Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas OPINION
No. 04-24-00509-CV
UVALDE CONSOLIDATED INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT and Uvalde County, Appellants
v.
TEXAS TRIBUNE, ABC News, The Associated Press, CBS News, Cable News Network, Inc., Dow Jones & Co., The E.W. Scripps Company, Gannett Co. Inc., Graham Media Group, Houston, Graham Media Group, San Antonio, Hearst Newspaper, LLC, NBC News, The New York Times Co., Pro Publica, Inc., Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., Tegna Inc., TelevisaUnivision, The Washington Post, Appellees
From the 38th Judicial District Court, Uvalde County, Texas Trial Court No. 2022-08-34516-CV Honorable Sid L. Harle, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Velia J. Meza, Justice
Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice Velia J. Meza, Justice
Delivered and Filed: July 16, 2025
AFFIRMED
The Texas Public Information Act (PIA) requires governmental bodies to disclose public
information upon request, subject only to authorized exceptions. Following the 2022 shooting at
Robb Elementary School, Texas Tribune and 17 other media companies (collectively, Texas
Tribune) submitted numerous requests to local governmental entities, seeking a wide range of 04-24-00509-CV
records—including incident reports, communication logs, camera footage, policies and
procedures, contracts, personnel files, the shooter’s education records, maintenance records, and
floor plans.
In response, the Uvalde Consolidated School District (the School District) and Uvalde
County (the County) sought and obtained a series of open records decisions from the Office of the
Texas Attorney General. Based on the arguments and representative samples submitted, the
Attorney General directed the School District and County to (1) produce certain documents which
are “super public” or to which no exception applies, (2) withhold confidential information, and (3)
exercise discretion to “release all or part of the submitted information that is not otherwise
confidential by law.” 1 Ultimately, the County produced only a single-page incident report, while
the School District disclosed limited information relating to board policies, student withdrawals,
and memoranda of understanding.
Texas Tribune then filed suit in district court, seeking a writ of mandamus under the PIA
to compel disclosure of the withheld information, and moved for summary judgment. The district
court granted summary judgment for Texas Tribune, ordering the School District and County to
produce the requested information, subject to mandatory statutory redactions.
On appeal, the School District and County argue that governmental immunity bars Texas
Tribune’s suit and that summary judgment was improper because the information is not subject to
disclosure as a matter of law. Because we hold that the School District and County refused to
provide public information and there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the applicability of
any exception, we affirm.
1 See Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2022-26881, OR2022-27015, OR2022-27016, OR2022-27381, OR2022-27745, OR2022- 31228.
-2- 04-24-00509-CV
DISCUSSION
1 Appellate Jurisdiction
We begin by addressing appellate jurisdiction. M.O. Dental Lab v. Rape, 139 S.W.3d 671,
673 (Tex. 2004).
The trial court granted summary judgment and denied governmental immunity to both the
School District and County. However, this order was initially interlocutory because it did not
resolve Texas Tribune’s claims against a third governmental entity—the City of Uvalde.
Consequently, the School District and County each filed notices of interlocutory appeal based on
the immunity ruling. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(8).
While the appeal was pending, the trial court granted summary judgment against the City.
As a result, the earlier interlocutory order merged into the final judgment, thereby disposing of all
claims and parties. See Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 206 (Tex. 2001) (an order is
final when it disposes of all claims and parties); see also Plains Expl. & Prod. Co. v. Torch Energy
Advisors Inc., 473 S.W.3d 296, 302 (Tex. 2015) (summary judgment order becomes final when
remaining claims and parties are disposed); Webb v. Jorns, 488 S.W.2d 407, 408–09 (Tex.
1972) (interlocutory order merges into the final judgment). Notably, no party has filed an amended
notice purporting to appeal from the final judgment.
Generally, appellate courts retain appellate jurisdiction where an interlocutory order
merges into a final judgment, unless the merger renders the appeal moot. Chen v. Razberi Techs.,
Inc., 645 S.W.3d 773, 783 (Tex. 2022). Here, the governmental immunity issue is not moot, as the
School District and County would be entitled to dismissal of the claims against them if found
immune from suit. Accordingly, we conclude that appellate jurisdiction exists and will treat this
appeal as from a final judgment.
-3- 04-24-00509-CV
2 Scope of Review
Having addressed jurisdiction, we next consider the scope of our review. The School
District and County raise arguments germane to both the merits and jurisdiction.
