The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division. Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY July 23, 2020
2020COA114
No. 18CA2055, People v. Deutsch — Crimes — Criminal Extortion; Criminal Law — Indictments — Constructive Amendment; Constitutional Law — Due Process
A division of the court of appeals applies the concept of
constructive amendment to the criminal extortion statute for the
first time. The division concludes that because the instruction
expanded the bases upon which the defendant could be convicted,
the instruction constructively amended the complaint and
information.
The division also finds no actual conflict of interest between an
attorney and a client when the client has threatened the attorney. COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2020COA114
Court of Appeals No. 18CA2055 Jefferson County District Court No. 17CR3234 Honorable Jeffrey R. Pilkington, Judge
The People of the State of Colorado,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Keith Edwin Deutsch,
Defendant-Appellant.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
Division II Opinion by JUSTICE MARTINEZ* Román and Pawar, JJ., concur
Announced July 23, 2020
Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Jillian J. Price, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee
Megan A. Ring, Colorado State Public Defender, Sarah Spears, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant
*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art. VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2019. ¶1 Defendant, Keith Edwin Deutsch, appeals the judgment of
conviction entered on jury verdicts finding him guilty of criminal
extortion and violation of a custody order. We affirm in part and
vacate in part.
I. Background
¶2 Deutsch and his ex-wife, Alicia O’Sullivan, share custody of
their daughter according to the terms specified in a court custody
order. Deutsch and O’Sullivan talk about their daughter primarily
through Talking Parents, an e-messaging system that keeps a
record of communications to support co-parenting.
¶3 On September 8, 2017, O’Sullivan went to pick up her
daughter from daycare and discovered that Deutsch had already
picked her up. O’Sullivan contacted Deutsch via Talking Parents
and informed him that this was not his parenting time and he
needed to return their daughter to her. When Deutsch refused,
O’Sullivan called the police. After a deputy arrived, O’Sullivan
spoke with Deutsch on speakerphone. Deutsch threatened that he
would not return their daughter until O’Sullivan paid him $1988,
gave him additional parenting time, and allowed their daughter to
take a vacation with him during her parenting time. O’Sullivan told
1 him that she “would give him whatever he wanted if he would just
bring her back.” Deutsch then brought their daughter to a park
near O’Sullivan’s house.
¶4 Deutsch was arrested and charged with criminal extortion
(threat of economic harm) and violation of a custody order.
Following a jury trial, he was found guilty as charged and sentenced
to two years of probation on each count, to be served concurrently.
II. Deutsch’s Right to a Fair Trial and Conflict-Free Counsel Was Not Violated
¶5 Deutsch first contends that the court presiding over the
conflict hearing violated his right to a fair trial and conflict-free
counsel by failing to advise him of his rights and the risks
associated with waiving conflict-free representation. We disagree.
A. Additional Background
¶6 On the morning of trial, defense counsel moved to withdraw
because of a conflict of interest between him and his client. A
conflict hearing was held before another judge.
¶7 Defense counsel told the conflict court that, on more than one
occasion during trial preparations, Deutsch had become verbally
abusive and screamed at him, using threatening, obscenity-laced
2 language. At one point, defense counsel stated that he threatened
to dial 911 unless Deutsch ceased his behavior. The morning of
trial, defense counsel spoke with Deutsch outside of the courtroom
and advised him that he “could very well have a conflict with him,
and would not be able to represent him.” Deutsch blocked his
entrance to the courtroom, “became very upset,” looked “as if he
was going to head-butt [him],” and “grabbed [him] physically.”
Defense counsel told the conflict court that he felt threatened and
that “the relationship has devolved to the point that I cannot
represent him.”
