1 2 3 JS-6 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 Case No. 2:23-cv-8658-SPG-KS 11 V.G., a minor, by and through her
12 Guardian ad Litem, MARTA OSORIO; ORDER GRANTING NON-PARTY UNITED STATES’ AND PLAINTIFFS’ 13 and MARTA OSORIO, MOTIONS TO REMAND [ECF NOS.
14 Plaintiffs, 19, 33]
15 v. CHA HOLLYWOOD MEDICAL 16 CENTER, L.P. dba HOLLYWOOD 17 PRESBYTERIAN MEDICAL CENTER; 18 STEPHEN N. PINE, M.D.; and DOES 1 to 100, inclusive, 19 Defendants. 20 21 Before the Court is Non-Party United States’ Motion to Remand (ECF No. 19) and 22 Plaintiffs V.G., a minor, by and through her Guardian ad Litem, Marta Osorio and Marta 23 Osorio’s (“Plaintiffs”) Motion to Remand (ECF No. 33). Defendant Saban Community 24 Clinic (“Defendant”) opposes both motions. (ECF No. 35). Having considered the parties’ 25 submissions, the relevant law, and the record in this case, the Court finds pursuant to Fed. 26 R. Civ. P. 78(b) and C. D. Cal. L. R. 7-15 that the matter is suitable for resolution without 27 oral argument. For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS the Motions and 28 Remands this action to Los Angeles County Superior Court for all further proceedings. 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 On April 23, 2021, Plaintiffs filed suit in the Los Angeles County Superior Court 3 alleging obstetrical negligence by Dr. Stephen Pine during Ms. Osario’s labor and delivery 4 of V.G., a minor. (ECF No. 5-1 at 12). On November 18, 2022, by amendment to the 5 complaint, Plaintiffs added Saban Community Clinic as a defendant. (ECF No. 5-1 at 55). 6 Defendant answered the amended complaint on December 13, 2022 (ECF No. 5-2 at 13), 7 and on December 14, 2022, Defendant petitioned for coverage under the Federal Tort 8 Claims Act (“FTCA”). (ECF No. 5-2 at 122). 9 On April 10, 2023, the Attorney General’s delegate, acting pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 10 15.4(b), informed Defendant that the United States would not issue a certification or 11 remove the action. (ECF No. 4-6 at 2). On April 18, 2023, the United States filed a 12 supplemental notice, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(1), notifying the Superior Court for 13 the County of Los Angeles of this decision. (ECF No. 5-3 at 197). 14 On October 13, 2023, Defendant removed the action to this Court. (ECF No. 1). On 15 October 27, 2023, Non-Party United States filed its Motion to Remand. (ECF No. 19). On 16 November 21, 2023, Plaintiff filed their Motion to Remand. (ECF No. 33). Defendant 17 timely opposed. (ECF No. 35). 18 II. LEGAL STANDARD 19 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, with subject-matter jurisdiction only 20 over matters authorized by the Constitution and Congress. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 21 1; Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). A suit filed in 22 state court may be removed to federal court if the federal court would have had original 23 jurisdiction over the suit. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Federal courts have original jurisdiction 24 where an action presents a federal question under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 or due to diversity of 25 citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Generally, “[a] cause of action arises under federal 26 law only when the plaintiff’s well pleaded complaint raises issues of federal law.” Hansen 27 v. Blue Cross of Cal., 891 F.2d 1384, 1386 (9th Cir. 1989). This “well-pleaded complaint 28 rule is the basic principle marking the boundaries of the federal question jurisdiction” in 1 district courts. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63 (1987) (internal 2 citation omitted). Additionally, federal courts strictly construe the removal statute against 3 removal jurisdiction and resolve all ambiguities “in favor of remand to state court.” Hunter 4 v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1042 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 5 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1992)). Courts must remand a removed case “[i]f at any time before 6 final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. 7 § 1447(c). 