Ordinarily, the scope of an interlocutory appeal is limited. For example, in an interlocutory
appeal under section 51.014(a)(8) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, appellate review is
generally confined to the trial court’s ruling on governmental immunity and doesn’t include review
of the merits of the underlying claims. See, e.g., Serafine v. Crump, 665 S.W.3d 93, 104 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2023) (citing Fawcett v. Rogers, 492 S.W.3d 18, 29 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2016, no pet.)), rev’d on other grounds, 691 S.W.3d 917 (Tex. 2024).When an interlocutory
order addressing both jurisdiction and the merits merges into a final judgment while an
interlocutory appeal is pending, the scope of review becomes less certain. The Texas Supreme
Court in Chen clarified that any party wishing to expand the issues on appeal beyond those
encompassed by the original interlocutory appeal must separately appeal from the final judgment. 2
645 S.W.3d at 782. Otherwise, appellate jurisdiction remains limited to the issues originally within
the scope of the interlocutory appeal. Id. The court advised that “[p]rudent lawyers might choose
to file a second protective notice of appeal from the final judgment to avoid any uncertainty about
whether appellate issues they wish to raise are within the scope of the previously filed appeal.” Id.
This uncertainty is heightened in cases where jurisdiction and merits are intertwined, such
as mandamus proceedings under the PIA. Cf. Tex. Dept. of Parks and Wildlife v. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004) (noting that governmental immunity challenges may implicate
merits); City of Hous. v. Estrada, No. 14-23-00035-CV, 2025 WL 1225845, at *7–*8 (Tex. App.—
2 By order, we asked the parties to brief the issue. The parties appear to agree the scope of review should include the merits but both sides’ briefing is devoid of citation to authority on this point.
-4- 04-24-00509-CV
Houston [14 Dist.] Apr. 29, 2025, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (holding that whether a plaintiff is a
“requestor” under the PIA is a merits issue, not a jurisdictional one).
Given the overlap of issues and the lack of clear guidance, we will address the parties’
merits arguments in the interest of judicial efficiency.
3 Governmental Immunity
“Governmental units are immune from suit unless immunity is waived by state law.” City
of San Antonio v. Maspero, 640 S.W.3d 523, 528 (Tex. 2022). “The party suing the governmental
unit bears the burden of affirmatively showing waiver of immunity.” Maspero, 640 S.W.3d at 528
(citation omitted). Absent statutory or constitutional waiver, immunity from suit deprives the trial
court of jurisdiction over claims against that governmental unit. Univ. of Tex. M.D. Anderson
Cancer Ctr. v. McKenzie, 578 S.W.3d 506, 512 (Tex. 2019); Suarez v. City of Tex. City, 465
S.W.3d 623, 631 (Tex. 2015).
We review rulings on governmental immunity de novo. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228. There
is “a presumption against any waiver until the plaintiff establishes otherwise.” Rattray v. City of
Brownsville, 662 S.W.3d 860, 866 (Tex. 2023). Any purported statutory waiver of immunity is
strictly construed in favor of retention of immunity. PHI, Inc. v. Tex. Juv. Just. Dep’t, 593 S.W.3d
296, 303 (Tex. 2019). Waiver can be established “only by showing that the statute ‘clearly and
affirmatively waive[s] immunity’ and by also ‘negating any provisions that create exceptions to,
and thus withdraw, that waiver.’” City of Austin v. Powell, 704 S.W.3d 437, 447 (Tex. 2024)
(quoting Rattray, 662 S.W.3d at 867). However, “a plaintiff need not anticipate and defeat every
defense the government could conceivably raise.” Id. (citations omitted).
And when immunity is raised for the first time upon appeal, as is the case here, the standard
of review is accordingly stricter. We “must construe the pleadings in favor of the party asserting
-5- 04-24-00509-CV
jurisdiction, and, if necessary, review the record for evidence supporting jurisdiction.” Rusk State
Hosp. v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 96 (Tex. 2012) (citation omitted). If the pleadings and record
“neither demonstrate jurisdiction nor conclusively negate it,” the governmental entity must show
either that (1) “the plaintiff failed to show jurisdiction despite having had full and fair opportunity
in the trial court to develop the record and amend the pleadings;” or (2) if not given such an
opportunity, “the plaintiff would be unable to show the existence of jurisdiction if the cause were
remanded to the trial court and such opportunity afforded.” Id.
3.1 Waiver of immunity under the PIA requires a refusal to supply public information.
The PIA allows a requestor to file suit for a writ of mandamus to compel a governmental
body to disclose information if the body “refuses to supply public information or information that
the attorney general has determined is public information that is not excepted from disclosure
under Subchapter C.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.321(a).
The jurisdictional question, therefore, is whether the School District and County have
refused to provide either:
(1) Public information; or
(2) Information that the Attorney General has determined is public and not excepted from
disclosure.
