Universal Secure Registry LLC v. Apple Inc.

10 F. 4th 1342

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: August 26, 2021
• Docket: 20-2044
• Status: Published

Opinion

Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 1 Filed: 08/26/2021

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

UNIVERSAL SECURE REGISTRY LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

APPLE INC., VISA INC., VISA U.S.A. INC., Defendants-Appellees ______________________

2020-2044 ______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in No. 1:17-cv-00585-CFC-SRF, Judge Colm F. Connolly. ______________________

Decided: August 26, 2021 ______________________

KATHLEEN M. SULLIVAN, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York, NY, argued for plaintiff-appel- lant. Also represented by BRIAN MACK, KEVIN ALEXANDER SMITH, San Francisco, CA; TIGRAN GULEDJIAN, CHRISTOPHER MATHEWS, Los Angeles, CA.

MARK D. SELWYN, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Palo Alto, CA, argued for defendant-appellee Apple Inc. Also represented by LIV LEILA HERRIOT, THOMAS GREGORY SPRANKLING; MONICA GREWAL, Boston, MA. Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 2 Filed: 08/26/2021

STEFFEN NATHANAEL JOHNSON, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati, PC, Washington, DC, argued for de- fendants-appellees Visa Inc., Visa U.S.A. Inc. Also repre- sented by MATTHEW A. ARGENTI, JAMES C. YOON, Palo Alto, CA. ______________________

Before TARANTO, WALLACH, * and STOLL, Circuit Judges. STOLL, Circuit Judge. Universal Secure Registry LLC (USR) appeals the United States District Court for the District of Delaware’s dismissal of certain patent infringement allegations against Apple Inc., Visa Inc., and Visa U.S.A. Inc. (collec- tively, “Apple”) under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The district court held all claims of four asserted patents owned by USR ineligible under 35 U.S.C. § 101. Because we conclude that all claims of the asserted patents are directed to an abstract idea and that the claims contain no additional elements that transform them into a patent-eligible application of the abstract idea, we affirm. BACKGROUND I USR sued Apple for allegedly infringing all claims of U.S. Patent Nos. 8,856,539; 8,577,813; 9,100,826; and 9,530,137 (collectively, the “asserted patents”). The ’137 patent is a continuation of the ’826 patent. Although the patents are otherwise unrelated, they are directed to similar technology—securing electronic payment transac- tions. As USR explained in its opening brief, its patents “address the need for technology that allows consumers to conveniently make payment-card [e.g., credit card]

* Circuit Judge Evan J. Wallach assumed senior sta- tus on May 31, 2021. Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 3 Filed: 08/26/2021

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transactions without a magnetic-stripe reader and with a high degree of security.” Appellant’s Br. 7. “For example, it allows a person to purchase goods without providing credit card information to the merchant, thereby prevent- ing the credit card information from being stolen or used fraudulently.” Id. at 9. II Apple moved to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that the asserted patents claimed patent-ineligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. The magistrate judge determined that all the representative claims are directed to a non-abstract idea. Universal Secure Registry, LLC v. Apple Inc., No. 17- cv-00585, 2018 WL 4502062, at *8–11 (D. Del. Sept. 19, 2018). The magistrate judge explained that the ’539 patent claims are “not directed to an abstract idea because ‘the plain focus of the claims is on an improvement to computer functionality itself, not on economic or other tasks for which a computer is used in its ordinary capacity.’” Id. at *8 (quoting Visual Memory LLC v. NVIDIA Corp., 867 F.3d 1253, 1258 (Fed. Cir. 2017)). Of particular im- portance to the magistrate judge was the conclusion that the claimed invention provided a more secure authentica- tion system. See id. at *9. The district court disagreed, concluding that the repre- sentative claims fail at both steps one and two of Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International, 573 U.S. 208 (2014). Uni- versal Secure Registry LLC (USR) v. Apple Inc., 469 F. Supp. 3d 231, 236–37 (D. Del. 2020). The district court explained that the claimed invention was directed to the abstract idea of “the secure verification of a person’s identity” and that the patents do not disclose an inventive concept—including an improvement in computer function- ality—that transforms the abstract idea into a patent-eli- gible application. Id. Accordingly, the district court Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 4 Filed: 08/26/2021

