Updike v. City of Omaha

127 N.W. 229, 87 Neb. 228, 1910 Neb. LEXIS 231

• Court: Nebraska Supreme Court
• Decided: June 10, 1910
• Docket: No. 16,014
• Status: Published

Opinions

Sedgwick, J.

While the plaintiff, -who ivas a teamster, was driving along Sixteenth street in the city of Omaha with a loaded wagon, the pavement gave way and let the wagon down with such force that it threw the plaintiff from his seat' to the pavement. He brought this action in the district court for Douglas county to recover from the city the damages which he alleged he sustained by reason of the injuries received in his fall. He recovered in the district court, and the city has appealed.

Plaintiff alleges in his petition that some time prior to the 26th day of July, 1906, the defendant city constructed a sewer along, through and under Sixteenth street from Vinton street south (north) to some point in the vicinity of Pacific or Pierce, and to lay said sewer made an excavation through the center of said street running north and south to the depth necessary to build such sewer, and in filling the excavation after said sewer was constructed the city carelessly and negligently placed the dirt over said excavation in said sewer in such a way as to cause the same subsequently to settle, and that by reason of the careless and negligent omission to properly construct, pack, tamp and harden said earth, the dirt fell in said sewer and gradually settled so as to leave an opening and excavation immediately under the surface of said street, and that afterwards the city relaid or paved the street over said excavation, and placed the paving, consisting of granite block stone, upon and along said excavation in such a way as to hide, cover up and obscure the defect in so packing, filling in, tamping and making solid the dirt underneath said paving along and upon said Sixteenth street, especially in the vicinity of Center and Sixteenth streets; and that on said 26th day of July, 1906, he was employed as a laborer in hauling and delivering sand, and was driving a team attached to a wagon loaded with sand, on which wagon the plaintiff was riding and driving, and being near the center of Sixteenth street in the vicinity of Center street, and while driving along over the paving of said street, because of the defect in so constructing said sewer, and because of covering up the same by paving, both wheels on the left hand side of said wagon broke through the paving and into the excavation so made by the settling of the dirt and earth in said excavation for said sewer, and that because of said defect in the street and overturning of the wagon the plaintiff was suddenly and without warning and without fault on his part thrown from the wagon to the street; that his right foot and ankle were broken thereby and he was permanently injured.

The plaintiff alleged that after the'accident he gave the. notice thereof required by statute, but the petition contained no allegation that prior to the said accident the notice had been given of the defect in the street, required by section 207, ch. 12a, Comp. St. 1907. There was a general demurrer to the petition, which was overruled, and the defendant answered admitting that the sewer was constructed along Sixteenth street by the defendant prior to July, 1906, and that the defendant caused the street to be paved, and admitted that the plaintiff was injured to some extent, and that at the time and place where the plaintiff was injured a portion of the paving gave way while the plaintiff was driving a team and wagon over and along the street. The answer alleged that the accident and injury to the plaintiff was not caused by any defect in the street of which the city had, or was chargeable with, notice, or that the city could have discovered by an inspection or examination of the street, and that the defect complained of was not due to any act or omission on the part of the defendant, but was due to causes over which the defendant had no control and for which the defendant was not responsible.