Harris Cnty. Appraisal Dist. v. Integrity Title Co., LLC, 483 S.W.3d 62, 66 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2015, pet. denied). Because it is dispositive, our review focuses on the first category of
information. 3
3 We are also unable to meaningfully determine what information the Attorney General identified as public information not excepted from disclosure (the second category of information). Neither the School District nor the County specify which documents were submitted to the Attorney General. And the cited open records decisions are expressly limited to those documents actually presented for consideration. See Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2022-26881 (“This
-6- 04-24-00509-CV
3.1.1 Texas Tribune established refusal.
The School District and County argue that Texas Tribune has not established a valid waiver
of governmental immunity because they timely requested open records decisions and have
complied with those rulings. Thus, they reason, there has been no “refusal” as required by section
552.321. See City of El Paso v. Abbott, 444 S.W.3d 315, 324–26 (Tex. App.—Austin 2014, pet.
denied) (finding no refusal where the city conclusively showed it disclosed all responsive
information in its possession). We disagree.
The PIA does not define refusal. “When ascertaining the meaning of a statute’s undefined
terms, appellate courts typically look first to their dictionary definitions and then consider the
term’s usage in other statutes, court decisions, and similar authorities.” Empower Texans, Inc. v.
Dall. Cnty., 648 S.W.3d 664, 674 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2022, pet. denied) (citing Harris Cnty.
Appraisal Dist. v. Tex. Workforce Comm’n, 519 S.W.3d 113, 129 (Tex. 2017)). The “common,
ordinary meaning of the term applies unless a contrary meaning is apparent from the statute’s
language or the common meaning would lead to absurd or nonsensical results.” Id. (citation
omitted); TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.011(a) (“Words and phrases shall be read in context and
construed according to the rules of grammar and common usage.”). Texas courts generally
interpret “refuses” in this context as meaning “to show or express a positive unwillingness to do
or comply with.” Empower Texans, Inc., 648 S.W.3d at 674–75 (summarizing cases).
letter ruling is limited to the particular information at issue in this request and limited to the facts presented to us.”). The rulings further indicate that some documents were “marked” for disclosure and others “marked” for withholding. Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2022-27016. Were we to analyze the second category of information, the School District and County would need to prove that Texas Tribune could not “show the existence of jurisdiction if the cause were remanded to the trial court.” Rusk State Hosp., 392 S.W.3d at 96. Because we ultimately conclude Texas Tribune established a waiver as to the first category of information, we need not analyze the second category. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
-7- 04-24-00509-CV
The Texas Supreme Court has expressly foreclosed the School District and County’s
proposed construction of section 552.321. In Kallinen v. City of Houston, the court explained that
this narrow construction of section 552.321 would limit mandamus relief to situations where a
governmental body merely fails to request an open records decision or fails to comply with one.
462 S.W.3d 25, 28 (Tex. 2015) (per curiam). Instead, section 552.321 allows a district court “to
consider whether requested information is subject to disclosure, irrespective of whether the
Attorney General has issued a ruling addressing that question.” Harris Cnty. Appraisal Dist., 483
S.W.3d at 68 (citing Kallinen, 462 S.W.3d at 28). And a governmental body “refuses” to supply
public information when it seeks an open records decision and then withholds information based
on that decision. Muir v. Univ. of Tex. at Austin, No. 03-22-00196-CV, 2023 WL 4110843, at *4
(Tex. App.—Austin June 22, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.).
It is undisputed that the School District and County have not complied with most of the
information requests at issue. We conclude they have “refused” to supply information as
contemplated by section 552.321.
3.1.2 The Act defines public information broadly.
We next examine whether the requested materials qualify as “public information” under
the PIA. The Act defines public information broadly to promote government transparency. TEX.
GOV’T CODE § 552.001(a); see also Paxton v. City of Dall., 509 S.W.3d 247, 251 (Tex. 2017)
(characterizing public information as “broadly defined”). “Public information” includes any
information “written, produced, collected, assembled, or maintained under a law or ordinance or
in connection with the transaction of official business,” unless “made confidential under [the PIA]
or other law.” Univ. of Tex. at Austin v. GateHouse Media Tex. Holdings II, Inc., 711 S.W.3d 655,
657 (Tex. 2024) (quoting TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 552.002(a), .022(a)). The definition encompasses
-8- 04-24-00509-CV
records in any format, including electronic communications, so long as they relate to official
business. TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.002. 4
According to Texas Tribune, it requested a wide range of materials from the County:
incident and 911 reports concerning Robb Elementary and other locations; sheriff dispatch logs
and radio traffic; video footage; ballistics and evidence logs; use-of-force reports and policies;
current agreements with other agencies and unions; reports of law enforcement interactions with
the shooter and his mother; communications involving Sheriff Nolasco and deputies from May
24–26, 2022; and 911 calls from the 1500 block of Hood Street since May 1, 2017.