granted Apple’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Id. at 240. USR appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). DISCUSSION We apply regional circuit law when reviewing a district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). XY, LLC v. Trans Ova Genetics, LC, 968 F.3d 1323, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2020). The Third Circuit re- views such dismissals de novo, accepting as true all factual allegations in the complaint and viewing those facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Klotz v. Ce- lentano Stadtmauer & Walentowicz LLP, 991 F.3d 458, 462 (3d Cir. 2021) (citing Foglia v. Renal Ventures Mgmt., LLC, 754 F.3d 153, 154 n.1 (3d Cir. 2014)). Patent eligibility under § 101 is a question of law based on underlying facts, so we review a district court’s ultimate conclusion on patent eligibility de novo. Interval Licensing LLC v. AOL, Inc., 896 F.3d 1335, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2018). We have held that patent eligibility can be determined at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage “when there are no factual allegations that, taken as true, prevent resolving the eligibility ques- tion as a matter of law.” Aatrix Software, Inc. v. Green Shades Software, Inc., 882 F.3d 1121, 1125 (Fed. Cir. 2018). I Section 101 defines patent-eligible subject matter as “any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof.” 35 U.S.C. § 101. Long-standing judicial excep- tions, however, provide that laws of nature, natural phe- nomena, and abstract ideas are not eligible for patenting. ChargePoint, Inc. v. SemaConnect, Inc., 920 F.3d 759, 765 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (citing Alice, 573 U.S. at 216). Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 5 Filed: 08/26/2021

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The Supreme Court has articulated a two-step test for examining patent eligibility when a patent claim is alleged to involve one of these three types of subject matter. See Alice, 573 U.S. at 217–18. The first step of the Alice test requires a court to determine whether the claims at issue are directed to a patent-ineligible concept, such as an ab- stract idea. Id. at 218. “[T]he claims are considered in their entirety to ascertain whether their character as a whole is directed to excluded subject matter.” McRO, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games Am. Inc., 837 F.3d 1299, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting Internet Pats. Corp. v. Active Net- work, Inc., 790 F.3d 1343, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2015)). If the claims are directed to a patent-ineligible concept, the sec- ond step of the Alice test requires a court to “examine the elements of the claim to determine whether it contains an ‘inventive concept’ sufficient to ‘transform’ the claimed ab- stract idea into a patent-eligible application.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 221 (quoting Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Pro- metheus Labs., Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 72, 78–79 (2012)). This inventive concept must do more than simply recite “well- understood, routine, conventional activity.” Mayo, 566 U.S. at 79–80. In cases involving authentication technology, patent el- igibility often turns on whether the claims provide suffi- cient specificity to constitute an improvement to computer functionality itself. For example, in Secured Mail Solu- tions LLC v. Universal Wilde, Inc., we held that claims di- rected to using a marking (e.g., a conventional barcode) affixed to the outside of a mail object to communicate infor- mation about the mail object, including claims reciting a method for verifying the authenticity of the mail object, were abstract. 873 F.3d 905, 907, 910–11 (Fed. Cir. 2017). We explained that the claims were not directed to specific details of the barcode or of the equipment for generating and processing the barcode. See id. at 910. Nor was there a description of how the barcode was generated, or how that barcode was different from long-standing Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 6 Filed: 08/26/2021

identification practices. See id. At step two, we determined that there was no inventive concept that transformed the claimed abstract idea into a patent-eligible application of the abstract idea. See id. at 912. We explained that the claims recited well-known and conventional ways to verify an object using a barcode and to allow generic communica- tion between a sender and recipient using generic com- puter technology, and that the patents themselves suggested that all the hardware used was conventional. See id. In Electronic Communication Technologies, LLC v. ShoppersChoice.com, LLC, we drew a similar conclusion about claims focused on monitoring the location of a “mo- bile thing” and using authentication software to increase security. 958 F.3d 1178, 1181 (Fed. Cir. 2020). As to the authentication limitations—“namely, enabling a first party to input authentication information, storing the authenti- cation information, and providing the authentication infor- mation along with the advance notice of arrival to help ensure the customer that the notice was initiated by an au- thorized source”—we determined that these limitations were themselves abstract and thus were not an inventive concept. Id. We pointed to the specification, which stated that the claimed “authentication information” could be es- sentially any information recognizable to the party being contacted. Id. We also noted that businesses have long been recording customer information that would qualify as authentication information as broadly defined in the spec- ification. See id. at 1182. Similarly, in Solutran, Inc. v. Elavon, Inc., we held in- eligible claims that recited a method for electronically pro- cessing checks, which included electronically verifying the accuracy of a transaction to avoid check fraud, because the claims were directed to a long-standing commercial prac- tice of crediting a merchant’s account as soon as possible. 931 F.3d 1161, 1163, 1167 (Fed. Cir. 2019). We recognized that the claims only recited conventional steps that were Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 7 Filed: 08/26/2021