There was a great deal of evidence given by both parties, and the principal question controverted in the evidence was as to the cause of the settling of the earth in the sewer trench. The plaintiff insisted and produced evidence tending to prove that the sewer in question along Sixteenth street, which was laid at the depth of something over 20 feet, and which was constructed about 19 years before the accident, was not properly covered at the time of its construction; that the eartli was carelessly replaced in the sewer trench and was insufficiently tamped, and that this caused the earth to settle, leaving the cavity under the paving. It appears to be conceded by both parties that there'was a considerable settling of the earth at many places along this sewer, and that for several years prior to the accident it became necessary for the city in repaving the street to break down the concrete under the paving at various places along the sewer line and fill up the cavity under the paving caused by the settling of the earth from time to time. The defendant insisted that this happened in all parts of the city; that the conditions were such that it was impossible to replace the earth in sewer trenches so as to prevent settling, and that particularly at the place where this accident occurred the settling of the earth was caused not only by natural conditions that could not be avoided, but also by the breaking of a water pipe which allowed large quantities of water to enter the sewer trench beneath the paving. A large part of defendant’s brief is devoted to the discussion of the evidence as bearing upon this question, and there is much evidence tending to show that the settling of the earth and the cavity under the paving might have resulted from natural causes and from the action of the water from the broken service pipes. There is also evidence tending to show, as the plaintiff claimed, that the sewer trench was improperly filled, which was the cause of the cavity. The issue so presented was manifestly for the jury and presents no question of law to the court. It is unnecessary to attempt an analysis of the large mass of testimony upon this point. The jury have resolved this question in favor of the plaintiff, and we must therefore consider that the original construction of the sewer by the defendant was improper, and that this was the cause of the cavity under the paving. Whether the original improper construction of the sewer was the proximate cause of the accident is a question of fact and is the subject of much conflicting evidence. This is also a question for the jury, and must be considered as determined in plaintiff’s favor by the verdict.

This brings us to the consideration of the important question in the case. Section 207, ch. 12a, Comp. St. 1907, provides as follows: “Cities of the metropolitan class shall be absolutely exempt from liability for damages or injuries suffered or sustained by reason of defective public ways or the sidewalks thereof within such cities, unless actual notice in writing of the defect of such public way or sidewalk shall have been filed with the city clerk at least five days before the occurrence of such injury or damage. In the. absence of such notice, so filed, the city shall not be liable, and in all cases such notice shall describe with particularity the place and nature of the defects of which complaint is made.” No written notice of the defect in the paving at the point where the accident occurred had been filed with the city clerk, and the defendant insists that the statute applies in such case and that the plaintiff cannot recover.

The attorneys for defendant have furnished an able discussion which lias greatly assisted us in our inquiry as to the true purpose and meaning of the statute in question. It is insisted that unless provided by the statute no liability exists; that it does not require a legislative act to exempt municipalities from liability for defective streets, but it .does require a statute to create such liability. The man who claims that the city would be liable must point to the law creating such liability, and there is none except that imposed by the legislative enactment; that, when the legislature by statute fixed such liability with reference to defective streets, the statute must be held to be exclusive; that the legislature may absolutely exempt the municipality from liability, or exempt it unless certain conditions are complied with; that if the legislature keeps within its constitutional right, and the language of the act is plain and free from doubt, there is nothing to interpret, and the courts should accept the law as it is; that it is not for the court to determine whether it is good or had, just or unjust, reasonable or unreasonable; that a city acts through its officers, agents, or servants, but the city does not act by and through the doings of every officer, agent and employee; strictly speaking, the city acts officially only through its mayor and council, and that the city is not charged with “absolute knowledge” of the acts of a day laborer, a policeman, a fireman or other employees, and the knowledge of such persons is not the knowledge of the city; that it was because the courts held the city to strict accountability, and held that the act of an agent or employee in many matters was the act’ of the city, that the legislature enacted section 207; that the city attorney of Omaha drafted this section of the statute for the express purpose of protecting the city against claims based upon implied notice of which the city actually had no notice or knowledge; that by this statute the city is not to be held liable for the negligent conduct of any individual, whether citizen, agent, officer or employee of the city,' which causes a defect in the street, until the city in its official governmental capacity has had its attention directed to the particular defect by written notice.

While this case has been pending in this court the decision in Tewksbury v. City of Lincoln, 84 Neb. 571, has been published. In that case a statute substantially the same as said section 207 was construed. While the case,at bar might be distinguished in some respects from that case, the defendant has not attempted to do so. The brief, so far as the construction of the statute is involved, is confined to an attack upon that decision as unsound. The criticisms of the brief are especially directed to a quotation from the opinion in that case as follows: “To hold that five days' notice should be given for a wrong committed by the city itself one hour, or one day, before the occurrence of the accident, and of which the city already has absolute knowledge, would be in the highest degree ludicrous and attribute to the lawmaker a want of foresight, insight and comprehension which we cannot do. It is true that the statute provides that the city shall be Absolutely exempt from liability’ unless such notice be given, but we must give a reasonable construction to the language of the'act. The law never requires, an impossible thing. The section presupposes that the defect in the public way must have existed at least five days, otherwise the notice would be impossible.” The criticism is that, when the language of the statute is plain and unambiguous, it is not the province of the court to say that the lawmakers acted without foresight and comprehension, if they are acting within their constitutional limitations. The language criticised, however, assumes that it is proper and necessary to ascertain the real intention of the legislature, and that in determining that intention the court will give such construction to the statute as will not attribute to the lawmaker a want of foresight and comprehension, and we are entirely satisfied with the language there used.