¶8 When the conflict court asked Deutsch whether he agreed with
his defense counsel’s description of what happened, Deutsch
responded that “[e]verything he said is a lie,” his attorney showed
up unprepared for trial, and he wanted to avoid another
continuance. He also explained this was his third attorney because
the first attorney was not prepared for trial and there was a
payment issue with the second attorney. When the conflict court
asked Deutsch whether he wanted the court to continue the trial,
Deutsch responded, “No, please, not.” At one point, the conflict
court asked Deutsch whether he could make peace with his
3 attorney and go to trial that day. Deutsch replied that he was
“perfectly fine going to trial. I see why he’s not, because he has no
idea – he’s never even read the discovery. But I’m ready.”
¶9 Deutsch also told the conflict court, “I do need continuance. I
need a competent attorney.” Ultimately, the conflict court
confronted Deutsch with the ambivalence he had expressed and
directly asked him, “Are you asking me to give you a continuance so
you can hire a different lawyer?” Deutsch said he did not want to
continue the trial and repeated that response when the court asked
again. Deutsch also said, in response to the court’s questions, that
he did not want to represent himself and that he wanted his current
attorney to represent him at trial.
¶ 10 The court also asked defense counsel whether he thought he
could “get along with [Deutsch] well enough to represent him at a
one-day trial.” He responded that he did not think so: “I just feel
that it is – there is no relationship, attorney/client, that remains.”
He later elaborated that his concerns are “for me, and I simply do
not feel safe working with Mr. Deutsch anymore.”
¶ 11 The conflict court denied the motion to withdraw, finding,
4 I just think that if I were to grant this request to withdraw, that we’d be right back in the same situation a month or two hence. And given what Mr. Deutsch has told me, I think that this is one of those matters, [counsel], where you’re just going to have to do the best you can with Mr. Deutsch, and if things get worse, then I get [sic] guess we can all come back here. I’ll be here all day. You’ll need to let me know.
But as for right now, [counsel’s] request to withdraw from the case will be denied for the reasons I’ve stated, and gentlemen, you’ll need to go back to [the trial court], and we’ll bring the jury up.
¶ 12 The trial then proceeded as scheduled and defense counsel did
not renew his motion to withdraw.
B. Standard of Review
¶ 13 We review de novo whether an actual conflict of interest
existed. People v. Hagos, 250 P.3d 596, 613 (Colo. App. 2009).
C. Applicable Law
¶ 14 A defendant has a constitutional right to conflict-free counsel.
U.S. Const. amend. VI; Colo. Const. art. II, § 16; People v. Ragusa,
220 P.3d 1002, 1006 (Colo. App. 2009). This is considered
essential to a fair trial. People v. Arguello, 772 P.2d 87, 92 (Colo.
1989). A conflict of interest exists when an attorney’s ability to
represent a client is materially limited by the attorney’s own
5 interests. People v. Edebohls, 944 P.2d 552, 556 (Colo. App. 1996).
Although a defendant is entitled to conflict-free counsel, the
defendant may waive this right. People v. Harlan, 54 P.3d 871, 879
(Colo. 2002).
¶ 15 “Once a trial court is put on notice of a potential conflict of
interest between the defendant and defense counsel, it has a duty
to inquire into the propriety of continued representation by
counsel.” Hagos, 250 P.3d at 613 (citation omitted). However, a
trial court’s failure to inquire into a potential conflict is not
automatic grounds for reversal. See Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S.
162, 174 (2002). To obtain reversal, the defendant must show that
defense counsel was subject to an actual conflict of interest.
Hagos, 250 P.3d at 613-14.
¶ 16 “An actual conflict of interest is one that is real and
substantial, and adversely affects counsel’s performance, while a
potential conflict of interest is one that is possible or nascent, and
in all probability will arise.” People v. Curren, 228 P.3d 253, 258
(Colo. App. 2009).
6 D. Analysis
¶ 17 The People concede that the conflict court did not advise
Deutsch of his right to conflict-free counsel. Nevertheless, because
there was no actual conflict, the People argue that “any deficiencies
in the conflict court’s advisement are moot.” We agree.
¶ 18 Deutsch argues that the actual conflict of interest here is
similar to that in Edebohls, 944 P.2d 552. But, in Edebohls,
defense counsel had pending criminal charges in the same court.