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not directed to an improvement to the way computers op- erate, noting that the patent specification explained that “verifying the accuracy of the transaction infor- mation . . . was already common.” Id. at 1167. At step two, we rejected the argument that reordering these conven- tional steps constituted an inventive concept, and held that using a general-purpose computer and scanner to perform the conventional activities of transaction verification does not amount to an inventive concept. Id. at 1168–69. Finally, in Prism Technologies LLC v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., the claims broadly recited “receiving” identity data of a client computer, “authenticating” the identity of the data, “authorizing” the client computer, and “permitting access” to the client computer. 696 F. App’x 1014, 1016 (Fed. Cir. 2017). We held that the claims at issue were directed to the abstract idea of “providing restricted access to re- sources” because the claims did not cover a “concrete, spe- cific solution.” Id. at 1017. Rather, the claims merely recited generic steps typical of any conventional process for restricting access, including processes that predated com- puters. Id. At step two, we determined that the asserted claims recited conventional generic computer components employed in a customary manner such that they were in- sufficient to transform the abstract idea into a patent-eli- gible invention. Id. II With this precedent in mind, we turn to the patent claims at issue in this case. We address each patent in turn. A We first consider the claims of the ’539 patent. The ’539 patent is titled “Universal Secure Registry” and ex- plains that most people carry multiple forms of identifica- tion to verify their identities and make purchases, ’539 patent col. 1 ll. 53–67, but that they may not always Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 8 Filed: 08/26/2021

want to disclose their personal information during finan- cial transactions, id. at col. 2 ll. 1–27. Thus, the ’539 patent proposes “an identification system that will enable a per- son to be identified or verified . . . and/or authenticated without necessitating the provision of any personal infor- mation.” Id. at col. 2 l. 64–col. 3 l. 1. The patent purports to accomplish this goal through use of a Universal Secure Registry or “USR system or database . . . [that] may take the place of multiple conventional forms of identification.” Id. at col. 3 ll. 22–24. Access to the USR system may be gained through a user’s electronic ID device, which may be a smart card, cell phone, pager, wristwatch, computer, per- sonal digital assistant, key fob, or other commonly availa- ble electronic devices. Id. at col. 3 l. 64–col. 4 l. 4. One embodiment of the invention facilitates purchas- ing goods or services without revealing personal financial information to a merchant. See id. at col. 11 l. 46–col. 12 l. 18. When a user initiates a purchase, the user enters a secret code in the user’s electronic ID device to cause the ID device to generate a one-time code. Id. at col. 11 ll. 51–56. After the user presents the one-time code to the merchant, the merchant transmits the code, the store num- ber, the amount of the purchase, and the time of receipt to the credit card company. Id. at col. 11 ll. 56–59. The credit card company then passes the code to the USR system, which determines if the code is valid and, “if valid, accesses the user’s credit card information and transmits the appro- priate credit card number to the credit card company.” Id. at col. 11 ll. 59–65. The credit card company then checks the credit worthiness of the user and either “declines the card or debits the user’s account in accordance with its standard transaction processing system.” Id. at col. 12 ll. 6–9. “The credit card company then notifies the mer- chant of the result of the transaction.” Id. at col. 12 ll. 9–11. Claim 22 is representative of the ’539 patent claims at issue and states as follows: Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 9 Filed: 08/26/2021

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22. A method for providing information to a pro- vider to enable transactions between the provider and entities who have secure data stored in a se- cure registry in which each entity is identified by a time-varying multicharacter code, the method com- prising: receiving a transaction request including at least the time-varying multicharacter code for an entity on whose behalf a transaction is to take place and an indication of the provider requesting the trans- action; mapping the time-varying multicharacter code to an identity of the entity using the time-varying multicharacter code; determining compliance with any access re- strictions for the provider to secure data of the en- tity for completing the transaction based at least in part on the indication of the provider and the time- varying multicharacter code of the transaction re- quest; accessing information of the entity required to per- form the transaction based on the determined com- pliance with any access restrictions for the provider, the information including account identi- fying information; providing the account identifying information to a third party without providing the account identify- ing information to the provider to enable or deny the transaction; and enabling or denying the provider to perform the transaction without the provider’s knowledge of the account identifying information. Id. at col. 20 ll. 4–31. Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 10 Filed: 08/26/2021