Is it true that no liability exists unless provided by statute? There is. no express statute making the city liable for damages caused by defects in the street. If it can be said that the liability arises from statute, it is by implication only, and this implication is not derived from the language of the statute or any of its express provisions. It is not derived from a construction of the statute itself. It is rather an implication which the common law raises from the fact that the legislature has conferred certain privileges upon the municipality. When the legislature confers powers upon the city for the advantage of the city itself to enable it to hold its property and to conduct such affairs as are for the benefit of the city in its corporate capacity as distinguished from those powers which relate to its governmental functions, such privileges and benefits carry with them duties and liabilities of the same character as are imposed, upon private corporations or individuals, who enjoy corresponding privileges. It is quite generally held that when the city accepts such powers and privileges it accepts them with the conditions that the common law imposes. The law requires that in using such powers and privileges the city, like individuals, must so use them as not to violate the rights of others, and in doing so must use ordinary care and diligence to avoid injuries to others. This duty is not derived from the construction of the language of the statute, but is derived from the obligations which by the common law accompany such powers and privileges. It seems, therefore, that to say that the liabilitiy is created by statute, without qualification, may be misleading. In Goddard v. City of Lincoln, 69 Neb. 594, it was said: “As the liability in such cases must rest on some express or implied provision of the statute, it is clear that the legislature may place such limitations upon it as it may deem proper, or, for that matter, take it away entirely.” We have seen in what sense the liability is implied from the provisions of the statute, but what is meant by saying that the statute may take away the liability entirely? It was not necessary in that case to say, and we do not think that the language used must be construed as meaning, that the legislature can confer powers and privileges of the nature above suggested and at the same time relieve the municipality of all liability for their improper exercise. The defendant insists that it can, and to explain this position the following illustration is given: “Suppose the city dug a sewer trench and left it open, and the first night a man fell in and was injured. Would the city be liable?” The question is answered in the negative, and it is argued that to hold that the city would be liable in such case assumes “that somehow the city was liable until the legislature passed a law exempting the city from liability; whereas, on the contrary, there was no liability until the legislature so declared.”

Can it be possible that the legislature is competent to authorize a city or any private coiqjoration or individual, in the transaction of its own affairs and for its own benefit, to make a trench across a public thoroughfare and to take no precautions against dangers to the traveling public, and at tbe same time relieve tbe city from any liability for tbe consequence of such an act? It would seem more reasonable to say that, if the legislature intended to relieve the city from incurring liability for such damages, it should withdraw from the city the power and privilege of constructing such a trench, and that when it is said that the legislature might relieve a city from all liability it is inferred that in order to do so it must prevent the city from engaging in such transactions.

There is no doubt that if the legislature keeps within its constitutional right, and the purpose and meaning of the act are clear and unambiguous, “the court should accept the law as it is.” When it is found that the attempted legislation is not prohibited by constitutional limitations of the legislative power, the next thing for the courts to do is to find out, if they can, the intention of the legislature, and when that is determined and declared the duty of the courts in that regard is performed. It is not the duty nor the privilege of courts to change the meaning of constitutional acts of the legislature, nor to modify or enlarge their scope and purpose. The meaning of the legislature must be derived from the language used, all valid legislation on the given subject being considered and construed together. What did the lawmakers intend to do? If there was some apparent evil to be remedied, what remedy did the legislature propose to provide?