8 III. DISCUSSION 9 Defendant removed this action pursuant to § 233(l)(2) as well as under the general 10 federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442. The Court takes these in turn. 11 A. Removal under 42 U.S.C. § 233 12 The United States “is immune from suit save as it consents to be sued … and the 13 terms of its consent to be sued in any court define the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the 14 suit.” Lehman v. Nakshian, 453 U.S. 156, 160 (1981). The Federal Tort Claims Act 15 (“FTCA”) represents a limited waiver of federal sovereign immunity and allows the United 16 States to be held liable for the torts of its employees. See United States v. Nordic Vill., 503 17 U.S. 30, 33-34 (1992). Under the Federally Supported Health Centers Assistance Act 18 (“FSHCAA”), FTCA coverage may be granted to certain federally qualified health centers 19 and their employees. 42 U.S.C. § 233(a), (b). If covered by the FTCA, the qualified health 20 center is immune from suit and the United States will remove the state court action and 21 substitute itself as the defendant. 42 U.S.C. § 233(a), (c). Whether FTCA coverage applies 22 “depend[s] upon the determination or certification (as appropriate) by the Attorney General 23 that the individual or entity is covered by [the FSHCAA] and was acting within the scope 24 of employment, in accordance with normal Department of Justice procedures.” Final Rule, 25 FSHCAA, 60 Fed. Reg. 22, 530, 22, 531 (May 8, 1995). 26 Qualified defendants can remove a suit under the FSHCAA in two ways. First, the 27 Attorney General or his designee may at “any time before trial” certify that the defendants 28 are entitled to FTCA coverage or appear within 15 days of notification of the filing of the 1 case in state court and advise the court whether the Secretary has determined that the 2 defendants are entitled to coverage. 42 U.S.C. § 233(c), (l)(1). Second, if the Attorney 3 General or his designee “fails to appear in State court within [this 15-day] time period,” 4 the defendants may remove the case for “a hearing, and . . . a determination, as to the 5 appropriate forum or procedure for the assertion of the claim for damages.” 42 U.S.C.
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1 2 3 JS-6 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 Case No. 2:23-cv-8658-SPG-KS 11 V.G., a minor, by and through her
12 Guardian ad Litem, MARTA OSORIO; ORDER GRANTING NON-PARTY UNITED STATES’ AND PLAINTIFFS’ 13 and MARTA OSORIO, MOTIONS TO REMAND [ECF NOS.
14 Plaintiffs, 19, 33]
15 v. CHA HOLLYWOOD MEDICAL 16 CENTER, L.P. dba HOLLYWOOD 17 PRESBYTERIAN MEDICAL CENTER; 18 STEPHEN N. PINE, M.D.; and DOES 1 to 100, inclusive, 19 Defendants. 20 21 Before the Court is Non-Party United States’ Motion to Remand (ECF No. 19) and 22 Plaintiffs V.G., a minor, by and through her Guardian ad Litem, Marta Osorio and Marta 23 Osorio’s (“Plaintiffs”) Motion to Remand (ECF No. 33). Defendant Saban Community 24 Clinic (“Defendant”) opposes both motions. (ECF No. 35). Having considered the parties’ 25 submissions, the relevant law, and the record in this case, the Court finds pursuant to Fed. 26 R. Civ. P. 78(b) and C. D. Cal. L. R. 7-15 that the matter is suitable for resolution without 27 oral argument. For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS the Motions and 28 Remands this action to Los Angeles County Superior Court for all further proceedings. 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 On April 23, 2021, Plaintiffs filed suit in the Los Angeles County Superior Court 3 alleging obstetrical negligence by Dr. Stephen Pine during Ms. Osario’s labor and delivery 4 of V.G., a minor. (ECF No. 5-1 at 12). On November 18, 2022, by amendment to the 5 complaint, Plaintiffs added Saban Community Clinic as a defendant. (ECF No. 5-1 at 55). 6 Defendant answered the amended complaint on December 13, 2022 (ECF No. 5-2 at 13), 7 and on December 14, 2022, Defendant petitioned for coverage under the Federal Tort 8 Claims Act (“FTCA”). (ECF No. 5-2 at 122). 9 On April 10, 2023, the Attorney General’s delegate, acting pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 10 15.4(b), informed Defendant that the United States would not issue a certification or 11 remove the action. (ECF No. 4-6 at 2). On April 18, 2023, the United States filed a 12 supplemental notice, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 233(l)(1), notifying the Superior Court for 13 the County of Los Angeles of this decision. (ECF No. 5-3 at 197). 