And from the School District, the requests included police service and 911 call records;
evidence logs related to the shooting; duty rosters and assignments; body-worn and security
camera footage from Robb Elementary; current agreements with other agencies and unions;
communications and records involving Chief Pete Arredondo (including personnel files, phone
records, and termination documents); threat reports; arrest and use-of-force records; maintenance
and work orders for door locks and specific classrooms; district policies and records referencing
security measures; student and personnel files for Salvador Ramos and his grandmother; notices
of legal claims; internal communications among district officials; data on truancy and suspensions;
and results of school safety audits.
On appeal, only the School District argues the above-requested information is not “public
information.” It claims that “information related to audits at Robb Elementary School” is
confidential under section 37.108 of the Education Code, and that records of threats, use-of-force
4 Section 552.022 of the Act also provides categories of “super” or “core” public information, including “a completed report, audit, evaluation, or investigation made of, for, or by a governmental body.” See generally Tex. Dept. of Pub. Safety v. Cox Tex. Newspapers, L.P., 343 S.W.3d 112, 122 (Tex. 2011) (Wainwright, J., concurring) (discussing section 552.022). Fewer exceptions to disclosure apply to super public information; generally, the information may only be withheld if it is “confidential under [the PIA] or other law.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.022(b).
-9- 04-24-00509-CV
reports, probable cause affidavits, and certain police reports are confidential under provisions of
the Family Code and common law privacy.
Although section 37.108 of the Education Code does shield some safety audit records from
disclosure, it also expressly requires disclosure of documents that allow the public to verify that a
safety and security audit was completed, determine when it occurred, who conducted it, and when
the results were presented to the board of trustees, among other things. TEX. EDUC. CODE §
37.108(c-2).
The School District’s other argument, relating to the Family Code and common law
privacy, relies solely on an open records decision, which found that some—but not all—of the
sampled documents were confidential. Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2022-27362. 5 While the School District
and County submitted representative samples to the Attorney General, nothing was provided to
the trial court—or to this court—which would permit a meaningful review of the specific
information withheld.
The School District contends it had no burden to show the applicability of these
confidentiality exceptions; rather, Texas Tribune had the burden to prove inapplicability of any
exceptions. We disagree.
3.1.3 A governmental entity claiming an exception bears the burden of supporting that claim with evidence.
“The dividing line between disclosure and restraint must be determined by proof.” Tex.
Dept. of Pub. Safety v. Cox Tex. Newspapers, L.P., 343 S.W.3d 112, 119 (Tex. 2011). Texas and
federal courts alike require that decisions to withhold information be supported by competent and
5 “While the Attorney General’s interpretation of the [PIA] may be persuasive, it is not controlling” on Texas courts. City of Dall. v. Abbott, 304 S.W.3d 380, 384 (Tex. 2010).
- 10 - 04-24-00509-CV
specific explanations. Because the PIA was modeled after an earlier iteration of the Freedom of
Information Act (FOIA), the Texas Supreme Court has looked at federal precedent, “particularly
where the statutory provisions mirror each other.” 6 Tex. Comptroller of Pub. Accounts v. Attorney
Gen. of Tex., 354 S.W.3d 336, 342 (Tex. 2010) (citations omitted). “When the Texas Legislature
use[s] the same . . . language, it is fair to presume it intend[s] the same meaning as that articulated
by its federal predecessor.” Id. (citation omitted).
A party requesting information under public information laws faces an “‘asymmetrical
distribution of knowledge’ where the agency alone possesses, reviews, discloses, and withholds
the subject matter of the request.” Jud. Watch, Inc. v. FDA, 449 F.3d 141, 146 (D.C. Cir. 2006)
(quoting King v. DOJ, 830 F.2d 210, 218 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). Because the underlying philosophy is
“full agency disclosure,” the government bears the burden of justifying withholding of information
or documents. Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. at 360–61 (quoting S.Rep. No. 813, 89th
Cong., 1st Sess., 3 (1965)). And exceptions are narrowly construed. Id. at 361.
To facilitate judicial review, federal agencies provide affidavits to demonstrate the
applicability of a claimed exemption, Shapiro v. DOJ, 893 F.3d 796, 799 (D.C. Cir. 2018), or seek
in-camera review “so long as [the agency] give[s] the reviewing court a reasonable basis to
evaluate” the claimed exemption, Jud. Watch, 449 F.3d at 146. 7 The affidavits or declarations must
“provide[] a relatively detailed justification, specifically identif[y] the reasons why a particular
6 Both the PIA and FOIA favor disclosure. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.001(b); Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976) (“disclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of [FOIA]”). And both statutory schemes contain analogous exceptions. Compare 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A) (law enforcement records exempt from disclosure if release would interfere with law enforcement proceedings) with TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.108 (information held by law enforcement dealing with the detection, investigation, or prosecution of crime is excepted if release would interfere with the detection, investigation, or prosecution of crime). 7 “If the agency’s description of the withheld material adequately states its grounds for nondisclosure, and if those grounds are reasonable and consistent with the applicable law, the district court should uphold the Government’s position.” Xanthopoulos v. IRS, 35 F.4th 1135, 1138 (8th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation omitted).
