steps they are taking to protect the inmate 6 population.” (Id. at 6.) Plaintiff does not identify what these steps are or how they are 7 inadequate to protect his safety. “[P]rison officials who actually know of a substantial 8 risk to inmate health and safety may be found free from liability if they responded 9 reasonably to the risk, even if the harm ultimately was not averted.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 10 844. Here, there appears to be a response by CDCR officials to the Covid-19 virus, 11 however, Plaintiff only alludes to this response and merely indicates that the response is 12 not enough. The Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to allege sufficient facts to 13 demonstrate that the CDCR’s official response to Covid-19 virus was unreasonable. 14 Deliberate indifference “is a high legal standard,” and claims of a difference of 15 opinion concerning the course of treatment are insufficient to establish a constitutional 16 deprivation. Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1060. Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s opinion 17 that social distancing is the only way to prevent the spread of the virus is a difference of 18 opinion with CDCR officials, and he has not alleged that any of the named Defendants 19 acted with deliberate indifference to his plight by “knowing of and disregarding an 20 excessive risk to his health and safety” with respect to the decision to prevent the spread 21 of the virus with other methods. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 22 Therefore, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to state an Eighth Amendment 23 claim upon which relief may be granted. 24 C. Leave to Amend 25 Because Plaintiff is proceeding without counsel, and he has now been provided 26 with notice of his Complaint’s deficiencies, the Court will grant him leave to amend. See 27 Rosati v. Igbinoso, 791 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A district court should not 28 dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1 § 1915€(2)(B)(ii)] unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint 2 could not be cured by amendment.’”) (quoting Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th 3 Cir. 2012)). 4 IV. Motion for Preliminary Injunction 5 Procedurally, a federal district court may issue emergency injunctive relief only if 6 it has personal jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the 7 lawsuit. See Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 350 (1999) 8 (noting that one “becomes a party officially, and is required to take action in that 9 capacity, only upon service of summons or other authority-asserting measure stating the 10 time within which the party served must appear to defend.”). The court may not attempt 11 to determine the rights of persons not before it. See, e.g., Hitchman Coal & Coke Co. v. 12 Mitchell, 245 U.S. 229, 234-35 (1916); Zepeda v. INS, 753 F.2d 719, 727-28 (9th Cir. 13 1983). Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(d)(2), an injunction binds only 14 “the parties to the action,” their “officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys,” 15 and “other persons who are in active concert or participation.” FED. R. CIV. P. 16 65(d)(2)(A)-(C). 17 Substantively, “‘[a] plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he 18 is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the 19 absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an 20 injunction is in the public interest.” Glossip v. Gross, 576 U.S. 863, 876, 135 S. Ct. 2726, 21 2736-37 (2015) (quoting Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 20 (2008)). “Under Winter, plaintiffs must establish that irreparable harm is likely, not 23 just possible, in order to obtain a preliminary injunction.” Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. 24 Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 2011). 25 First, because Plaintiff’s complaint has not survived the initial sua sponte screening 26 required by 28 U.S.C. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A, the United States Marshal 27 has not yet been directed to effect service on his behalf, and the named defendants have 28 no actual notice of either of Plaintiff’s complaint or his motion for injunctive relief. 1 Therefore, the Court cannot grant Plaintiff injunctive relief because it has no personal 2 jurisdiction over any defendant at this time. See FED. R. CIV. P. 65(a)(1), (d)(2); Murphy 3 Bros., Inc., 526 U.S. at 350; Zepeda, 753 F.2d at 727-28. A district court has no authority 4 to grant relief in the form of a temporary restraining order or permanent injunction where 5 it has no jurisdiction over the parties. Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co., 526 U.S. 574, 6 584 (1999) (“Personal jurisdiction, too, is an essential element of the jurisdiction of a 7 district ... court, without which the court is powerless to proceed to an adjudication.”) 8 (citation and internal quotation omitted). 9 Second, in conducting its initial sua sponte screening of Plaintiff’s Complaint, the 10 Court has found it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and has 11 dismissed it without prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A. 12 Therefore, Plaintiff has necessarily failed to show, for purposes of justifying preliminary 13 injunctive relief, any likelihood of success on the merits of his claims at this time. 14 Thus, because Plaintiff has failed to serve the required notice upon the adverse 15 parties and has not shown a likelihood of success on the merits, the Court DENIES his 16 motion for preliminary injunction and finds he is not entitled to the extraordinary 17 injunctive relief he seeks. See Dymo Indus. v. Tapeprinter, Inc., 326 F.2d 141, 143 (9th 18 Cir. 1964) (“The grant of a preliminary injunction is the exercise of a very far reaching 19 power never to be indulged in except in a case clearly warranting it.”). 20 V. Conclusion and Order 21 Accordingly, the Court: 22 1. GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) 23 (ECF No. 3). 24 2. ORDERS the Secretary of the CDCR, or his designee, to collect from 25 Plaintiff’s trust account the $12.67 initial filing fee assessed, if those funds are available 26 at the time this Order is executed, and forward whatever balance remains of the full $350 27 owed in monthly payments in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding 28 month’s income to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in Plaintiff’s account 1 exceeds $10 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). ALL PAYMENTS MUST BE 2 CLEARLY IDENTIFIED BY THE NAME AND NUMBER ASSIGNED TO THIS 3 ACTION. 4 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order on Ralph 5 Diaz, Acting Secretary, CDCR, P.O. Box 942883, Sacramento, California, 94283-0001. 6 4. DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Appoint Counsel (ECF No. 2). 7 5. DISMISSES this civil action sua sponte pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 8 § 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A(b) for failing to state a claim upon which § 1983 relief can be 9 granted. 10 6. GRANTS Plaintiff forty-five (45) days leave from the date of this Order in 11 which to file an Amended Complaint which cures all the deficiencies of pleading noted. 12 Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint must be complete by itself without reference to his 13 original pleading. Defendants not named and any claim not re-alleged in his Amended 14 Complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc. 15 v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended 16 pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 17 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend which are not re-alleged in an 18 amended pleading may be “considered waived if not repled.”). 19 If Plaintiff fails to file an Amended Complaint within 45 days, the Court will enter 20 a final Order dismissing this civil action based both on Plaintiff’s failure to state a claim 21 upon which relief can be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), and his 22 failure to prosecute in compliance with a court order requiring amendment. See Lira v. 23 Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not take advantage of 24 the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the 25 complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”). 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 7. DENIES Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 4). 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 Dated: September 16, 2020 J 4 rn yn. Hon. Dana M. Sabraw 5 United States District Judge 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 9