Id. at 554. Defense counsel’s personal interest in the outcome of
the case against him before the same court was an actual conflict of
interest. Id. Here, even though the conflict court told Deutsch and
his attorney “if things get worse . . . we can all come back here,”
neither returned to the conflict court. Deutsch argues that,
because his attorney was uncomfortable being in the same room
with him, this fear “may well have factored into [his attorney’s] trial
strategy, pretrial advice, and likely negatively impacted his ability to
prepare for trial.” While fear of a client could be an actual conflict
of interest, from the record before us we cannot determine whether
fear actually affected the attorney’s ability to represent Deutsch.
Deutsch also argues that communication with his attorney was
7 “irreparably dysfunctional.” But an actual conflict of interest
requires “more than a theoretical conflict.” People v. Garner, 2015
COA 174, ¶ 55 (citation omitted). Thus, animosity does not
constitute an actual conflict. People v. Hodges, 134 P.3d 419, 425
(Colo. App. 2005), aff’d on other grounds, 158 P.3d 922 (Colo. 2007).
On this record we cannot determine the nature of communications
between Deutsch and his attorney after the conflict court urged
them to keep trying. We will not presume that the attorney-client
relationship deteriorated such that the potential conflict of interest
became an actual conflict of interest.
¶ 19 Accordingly, Deutsch fails to demonstrate a conflict of interest
that adversely affected his attorney’s performance. Although
Deutsch is correct that courts “need not attempt to calculate the
amount of prejudice attributable to the conflict,” Edebohls, 944
P.2d at 559, this is a distinct inquiry from determining whether “an
actual conflict of interest affected the quality of representation
conclusively establish[ing] a constitutional violation requiring
reversal.” People v. Delgadillo, 2012 COA 33, ¶ 36.
¶ 20 Because Deutsch fails to demonstrate “the existence of an
actual conflict that adversely affected counsel’s performance,”
8 Hagos, 250 P.3d at 614, the error — failure to advise about the
right to conflict-free counsel — does not require reversal. Id.
Moreover, because there was no actual conflict, we need not
determine whether Deutsch validly waived his right to conflict-free
counsel.
III. There Was Insufficient Evidence to Support Deutsch’s Conviction for Criminal Extortion in Light of the Constructive Amendment
¶ 21 Deutsch also argues that the trial court violated his due
process rights by permitting a constructive amendment of the
criminal extortion count. He further argues that, in light of the
constructive amendment, there was insufficient evidence to support
his conviction for criminal extortion: specifically, the prosecution
failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he made a
substantial threat to cause economic hardship, as alleged in the
complaint. We agree and address each contention in turn.
A. Standards of Review
¶ 22 We review variances de novo. People v. Rail, 2016 COA 24,
¶ 48, aff’d on other grounds, 2019 CO 99. Deutsch did not,
however, preserve this issue for appeal. Accordingly, reversal is
required only if there was plain error. People v. Rediger, 2018 CO
9 32, ¶ 33. Plain error is error that is both obvious and substantial.
Id. at ¶ 48. An error is substantial if it so undermines the
fundamental fairness of the trial itself as to cast serious doubt on
the reliability of the judgment of conviction. Id. at ¶ 52.
¶ 23 We also review sufficiency of the evidence claims de novo.
McCoy v. People, 2019 CO 44, ¶ 6.
B. Applicable Law
¶ 24 A person commits criminal extortion if
(a) The person, without legal authority and with the intent to induce another person against that other person’s will to perform an act or to refrain from performing a lawful act, makes a substantial threat to confine or restrain, cause economic hardship or bodily injury to, or damage the property or reputation of, the threatened person or another person; and
(b) The person threatens to cause the results described in paragraph (a) of this subsection (1) by:
(I) Performing or causing an unlawful act to be performed . . . .