- 11 - 04-24-00509-CV
exemption is relevant, and correlat[e] those claims with the particular part of a withheld document
to which they apply.” Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 88 (D.D.C. 2009)
(internal quotation omitted). “Withholding information under conclusory, generalized, or
sweeping allegations of exemptions is not acceptable.” Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. DEA, 192 F. Supp.
3d 92, 103 (D.D.C. 2016) (citations omitted).
Federal agencies often meet their evidentiary burden by providing a Vaughn index—an
itemized explanation of the documents withheld and the exceptions claimed to apply. See Vaughn
v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 826–28 (D.C. Cir. 1973) (discussing necessity for “proper justification”
when agency withholds documents). 8 Nearly all federal circuit courts have adopted the Vaughn
index as an evidentiary guidepost. See, e.g., ACLU v. DOJ, 844 F.3d 126, 129 n.4 (2d Cir.
2016); Hamdan v. DOJ, 797 F.3d 759, 769 n.4 (9th Cir. 2015); Batton v. Evers, 598 F.3d 169,
175–76 (5th Cir. 2010); Davin v. DOJ, 60 F.3d 1043, 1050 (3d Cir. 1995) (“While there is no set
formula for a Vaughn index, the hallmark test is that the requestor and the trial judge be able to
derive from the index a clear explanation of why each document or portion of a document withheld
is putatively exempt from disclosure.”).
While Texas courts have not expressly required the same level of detailed proof as federal
courts in FOIA cases, the Texas Supreme Court has made clear that the government cannot simply
rely on “vague assertions” of confidentiality. Cox Tex. Newspapers, L.P., 343 S.W.3d at 119.
Instead, the government must provide evidence supporting its claim that an exception applies. Id.;
8 The Vaughn court explained the function of such an index in focusing judicial review: [The index] would subdivide the document under consideration into manageable parts cross- referenced to the relevant portion of the Government’s justification. Opposing counsel should consult with a view toward eliminating from consideration those portions that are not controverted and narrowing the scope of the court’s inquiry. After the issues are focused, the District Judge may examine and rule on each element of the itemized list. When appealed, such an itemized ruling should be much more easily reviewed than would be the case if the government agency were permitted to make a generalized argument in favor of exemption. Id. at 828.
- 12 - 04-24-00509-CV
see also Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Just. v. Levin, 572 S.W.3d 671, 679 (Tex. 2019) (“[W]hether the
requested information is protected by the physical-safety exception turns on the governmental
body’s evidence of a substantial threat of physical harm.”).
And our sister courts have unequivocally held the government to its evidentiary burden.
See, e.g., Thomas v. Cornyn, 71 S.W.3d 473, 489–90 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.) (holding
law enforcement exception did not apply where “the sheriff failed to provide the requested
information to the attorney general pursuant to the terms of the protective order or even to the court
for in camera inspection.”). The Third Court of Appeals has analogized claiming exceptions under
the PIA to claiming privilege in a discovery dispute: “in the absence of any additional evidence to
support the claimed privilege, the appellate court must review the documents themselves to
determine if they clearly support the privilege as a matter of law.” Dominguez v. Gilbert, 48
S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, no pet.) (quoting Barnes v. Whittington, 751 S.W.2d
493, 495 (Tex. 1988)) (internal quotation omitted).
In practice, the documents themselves are often the best evidence supporting a claimed
exemption. In Kilmer, the DC District Court rejected a law enforcement exemption supported only
by an agency affidavit containing “broad categorical descriptions” and where the documents
themselves were not submitted to the court for review. Kilmer v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot.,
No. CV 17-1566 (CKK), 2021 WL 1946392, at *14 (D.D.C. May 14, 2021). The court explained
that it could not “engage in a meaningful review of the agency’s decision to withhold specific
material under the agency’s claimed FOIA exemptions.” Id. (internal quotation omitted).
3.1.4 The requested information is public.
In this case, as in Kilmer, the absence of specific evidence or access to the withheld
documents prevents meaningful judicial review. All that is available are the broad, categorical
- 13 - 04-24-00509-CV
descriptions provided by Texas Tribune. Based on these descriptions, the requested information
appears to be “written, produced, collected, assembled, or maintained . . . in connection with the
transaction of” official business, and there is no basis to conclude the information is wholly
confidential. 9 TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.002(a). Accordingly, the information qualifies as public
information within the meaning of section 552.321(a).
3.2 Conclusion
Liberally construing Texas Tribune’s pleadings in favor of jurisdiction, the summary
judgment evidence demonstrates that the School District and County have refused to supply public
information. This refusal satisfies the waiver of governmental immunity provided by the PIA. See
TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.321(a). As a result, the trial court had jurisdiction to consider the merits
of this mandamus action. McKenzie, 578 S.W.3d at 512.