14 On October 13, 2023, Defendant removed the action to this Court. (ECF No. 1). On 15 October 27, 2023, Non-Party United States filed its Motion to Remand. (ECF No. 19). On 16 November 21, 2023, Plaintiff filed their Motion to Remand. (ECF No. 33). Defendant 17 timely opposed. (ECF No. 35). 18 II. LEGAL STANDARD 19 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, with subject-matter jurisdiction only 20 over matters authorized by the Constitution and Congress. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 21 1; Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). A suit filed in 22 state court may be removed to federal court if the federal court would have had original 23 jurisdiction over the suit. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Federal courts have original jurisdiction 24 where an action presents a federal question under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 or due to diversity of 25 citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Generally, “[a] cause of action arises under federal 26 law only when the plaintiff’s well pleaded complaint raises issues of federal law.” Hansen 27 v. Blue Cross of Cal., 891 F.2d 1384, 1386 (9th Cir. 1989). This “well-pleaded complaint 28 rule is the basic principle marking the boundaries of the federal question jurisdiction” in 1 district courts. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63 (1987) (internal 2 citation omitted). Additionally, federal courts strictly construe the removal statute against 3 removal jurisdiction and resolve all ambiguities “in favor of remand to state court.” Hunter 4 v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1042 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 5 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1992)). Courts must remand a removed case “[i]f at any time before 6 final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. 7 § 1447(c). 8 III. DISCUSSION 9 Defendant removed this action pursuant to § 233(l)(2) as well as under the general 10 federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442. The Court takes these in turn. 11 A. Removal under 42 U.S.C. § 233 12 The United States “is immune from suit save as it consents to be sued … and the 13 terms of its consent to be sued in any court define the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the 14 suit.” Lehman v. Nakshian, 453 U.S. 156, 160 (1981). The Federal Tort Claims Act 15 (“FTCA”) represents a limited waiver of federal sovereign immunity and allows the United 16 States to be held liable for the torts of its employees. See United States v. Nordic Vill., 503 17 U.S. 30, 33-34 (1992). Under the Federally Supported Health Centers Assistance Act 18 (“FSHCAA”), FTCA coverage may be granted to certain federally qualified health centers 19 and their employees. 42 U.S.C. § 233(a), (b). If covered by the FTCA, the qualified health 20 center is immune from suit and the United States will remove the state court action and 21 substitute itself as the defendant. 42 U.S.C. § 233(a), (c). Whether FTCA coverage applies 22 “depend[s] upon the determination or certification (as appropriate) by the Attorney General 23 that the individual or entity is covered by [the FSHCAA] and was acting within the scope 24 of employment, in accordance with normal Department of Justice procedures.” Final Rule, 25 FSHCAA, 60 Fed. Reg. 22, 530, 22, 531 (May 8, 1995). 26 Qualified defendants can remove a suit under the FSHCAA in two ways. First, the 27 Attorney General or his designee may at “any time before trial” certify that the defendants 28 are entitled to FTCA coverage or appear within 15 days of notification of the filing of the 1 case in state court and advise the court whether the Secretary has determined that the 2 defendants are entitled to coverage. 42 U.S.C. § 233(c), (l)(1). Second, if the Attorney 3 General or his designee “fails to appear in State court within [this 15-day] time period,” 4 the defendants may remove the case for “a hearing, and . . . a determination, as to the 5 appropriate forum or procedure for the assertion of the claim for damages.” 42 U.S.C. § 6 233(l)(2). 