§ 18-3-207(1), C.R.S. 2019. Thus, to commit criminal extortion, a
person must (1) make a substantial threat to another person; (2)
make this threat without legal authority and with the intent to
10 induce the other person to perform an act; and (3) threaten to cause
the result, such as confining another person or threatening
economic hardship, by performing an unlawful act. People v.
Campbell, 174 P.3d 860, 866 (Colo. App. 2007).
C. The Variance Constitutes a Constructive Amendment
¶ 25 In determining whether there is an impermissible variance, we
consider whether “the charge contained in an indictment differs
from the charge of which the defendant is convicted.” People v.
Gallegos, 260 P.3d 15, 25 (Colo. App. 2010). Generally, there are
two types of variances: simple variances and constructive
amendments. People v. Pahl, 169 P.3d 169, 178 (Colo. App. 2006).
“A simple variance occurs when the charged elements are
unchanged, but the evidence presented at trial proves facts
materially different from those alleged in the indictment.” Id. at
177. A constructive amendment, on the other hand, occurs “when
jury instructions change an element of the charged offense to the
extent the amendment ‘effectively subject[s] a defendant to the risk
of conviction for an offense that was not originally charged.’” Id.
(quoting People v. Rodriguez, 914 P.2d 230, 257 (Colo. 1996)).
“Constructively amending a charge violates a defendant’s
11 constitutional due process rights . . . .” People v. Hoggard, 2017
COA 88, ¶ 27, aff’d on other grounds, 2020 CO 54.
¶ 26 Here, the prosecution charged Deutsch with criminal extortion
under section 18-3-207(1)(a), (b)(I). The complaint and information
specifically alleged that Deutsch committed criminal extortion by
“[making] a substantial threat to cause economic hardship.” But at
the end of the trial, the court provided an elemental instruction to
the jury that tracked the statute in its entirety, listing multiple ways
in which Deutsch could have substantially threatened the victim.
No special interrogatory or unanimity instruction was provided to
the jury to determine whether he was convicted of criminal
extortion because he made a substantial threat to cause economic
hardship.
¶ 27 Although constructive amendments sometimes occur when an
instruction references a different statutory subsection than the
complaint, see, e.g., Rediger, ¶ 35, this is not dispositive. Rather,
the key inquiry is whether the jury instruction “change[d] an
essential element of the charged offense.” Rodriguez, 914 P.2d at
257. Here, Deutsch was charged with and convicted of criminal
extortion under section 18-3-207(1)(a), (b)(I). However, while he was
12 charged with committing criminal extortion by threatening to cause
economic hardship, the instruction included other possible threats.
Therefore, the instruction changed an element of the charge.
Because the instruction expanded the bases upon which Deutsch
could be convicted beyond threatening to cause economic hardship,
information. See People v. Weeks, 2015 COA 77, ¶¶ 49-52
(determining indictment was constructively amended when
instructions included additional ways in which a person may be
guilty of child abuse).
D. The Constructive Amendment Error Was Plain
¶ 28 Nevertheless, the constructive amendment is not reversible
error unless it was obvious and “undermined the fundamental
fairness of the trial itself so as to cast serious doubt on the
reliability of the judgment of conviction.” Hagos v. People, 2012 CO
63, ¶ 14 (quoting People v. Miller, 113 P.3d 743, 750 (Colo. 2005)).
¶ 29 Here, the error is obvious. Whereas the complaint provided
that Deutsch was charged with criminal extortion for “threaten[ing]
to cause economic hardship,” the jury instruction provided that he
was charged with criminal extortion for “threaten[ing] to confine or
13 restrain, cause economic hardship or bodily injury to, or damage
the property or reputation of, the threatened person or another
person” as an element of the charge.
¶ 30 The error is also substantial. The information did not place
Deutsch on notice that he would have to defend against this
different element submitted to the jury. See Rediger, ¶ 51. In
addition, we perceive a substantial likelihood that the jury found
Deutsch guilty of criminal extortion for threatening to confine or
restrain another person, rather than for threatening to cause
economic hardship. The evidence presented at trial was that
Deutsch threatened not to return his daughter to O’Sullivan. There
was no evidence of a threat to cause economic harm. Further, in
closing argument, the prosecutor explicitly argued that the
“substantial threat that we’re talking about here is that [Deutsch]
has her child.” The prosecutor never argued that the substantial
threat was to cause economic harm.