4 Summary Judgment On Writ of Mandamus
Having resolved the question of jurisdiction, we turn to the trial court’s decision to grant
summary judgment. We review a trial court’s summary judgment ruling de novo. Travelers Ins.
Co. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010). The movant for traditional summary judgment
under Rule 166a(c) bears the burden to show that there was no genuine issue of material fact and
that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Chavez v. Kan. City S. Ry. Co., 520 S.W.3d
898, 900 (Tex. 2017). In reviewing summary judgment evidence, “we take as true all evidence
9 The School District and County each argue they do not have documents responsive to certain requests and list numerous confidentiality provisions without any argument or citation to authority. First, the PIA does not require a government entity to prepare or assemble new information in response to a request. A & T Consultants, Inc. v. Sharp, 904 S.W.2d 668, 676 (Tex. 1995). Second, the trial court’s order already allows freedom to make any necessary redactions to any documents produced to Texas Tribune. We are not persuaded that, to establish jurisdiction, Texas Tribune must prove there are documents responsive to every request or that each requested document does not require any redaction.
- 14 - 04-24-00509-CV
favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in
the nonmovant’s favor.” Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005)
(citations omitted).
A writ of mandamus is an order from a court “whereby a person or officer is required to do
something which he wrongfully declines to do, and in exceptional cases it may properly be given
a restraining effect to reverse or amend a previous act.” Paxton v. Am. Oversight, No. 24-0162,
2025 WL 1793117, at *3 (Tex. June 27, 2025) (internal quotations omitted). While courts may
look to common law mandamus principles for guidance, those rules are subordinate to the statutory
scheme created by the PIA. Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Gilbreath, 842 S.W.2d 408, 413–14 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1992, no writ) (citing Indus. Found. of the South v. Tex. Indus. Accident Bd., 540
S.W.2d 668, 674 (Tex. 1976)). To obtain the writ, “a requesting party need only show that the
governmental body has not complied with the Act in order to obtain mandamus.” Id. Although
traditional equitable considerations are not required, the trial court retains discretion to issue a writ
of mandamus when doing so would further the purposes of the Act. Id.
Summary judgment compelling disclosure under the PIA may only be granted if the
movant shows the information is subject to disclosure as a matter of law. Fallon v. Univ. of Tex.
MD Anderson Cancer Ctr., 586 S.W.3d 37, 47–48 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, no pet.).
Governmental bodies are required to provide public information to any person who requests it.
Gilbreath, 842 S.W.2d at 413–14. Failure to do so constitutes a clear violation of the Act and
justifies statutory mandamus relief. Id. (citing City of Hous. v. Hous. Chron. Publ’g Co., 673
S.W.2d 316, 320 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, no writ)).
- 15 - 04-24-00509-CV
4.1 Summary judgment was proper.
The threshold question is again whether Texas Tribune established that the School District
and County refused to provide public information. As the party moving for traditional summary
judgment under Rule 166a(c), Texas Tribune had the initial burden of showing that there was no
genuine issue of material fact and that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Chavez, 520
S.W.3d at 900. Once Texas Tribune meets this burden, the obligation shifts to the School District
and County, as nonmovants, to raise a genuine issue of material fact that would preclude summary
judgment. Lujan v. Navistar, Inc., 555 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2018) (citing Centeq Realty, Inc. v.
Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995)).
Here, we have already determined that the requested information qualifies as public
information under the PIA, and nothing in the record contradicts this conclusion. The School
District and County’s decision to withhold the information constitutes a refusal to provide public
information. As a result, Texas Tribune has satisfied its initial burden of demonstrating, as a matter
of law, a refusal to disclose information covered by the PIA. See Gilbreath, 842 S.W.2d at 413–
14.
4.1.1 The summary judgment responses do not raise a fact issue as to each element of the law enforcement exception.
The next step is to consider whether the School District and County identified any genuine
issue of material fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment. Both entities asserted affirmative
defenses in general terms and submitted limited evidence with their summary judgment responses.
Specifically, they argue that section 552.108 applies due to an ongoing criminal investigation into
the police response to the shooting. Additionally, the School District invokes section 552.103 (the
pending litigation exception) and section 418.181 (confidentiality of technical documents
identifying vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure) of the Government Code.
- 16 - 04-24-00509-CV
Section 552.108(a)(1) excepts from disclosure “[i]nformation held by a law enforcement
agency or prosecutor that deals with the detection, investigation, or prosecution of crime [if]
release of the information would interfere with the detection, investigation, or prosecution of
crime.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.108(a)(1). To support its claim that this exception applies, the
School District attached a “Motion for Preservation of Evidence” filed by District Attorney
Christina Mitchell in a separate case, seeking to halt the destruction of Robb Elementary School.