The defendant assumes that the object of the statute in question was to relieve the city of some part of the burden of claims for damages of this character. Can it be that the intention was to establish an arbitrary line of division between claims against the city for the purpose, without regard to merit or justice, of lessening the number of claims? Does the written notice' required by, statute become an essential element of the claim against the city? Was it intended that persons from other parts of the state,’ who had no means of knowing whether dangerous pitfalls existed or whether notice had been filed with the city clerk, should be discriminated against? Of course, it will not be presumed that the legislature intended such a result.

The city must act by its agents, and if it sends an agent to do a specified act, as to open a trench across a thoroughfare, that act, when done, is, of course, the act of the city. To provide that a notice must be lodged with the clerk stating that the trench has been opened, and is not being guarded, and that the stranger who falls into the trench within five days after such statement is filed has no remedy, but one who falls into the trench after the five days have expired may recover damages, will no doubt have the effect to limit the number of claims against the city; and so would a provision that under such circumstances none but an inhabitant of the city might recover, or one of light complexion. If the legislature could grant the power to a city to construct such work and allow it to so remain without guarding the public in any way, for a period of five days, and exempt the city from liability for damages, which is at least doubtful, it would not be presumed to have intended to do so, if a different and more reasonable purpose can be derived from the statute.

In another part of the brief a better reason for this legislation is suggested. “What was the purpose of requiring this notice? Clearly, to direct the attention of the proper officers of the city to the fact that at a particular point on one of the public highways of the city there exists at the time a condition in the public highway which renders the street unsafe and dangerous for public travel, a condition likely to result in injury to some traveler on the highway. The purpose of this notice was to enable the city to prevent accidents by repairing or guarding the defect.” This is undoubtedly the real purpose of the legislation. The city had been held liable in some cases in which it was uncertain whether the officers of the city had notice of the defect complained of. It was regarded as a question of fact for the jury to determine whether they knew, or the circumstances were such that with reasonable diligence they must and ought to have known, of the dangerous condition of the streets. And having apparently more regard for the financial interests of the city than for the rights of strangers or danger to the citizens, the legislature purposed to change this. There should no longer be any liability on the part of the city unless its officers actually knew of the defect. It was not presumed that the officers of the city would themselves create the defect. The statute was not necessary nor intended for such a contingency. To so construe the statute would be to hold that the intention of the legislature was to bar a proportion of the claims against the city without regard to the justice of the claims or the conditions under which they arose.

If we suppose that the statute applies in a case like this, what should the notice contain? If prior to this accident the written notice specified in the statute had been filed with the clerk, it must have stated that the original construction of the sewer was negligent, and that the earth had settled over the sewer so that there was danger of the paving giving way, and that the defect was hidden so that ordinary passengers would not discover it. If such a notice had been given, the city authorities must be presumed, pursuant to such notice, to have done precisely what they did do in this ease. It appears that for several years prior to this accident the authorities recognized the deficiency in the construction of the sewer and made many attempts, more or less effective, to remedy the defect. Can the defendant now deny liability because such notice was not given? It is generally held that where written notice is required it may be waived by the party entitled to it. The fact that the city knew of the condition of the street and recognized its duty to remedy it, and attempted, however ineffectively, to do so, is equivalent to notice and amounts to a waiver of notice, so that the city cannot now say it had no notice of the defect.

In Goddard v. City of Lincoln, 69 Neb. 594, it was held that the plaintiff could not recover because the written notice required by section 110 of tbe act governing cities of the first class, which is substantially the same as the statute herein considered, was not given. In that case a sidewalk liad become badly and dangerously out of repair. “The boards of the same * * * being loose * * * and one or two boards being entirely removed therefrom, so that said sidewalk was, at said time and place, in an unsafe and dangerous condition.” When a walk or a street through wear or some accidental cause becomes in an unsafe condition, the city authorities will perform this duty if the necessity of so doing comes to their knowledge. This at least the statute assumes, and its object and effect is to make certain that the officers of the city shall have such knowledge. The statute requiring notice of the defect to be in writing filed with the clerk is analogous to the statute of frauds. It guards against mistake or perjury in doubtful cases. The proof that notice has been given must be in writing. If the act causing the dangerous condition is done by the officers of the city themselves, the knowledge of its existence is inherent in the act. To suppose that the legislature intended that they must be notified of their own act is to question the judgment and motives of the lawmakers. The defect Avas not caused by the city, and from its nature must have been without the knoAvledge of its officers. In such case knowledge must in some way be conveyed to the city officials, and the statutory method of accomplishing this had not been folloAved. The decision in that case was clearly right, but it furnishes no precedent for a case like this.