¶ 31 Because we believe that the error here was obvious,
substantial, and so undermined the fundamental fairness of
Deutsch’s trial as to cast serious doubt on the reliability of the
judgment of conviction, we conclude that the trial court plainly
14 erred by allowing Deutsch’s criminal extortion conviction to stand
in spite of the constructive amendment.
E. Insufficient Evidence Supports Deutsch’s Criminal Extortion Conviction
¶ 32 Having found plain error, we must next determine the proper
remedy. If the evidence supports a conviction for criminal extortion
under section 18-3-207(1)(a), (b)(I) as originally charged, we must
remand for a new trial. Rediger, ¶ 54 (citing People v. Lopez, 140
P.3d 106, 109 (Colo. App. 2005)). But here, because the evidence
does not support the conviction, we vacate the conviction and direct
the trial court to dismiss the charge. See id.
¶ 33 When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting a conviction, we review “whether the relevant evidence,
both direct and circumstantial, when viewed as a whole and in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, is substantial and sufficient
to support a conclusion by a reasonable mind that the defendant is
guilty of the charge beyond a reasonable doubt.” McCoy, ¶ 63
(quoting Clark v. People, 232 P.3d 1287, 1291 (Colo. 2010)).
¶ 34 Here, the evidence showed that Deutsch threatened to
maintain custody of his daughter contrary to the custody order
15 until O’Sullivan met his demands. Although Deutsch requested
that O’Sullivan pay him money, that was the intended action, not
the threat. Viewing these facts in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, we cannot conclude that the evidence is sufficient to
allow a reasonable juror to find that Deutsch committed criminal
extortion by threatening to cause economic hardship to the victim.
To the contrary, the evidence showed that he threatened to “confine
or restrain . . . another person,” § 18-3-207(1)(a), i.e., his daughter,
with the intent to induce O’Sullivan to meet his demands. Because
the evidence is insufficient to establish that Deutsch committed
criminal extortion by threatening to cause economic hardship, we
vacate his conviction.
IV. The Trial Court Did Not Violate Deutsch’s Right to a Fair Trial by Admitting Other Acts Evidence
¶ 35 Lastly, Deutsch argues that the trial court violated his right to
a fair trial by admitting evidence of other acts in violation of CRE
404(b). We disagree. Because we vacate his conviction for criminal
extortion, we only address this argument as it pertains to his
conviction for violation of a custody order.
16 A. Additional Background
¶ 36 As relevant here, the prosecutor admitted four exhibits at trial:
a copy of the transcript of the custody order and copies of three
excerpts of the Talking Parents communications. Deutsch’s
counsel did not object to any of these exhibits at trial.
¶ 37 In the transcript of the custody order, there is reference to a
“disturbing” poem written by Deutsch. The contents of the poem
are not included in the transcript and no further mention of it was
made during the custody hearing. Nor was it mentioned at trial.
¶ 38 In the first excerpt of the Talking Parents communications,
O’Sullivan told Deutsch about her plans with their daughter for the
weekend of September 8, 2017. Deutsch told O’Sullivan he was
taking a trip to New Zealand. In the second excerpt, O’Sullivan
reminded Deutsch that she would have parenting time “for quite
some time given you are leaving for New Zealand.” Deutsch
accused O’Sullivan of using substances during her pregnancy and
being “a TERRIBLE mother.” And in the third excerpt, beginning
four days before Deutsch picked up his daughter from daycare, he
accused O’Sullivan of “blocking communication” with their
daughter and again accused her of using substances during her
17 pregnancy. He also threatened that he would “use every means at
my discretion to prove you insane.” He later stated that he
assumed he had parenting time with their daughter that weekend.