The County, in turn, provided copies of grand jury summonses issued to five officers—including
the sheriff, two deputies, and two constables—in connection with DA Mitchell’s investigation.
However, the government cannot simply make “vague assertions” to invoke an exception;
its arguments must be supported by evidence. Cox Tex. Newspapers, L.P., 343 S.W.3d at 119;
Levin, 572 S.W.3d at 679. Here, neither the School District nor the County, in their summary
judgment responses or appellate briefs, identify which specific categories of information they seek
to withhold or explains how disclosure would interfere with any ongoing investigation.
Interpreting an earlier version of section 552.108, the Texas Supreme Court explained that
the law enforcement exception is intended to protect information whose disclosure would reveal
investigative techniques, unduly interfere with law enforcement operations, or hinder an agency’s
ability to perform its duties. A & T Consultants, Inc., 904 S.W.2d at 678. But the exception was
not without limits.
In a key 1975 decision, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals recognized a constitutional right
of public access to the “page one” of offense reports, which typically includes basic facts such as
the nature and location of a crime, names of complainants and officers, and the description of an
offense. Hous. Chron. Publ’g Co. v. City of Hous., 531 S.W.2d 177, 186–87 (Tex. App.—Houston
- 17 - 04-24-00509-CV
[14th Dist.] 1975), writ ref’d n.r.e., 10 536 S.W.2d 559 (Tex. 1976). However, the court limited this
right by excluding disclosure of materials including confessions, officers’ opinions about guilt or
witness credibility, informant statements, and forensic reports. 11 Id. at 187–88.
At the time of Houston Chronicle and Sharp, the law enforcement exception was broad
and did not require a showing of any “interference.” 12 The Texas Supreme Court described it as a
“blanket exemption” compared to the analogous federal provision. Holmes v. Morales, 924 S.W.2d
920, 925 (Tex. 1996). In 1997, the Legislature amended the exception to add the current
“interference” requirement, aligning the PIA with the FOIA by requiring that disclosure would
actually interfere with law enforcement. Compare Act of June 20, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1231,
§ 1, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 4697 (adding phrase “release of the information would interfere . . .”)
with 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A) (exempting information from disclosure if records were compiled
for law enforcement purposes and “could reasonably be expected to interfere with law enforcement
proceedings”).
Since the “interference” element was added in 1997, the Texas Supreme Court has not
substantively interpreted the law enforcement exception. However, our sister courts’
interpretations are instructive. For example, in Texas Appleseed v. Spring Branch Independent
School District, the First Court of Appeals analyzed whether a claim of interference under section
10 The designation “writ refused, no reversible error” means that the Texas Supreme Court was not satisfied that the opinion of the court of appeals correctly declared the law, but there was no error requiring reversal. Texas Rules of Form: The Greenbook appx. E (Texas Law Review Ass’n 14th ed. 2018). Despite this designation, Houston Chronicle has since been cited tens of thousands of times by the Attorney General in open records rulings and remains a landmark decision. 11 “To open such material to the press and public in all cases might endanger the position of the State in criminal prosecutions by the use of such materials to the disadvantage of the prosecution. To have such material open to the press and public in all cases might reveal the names of informants and pose the threat of intimidation of potential prosecution witnesses. In any case, the press has available effective means of finding out most of such details through interviews with the participants, officers, and witnesses.” Hous. Chron., 531 S.W.2d at 187. 12 Act of May 17, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 268, § 1, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 583, 600 (recodifying TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. art. 6252-17a, § 3(a) as TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.108).
- 18 - 04-24-00509-CV
552.108 was sufficiently specific to justify withholding. 388 S.W.3d 775, 782 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.). As to each requested category of information, the court reviewed
the withholding party’s argument, the documents sought to be withheld—in unredacted form—
and determined whether revealing the information would interfere with law enforcement action.
Id. at 782–84. Similarly, in Thomas v. Cornyn, the Third Court of Appeals rejected a sheriff’s
attempt to withhold public information under the law enforcement exception because the sheriff
failed to submit any evidence supporting the exception and failed to produce the documents for in-
camera inspection. 71 S.W.3d at 490 (“We reiterate that it was the sheriff’s burden, not the
[requestor]’s, to produce evidence that an exception to disclosure applies.”) (emphasis in original).
And as to a different subsection, we have required that a governmental entity “demonstrate
that release of the requested information will unduly interfere with law enforcement and crime
prevention.” City of San Antonio v. San Antonio Express–News, 47 S.W.3d 556, 565 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio 2000, pet. denied) (interpreting section 552.108(b)(1)).
Ultimately, the burden is on the School District and County to show an exception applies.