In Schmidt v. City of Fremont, 70 Neb. 577, the construction of section 39, art. III, ch. 13, Comp. St. 1901, was involved. That section provided that no city shall be liable for damages arising from defective sidewalks, unless written notice of the accident or injury complained of was given within 30 days after its occurrence, and it was held that the plaintiff could not recover because such notice had' not been given. The object of that statute was to enable fhe city officials to properly investigate the nature and validity of tlie claim presented. It devolved a duty upon the claimant himself, and made that duty a part of his procedure in establishing his claim, one of the necessary steps in enforcing his remedy analogous to the three days’ notice required by the statute of forcible entry and detainer. The case is distinguishable from the one under consideration. Statutes somewhat similar to ours have been considered by other courts, although we have not observed any decisions involving the precise point here presented.

In City of Houston v. Isaacks, 3 S. W. 693 (68 Tex. 116), the law as applied in that state is stated in the first paragraph of the syllabus as follows: “A provision in a city charter exempting the corporation from liability to any person for damages caused by a street being out of repair through the gross negligence of the corporation, unless the same shall have remained so for 10 days after special notice in writing to the mayor or street commissioner, does not apply where the city having put a contractor to work upon the street, and after lie had commenced work, and made an excavation in the street, rendering it unsafe for travel, discharged him) and left the work in an unfinished condition. A person injured in consequence of such defect in the street may recover of the city though he has not given the 10 days’ notice. The city having by its own procurement made the street unsafe, and knowingly left it so, cannot escape behind the charter provisions, as it might if the defect had resulted from any extrinsic cause.” In the opinion the court suggests a doubt as to the power of the legislature to exempt a city from all liability in such cases: “The provision is a most stringent one, and its practical effect would seem to be to exempt the city from all liability for such defects as ordinarily accrue. But we cannot- say that it should not be enforced in a case to which it is applicable. We are of opinion, however, that it does not apply to the case before us. There may be some reason in requiring notice to the city authorities of a defect accruing from ordinary causes; such as the action of floods, the use of the street by the public, or it may be said from any cause except by the action of the city itself. But in the present case the city put a contractor to work upon the street, stipulating to have an excavation made which was to be filled with gravel, and, after the work had been begun and the street had been rendered unsafe for travel, discharged the contractor, and left the work in an unfinished condition.”

The charter of the city of Pond du Lac, Wisconsin, provided that “no action shall be maintained against the city for injuries caused by any defect in the condition of the street, unless notice in writing, signed by the injured party, shall have been given to the proper persons within five days of the injury,” and it was held that the requirement of notice had no application when the plaintiff “was injured through liis horse taking fright at a large wooden roller, which had been used in the care of the streets, and left standing therein by the servants of the defendant.” The Wisconsin court also suggested a doubt as to the power of the legislature to exempt from liability in such cases. Mr. Chief Justice Cole in the opinion said: “I should have great doubt about the validity of the provision requiring the notice to be given within five days of the injury, even if the liability of the city in the case was wholly statutory. The time fixed is unreasonably short, and in many cases could not be complied with. The injured person might be unconscious, or so seriously hurt that he could not state ‘the place where, and the time when, such injury was received, and the nature of the same,’ within that period; so that the remedy given is coupled with an impossible condition. Such a provision is unreasonable and unjust. * * * It is an arbitrary and unreasonable provision, which professes to give a' remedy for an injury, but annexes to it a condition which in many cases cannot be complied with.” Hughes v. City of Fond du Lac, 73 Wis. 380, 41 N. W. 407.