The prosecutor referred to the Talking Parents communications
excerpts during closing argument to refute the notion that Deutsch
mistakenly believed that he had parenting time with his daughter
that weekend.
¶ 39 A trial court’s admission of evidence is reviewed for an abuse
of discretion. People v. Ibarra, 849 P.2d 33, 38 (Colo. 1993). An
abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s “ruling is
‘manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair,’ or where it is based
on an erroneous view of the law.” People v. Elmarr, 2015 CO 53,
¶ 20 (citation omitted).
¶ 40 Evidence of other relevant offenses or acts may be admissible
under CRE 404(b). Under CRE 404(b), “[e]vidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts . . . may . . . be admissible for . . . proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, [or] identity.”
However, it “is not admissible to prove the character of a person in
18 order to show that he acted in conformity therewith.” CRE 404(b).
Rule 404(b) evidence “generally occurs at different times and under
different circumstances from the charged offense.” People v. Trujillo,
2014 COA 72, ¶ 69 (quoting People v. Quintana, 882 P.2d 1366,
1372 (Colo. 1994)). Thus, “evidence is properly designated” as Rule
404(b) evidence if it “involves a separate and distinct episode wholly
independent from the offense charged,” even if it is “similar in
nature” to the charged offense. Id. (quoting Quintana, 882 P.2d at
1372-73).
¶ 41 To be admissible under Rule 404(b), evidence must comply
with the four-prong test articulated in People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d
1314, 1318 (Colo. 1990). To comply with the Spoto test, evidence
must
(1) relate to a material fact of consequence in determining the
action;
(2) be logically relevant because it has a tendency to make the
existence of the material fact more or less probable;
(3) have logical relevance “independent of the intermediate
inference, prohibited by CRE 404(b), that the defendant has a
bad character”; and
19 (4) have probative value that is not substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Id.
D. Analysis
¶ 42 Deutsch argues that the poem and Talking Parents
communications constitute inadmissible prior act evidence. But
because he did not preserve this claim, any error is not reversible
unless the error is obvious and substantial and so undermines the
fundamental fairness of the trial itself as to cast serious doubt on
the reliability of the judgment of conviction. Rediger, ¶ 52. And
here, any error is neither obvious nor substantial.
¶ 43 The transcript of the custody hearing in which the poem is
referenced was admitted to establish the terms of the custody order.
This was critical to determining whether Deutsch violated the terms
of the order. However, the portion of the transcript that discusses
the poem was not relevant to a material fact of consequence. Spoto,
795 P.2d at 1318 (prong one). Therefore, it was error to admit this
portion of the transcript. Nevertheless, the error was not obvious or
substantial. The poem was only briefly discussed at the custody
hearing. And the contents of the poem were not part of the hearing
20 transcript, nor were they referenced at trial. Moreover, the trial
court cannot be expected, sua sponte, to pause a trial to review a
fifty-eight-page transcript to consider possible objections that could
have been made and determine whether redactions would address
those objections.
¶ 44 The Talking Parents communications were admitted to rebut
Deutsch’s defense that he did not intentionally deprive O’Sullivan of
her parenting time with their daughter. See § 18-3-304(2), C.R.S.
2019 (Violation of a custody order requires “intent to deprive the
lawful . . . person with parental responsibilities of the custody or
care of a child[.]”). Their admission made his defense less probable
than it would be without the evidence, independent of the inference
that Deutsch has a bad character. Although some of the language
used by Deutsch in the communications was threatening and
antagonistic, any potential prejudice did not substantially outweigh
its probative value. Furthermore, defense counsel also relied on
portions of the Talking Parents communications to support his
argument that this was simply a case of poor communication.
Therefore, we perceive no error in admitting the Talking Parents
communications.
21 V. Conclusion
¶ 45 We vacate the conviction for criminal extortion and remand for
correction of the mittimus. We affirm the judgment in all other
respects.
JUDGE ROMÁN and JUDGE PAWAR concur.