Adkisson v. Paxton, 459 S.W.3d 761, 776–78 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.); accord Brownlee
v. Brownlee, 665 S.W.2d 111, 112 (Tex. 1984) (“If the party opposing a summary judgment relies
on an affirmative defense, he must come forward with summary judgment evidence sufficient to
raise an issue of fact on each element of the defense to avoid summary judgment.”).
While the evidence in this case may raise a fact issue about the existence of an ongoing
criminal investigation, the record contains no evidence sufficient to create a fact issue regarding
the interference requirement of section 552.108. Unlike the governmental body in Texas
Appleseed, neither the School District nor the County produced any documents or representative
samples for in-camera review. Cf. Tex. Appleseed, 388 S.W.3d at 782–84 (“A review of the
- 19 - 04-24-00509-CV
redacted portions” of the documents at issue supports the police chief’s testimony that “revelation
of the withheld information substantially threatens harm.”). Nor do they provide any detail or
context for their decision to withhold the documents at issue. See Davin v. DOJ, 60 F.3d at 1050
(requiring “a clear explanation of why each document or portion of a document withheld is
putatively exempt from disclosure.”). Without such an explanation, any conclusion regarding the
content of the withheld documents and the effect of their disclosure is pure speculation. On this
record, there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the applicability of the law enforcement
exception.
4.1.2 The summary judgment responses do not raise a fact issue as to the remaining exceptions.
The School District’s summary judgment response contends that section 552.103 (the
pending litigation exception) and section 418.181 (confidentiality of documents identifying
technical details of vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure to an act of terrorism) of the
Government Code justify withholding certain documents. Specifically, the School District pointed
to it being served on June 17, 2022, with “an emergency motion to inspect the school property in
a pending lawsuit arising from the Robb ES shooting.” And as to the second contention, the School
District attached an open records decision, Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2022-27015, which excepted
“specified school blueprints and information” under section 418.181 because the information
“would identify the technical details of particular vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure to an act
of terrorism.”
However, an open records ruling does not constitute competent summary judgment
evidence. Even if it did, the attached rulings show that the Attorney General had the benefit of
reviewing a representative sample of the documents sought to be withheld—a benefit not afforded
to this court or the trial court. Moreover, the rulings do not identify the documents subject to
- 20 - 04-24-00509-CV
section 418.181, referring in general terms to “the submitted information.” Tex. Att’y Gen.
OR2022-27015, at 2. 13
As a result, it is impossible to determine which documents the School District seeks to
withhold under these exceptions. Apart from vague, conclusory assertions, the School District
provides nothing that would enable a meaningful review of its decision to withhold an unspecified
quantity of documents with unknown contents. See Ryland Grp., Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120,
122 (Tex. 1996) (noting that conclusory statements do not raise a fact issue). Accordingly, we
conclude that the School District’s summary judgment evidence fails to create a fact issue as to
each element of the claimed exceptions.
CONCLUSION
In Texas, governmental entities lack unilateral authority to declare information exempt
from disclosure. City of Dall., 509 S.W.3d at 251. They also cannot evade judicial review by vague
or unsupported claims that an exception applies. The PIA presumes that government records are
open to the public and places the burden on the government to justify any withholding of
information. TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 552.001(a), 552.301(e). Exceptions to disclosure cannot be used
to justify blanket secrecy over government actions; rather, they must be specifically authorized by
law and supported by evidence. See Wu v. Nat’l Endowment for Humans., 460 F.2d 1030, 1033
(5th Cir. 1972) (stating that FOIA exemptions do not “authorize an agency to throw a protective
blanket over all information”).
In this case, Texas Tribune has met its burden to show that the School District and County
refused to provide public information as a matter of law. In response, these entities offered only
13 Cf. Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2022-31228, at 3 (“[T]he district may withhold the information we have marked under section 552.103(a) of the Government Code. However, we find the district has not demonstrated the remaining responsive information is related to pending or reasonably anticipated litigation for purposes of section 552.103.”).
- 21 - 04-24-00509-CV
minimal justification—citing a grand jury investigation and a civil lawsuit—without providing
legal or evidentiary support for withholding the information. On this record, the trial court properly
granted Texas Tribune’s summary judgment motion. Travelers, 315 S.W.3d at 864. We therefore
affirm the judgment compelling the School District and County to produce the requested
information via writ of mandamus.
Finally, we note that the trial court’s judgment permits the School District and County to
make “mandatory statutory redactions.” See GateHouse Media, 711 S.W.3d at 657 (distinguishing
between mandatory confidentiality provisions and discretionary exceptions). This provision allows
the School District and County to redact any information required by law to remain confidential,
so long as such redactions are supported by legal authority and competent evidence. See, e.g., TEX.
GOV’T CODE §§ 552.101 (protecting information confidential under other law), 552.102
(protecting certain personnel information), 552.114 (protecting student records), 552.117
(protecting certain identifying information).
Velia J. Meza, Justice
- 22 -