7 Here, neither provision provides a basis for removal. Section 233(l)(1) does not 8 provide a basis for removal because the Attorney General’s designee filed a notice in state 9 court informing the court that Defendants were not entitled to FTCA coverage. See (ECF 10 No. 4-6); (ECF No. 5-3 at 197). Section 233(l)(2) does not provide a basis for removal 11 because the Attorney General’s designee did not fail to appear in State court. 12 Nevertheless, Defendant argues that the “unequivocal thrust and purpose of 42 13 U.S.C. § 233(l)—as an officer removal statute enacted for the benefit of deemed 14 defendants—is to effectuate removal and facilitate federal judicial review including of the 15 Attorney General’s hardly infallible decisions.” (ECF No. 35 at 16). Defendant cites no 16 in circuit authorities for this argument. By the Court’s reading, the plain text of 233(l) 17 allows the district court only to conduct a hearing to determine “the appropriate forum or 18 procedure for assertion of the claim.” As other Courts in this district have noted, “[r]eview 19 of a negative coverage decision plainly exceeds this scope.” Q v. California Hospital 20 Medical Center, 2018 WL 1136568, at *2 (C.D. Cal., Mar. 1, 2018); see also, Pediatric & 21 Family Medical Foundation v. United States Department of Health and Human Servs., 22 2017 WL 8220596, at *8 (C.D. Cal., July 6, 2017).1 Thus, Defendant cannot remove under 23 section 233 to challenge the negative coverage decision. 24
25 1 It is worth noting that the D.C. Circuit has held that “the legislative history indicates [that 26 a section 233(l)(2) hearing] was intended to protect a covered defendant against a default judgment due to the Attorney General’s untimeliness, rather than a negative coverage 27 determination.” El Rio Santa Cruz Neighborhood Health Center, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of 28 Health and Human Servs., 396 F.3d 1265, 1272 (D.C. Cir. 2005). 1 B. Removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) 2 Defendant also argues that it is permitted to “remove pursuant to § 1442 even when 3 § 233(l)(2) also permits removal.” (ECF No. 35 at 22). Plaintiff and Non-party United 4 States contest removal under the general federal officer removal statute because it “would 5 render superfluous and nullify Congress’s carefully crafted removal provision in 6 FSHCAA.” (ECF No. 19-1 at 14). The Court here agrees with Plaintiff and non-Party 7 United States. 8 Section 1442 authorizes removal of “any officer (or any person acting under that 9 officer) of the United States…for or relating to any act under color of such office.” 28 10 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). However, the Supreme Court has made clear that “[a] specific 11 [statutory] provision controls one of more general application.” Gozlon-Peretz v. United 12 States, 498 U.S. 395 (1991) (citing Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 13 437 (1987)). This is the case here. The FSHCAA provides specific removal provisions 14 which, when applicable, supersede the general federal officer removal statute. In other 15 words, if § 233 applies to an action, then removal under § 1442 is improper. See, e.g., K.C. 16 v. Cal. Hosp. Med. Ctr., No. 18-cv-6619, 2018 WL 5906057, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2018) 17 (“Application of § 1442, instead of § 233, in a case where a defendant is a deemed PHS 18 employee would swallow the § 233 removal provision, rendering it superfluous.”). 19 However, even if the Court applied § 1442(a)(1), removal is still improper for 20 untimeliness. Defendant removed this action roughly ten months after it answered the 21 complaint in state court and over six months after the United States notified the state court 22 that the Attorney General would neither certify nor remove. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1), 23 Congress requires a defendant to file a notice of removal with thirty days after receipt of 24 the initial pleading. Because Defendant waited roughly ten months to remove this action, 25 removal is untimely under § 1442. 26 27 28 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Non-party United States’ and 3 || Plaintiffs’ motions for remand. The Court remands this action to Los Angeles County 4 || Superior Court for all further proceedings. 5 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 8 || DATED: January 23, 2024 --—. 9 ~ HON. SHERILYN PEACE GARNETT 10 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28