In Still v. City of Houston, 60 S. W. 76 (27 Tex. Civ. App. 447) the ground of the decision is stated in the third paragraph of the syllabus as follows: “A city charter provided that the corporation should not he liable for any injuries sustained owing to the defective condition of sidewalks, etc., unless such condition should have continued for 10 days after notice to the mayor or certain committees. A city sold certain fences on property through which a street was opened, and authorized the purchaser to remove them, which he did to the knowledge of the city, but he failed to fill a hole left where a fence post was removed, and subsequently a pedestrian stepped into such hole, it being just beside the sidewalk. Held, that, though no notice of such hole had been given, the charter provision did not protect the city, inasmuch as the act of the purchaser was, under the circumstances, to be considered the act of the city, and the provision had no application to such case.” In the opinion the court said: “This action was taken by the very officers to whom the charter required the notice to.be given. The city is not sought to be held liable for any injury caused by a defect accruing from any extrinsic cause, but for having by its own procurement made the street unsafe and knowingly left it in that condition.”

The charter of the city of Springfield, Illinois, provided that a city should not be liable for damages arising from the bad condition of the streets by reason of the neglect of the proper officers to repair the same, until notice was given ajid reasonable time given to make the repairs. The action was for damages for injuries sustained by falling into a sewer which was being made in one of the streets of the city. While the statute did not purport to exempt the city from liability in all cases where the notice had not been given, but only in case the proper officer had negligently failed to repair the defect, still that court expressed a doubt as to the propriety of such a clause. “Laying out of view all consideration of the propriety of such a clause, and its inconsistency with other provisions of the charter, and with established rules of law, it is very manifest it cannot apply to this case. * * * The injury complained of was not the result of a defective street, which a traveler upon it might have noticed and reported, but for permitting the sewer in it to be excavated in a manner hazardous to the safety of the people.” City of Springfield v. Le Claire, 49 Ill. 476.

In City of Dallas v. McAllister, 39 S. W. (Tex.) 173, a sewer on one of the principal streets liad caved in, leaving a dangerous depression up and down the street ten or twelve feet long. It had been there about two months. The driver of a wagon was going around this broken place in the paving where the street appeared to be solid, when the sewer caved in under the wagon, causing the injuries complained of. It was held that, since the testimony tended to show a connection between the original bréale and the one through which the injury occurred in such a manner as to indicate that in repairing the former the cause of the latter would have become known, the city was liable for the damages, notwithstanding a clause in the charter which provided that no action should be maintained against the city for injuries caused from streets being out of repair from the gross negligence of the city, unless the same shall have remained so for ten days after special notice in writing to the mayor or city engineer, and no such notice had been given. The court said: “The evidence, however, shows that the entire sewer was defective and dangerous from the place of the accident down to the original caving in, a distance of 15 or 20 feet, for it is testified to that, when the wagon went down, the ground caved all the way down to the other cavity. It is therefore a reasonable inference that the sewer was in an unsafe condition all the way down, and that notice of this would have followed ordinary care in repairing the first break; hence, the city must be taken to have had knowledge of it, and be chargeable with the consequences.”

In Adams v. City of Oshkosh, 36 N. W. 614 (71 Wis. 49), the case is stated in the syllabus as follows: “Plaintiff’s horse was killed on a principal street of a muncipal corporation by running, in the night-time, upon a pile of gravel and stones placed there by an employee of the city while repairing the street. In an action to recover the value of the horse, held, that the provision of the charter That the city shall not be liable to or for any damages arising or growing out of any sidewalks, streets, drains, sewers, gutters, ditches, or bridges in said city being in a defective or damaged condition, or out of repair, unless it be shown that previous to the happening of the same one of the aldermen of the ward in which the same is. located had knowledge thereof,’ etc., does not apply to obstructions placed in the street by an employee of the city while in its employ.” The court said in the opinion: “There is no claim that either of the aldermen of the ward had actual notice of the obstruction in the street, nor that it had existed for three weeks; so that, if the statue applies to an obstruction placed in the street by an employee of the city while engaged in repairing said street, the plaintiff did not make out a case. After a careful consideration of the statute, we think it was not the intent of the legislature to cover a case of this kind. In the case at bar the aldermen of the ward, in discharging a duty imposed upon them by law, were in fact engaged in repairing the street in question, and one of their employees negligently permitted the obstruction to be placed in and remain in said street. We think, in a case of this kind, the act of the employee while engaged in his employment must be considered as the act of the aldermen of the ward, and that the city, through the action of its ward officer, permitted the obstruction to be placed in the street and to remain there. It cannot be supposed that the legislature intended to release the city from damages caused by the action of its officers in repairing its streets, when its employees create the obstruction, because such officers had no actual notice of the obstruction. In such case the acts of the employees are the acts of the officers, and their knowledge must be construed to be the knowledge of the employer. This would be the rule in every other case, and we cannot think-the legislature intended to alter so just a rule in favor of the city.”

In MacMullen v. City of Middletown, 187 N. Y. 37, it was held that the requirement in a city charter that written notice should be given of the existence of snow or ice on sidewalks is constitutional. The court said: “The charter created a liability for a neglect of the duty to remove snow and ice from the streets and sidewalks and gave a remedy by action. * * * The requirement is the expression of the legislative will that the notice of the defective condition of the public way, which has occasioned the injury sustained, shall be of so certain a character as to charge the corporation with actual knowledge. It was always the legal rule that notice should be brought home to the corporation, or facts from which notice was reasonably inferable. In order that something more certain than constructive notice should be relied upon, provisions were inserted in municipal charters that ‘actual notice’ of the alleged defect must be shown.” This was perhaps all that it was necessary to say in deciding the case. In the absence of any statute upon the subject, the city would not be required to remove the snow as fast as it fell upon the walk. It would only be liable if it knew that the walk had become dangerous by reason of the accumulation of snow and ice and failed to protect- the public by causing it to be removed. No one could doubt the power of the legislature to prescribe the manner of giving such notice and the method of proof that the city officials had such knowledge when notice was necessary; but the court discussed at great length the question whether removing snow and ice from walks is a governmental function, and concludes that it is, contrary to the view of most other courts, and especially of this court as expressed in Burke v. City of South Omaha, 79 Neb. 793, and Tewksbury v. City of Lincoln, 84 Neb. 571. The language used in the opinion in MacMullen v. City of Middletown, supra, which appears to be in conflict with our conclusion in this case, is based upon the proposition that such duties are governmental functions. The reasoning upon this question in Tewksbury v. City of Lincoln, supra, and other' authorities there cited, preclude this court from accepting such a view.

In Parsons v. City and County of San Francisco, 23 Cal. 463, it was held that the city was not liable in consequence of its streets or highways being out of repair. The statute exempting cities from such liability was held to be constitutional, but this is put expressly upon,the ground that the statute afforded the injured parties a complete remedy. It made the person or persons on whom the law may have imposed the obligation to repair such streets, and also the officer or officers through whose official negligence such defects remained unrepaired, jointly and severally liable to the parties injured. This was thought to be a complete remedy, and if the officer by whose negligence the injury was caused and his official bonds are presumed to be responsible, the remedy would appear to be complete.

In Williams v. City of Galveston, 41 Tex. Civ. App. 63, it was held that the city was not liable for damages caused by a defective bridge. The charter provision exempting the city from such liability was upheld. This opinion also placed the decision upon the theory that the repair of bridges is a governmental function. It is said in the opinion: “The counties in the state are held exempt from liability for the negligent construction or maintenance of public highways, and the act in question does no more than place the city of Galveston upon a plane with the counties.”

If this court were not already fully committed to the doctrine that in the performance of such duties the cities are not exercising governmental functions, it might be thought necessary to further discuss this question.

It was complained in the brief that there were some errors in the instruction of the court to the jury, but these supposed errors are not discussed at length. For the most part objections made to the instructions are derived from principles already discussed, and it does not appear to be advisable to prolong this opinion after having devoted so much space to the main question involved. We have found no errors in the instruction requiring a reversal of the judgment.

The judgment of the district court is

Affirmed.