The district court held that claim 22 is not materially different from the claims at issue in Prism. As discussed above, in Prism, we determined that the claims were di- rected to the process of “(1) receiving identity data from a device with a request for access to resources; (2) confirming the authenticity of the identity data associated with that device; (3) determining whether the device identified is au- thorized to access the resources requested; and (4) if au- thorized, permitting access to the requested resources.” Prism, 696 F. App’x at 1017. Here, the district court stated that claim 22 requires the following steps: (1) “receiving” a transaction request with a time- varying multicharacter code and “an indication of” the merchant requesting the transaction; (2) “map- ping” the time-varying multicharacter code to the identity of the customer in question; (3) “determin- ing” whether the merchant’s access to the cus- tomer’s secure data complies with any restrictions; (4) “accessing” the customer’s account information; (5) “providing” the account identifying information to a third party without providing that information to the merchant; and (6) “enabling or denying” the merchant to perform the transaction without ob- taining knowledge of the customer’s identifying in- formation. USR, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 237. Based on the similarities be- tween these steps and those in the claims at issue in Prism, the district court determined that claim 22 is directed to “the abstract idea of obtaining the secure verification of a user’s identity to enable a transaction.” Id. While we see differences between claim 22 and the claims at issue in Prism, we agree with the district court that, like the claims at issue in Prism, claim 22 is directed to an abstract idea. The claims are directed to a method for enabling a transaction between a user and a merchant, where the merchant is given a time-varying code instead of Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 11 Filed: 08/26/2021

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the user’s secure (credit card) information. The time-vary- ing code is used to access a database that indicates any re- strictions on the user’s transactions with the merchant and also allows a third party or credit card company to approve or deny the transaction based on the secure information without the provider gaining access to the secure infor- mation. In our view, the claims “simply recite conventional actions in a generic way” (e.g., receiving a transaction re- quest, verifying the identity of a customer and merchant, allowing a transaction) and “do not purport to improve any underlying technology.” Solutran, 931 F.3d at 1168. Ac- cordingly, the claims are directed to an abstract idea under Alice step one. USR cites Ancora Technologies, Inc. v. HTC America, Inc., to assert that the claims’ recitation of a time-varying multicharacter code used in combination with additional intermediaries constitutes a specific technique that de- parts from earlier approaches to solve a specific computer problem. 908 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2018). We are unper- suaded. In Ancora, the claimed invention identified a spe- cific technique for addressing the vulnerability of license- authorization software to hacking in an unexpected way— by storing the software license record in the computer’s BIOS memory. Id. at 1348–49. Using the BIOS memory to assist with software verification was unexpected because it had never previously been used in that way. Id. The claimed invention of the ’539 patent, on the other hand, uses a combination of conventional components in a con- ventional way to achieve an expected result. See, e.g., ’539 patent col. 7 ll. 30–36 (disclosing a SecurIDTM card or its equivalent as an example of a single use code genera- tor). While we appreciate that the claims here are closer to the demarcation line between what is abstract and non-ab- stract than the claims in Prism, we conclude that, at Alice step one, the asserted claims are directed to a method for verifying the identity of a user to facilitate an economic transaction, for which computers are merely used in a Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 12 Filed: 08/26/2021

conventional way, rather than a technological improve- ment to computer functionality itself. Turning to Alice step two, the district court rejected USR’s argument that the claim’s recitations of (1) time-var- ying codes and (2) sending data to a third-party as opposed to the merchant each rise to the level of an inventive con- cept. USR, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 238. We agree. Regarding USR’s first argument, the patent itself acknowledges that the claimed step of generating time-varying codes for au- thentication of a user is conventional and long-standing. ’539 patent col. 8 ll. 17–35 (disclosing use of a “SecurIDTM card available from RSA Security,” which “retrieves a se- cret user code and/or time varying value from memory and obtains from the user a secret personal identification code”). And with regard to USR’s second argument—that the step of bypassing the merchant’s computer constitutes an inventive concept—USR cites BASCOM Global Internet Services, Inc. v. AT&T Mobility LLC, where we determined that claims directed to a method and system of filtering In- ternet content using the individual account association ca- pability of some Internet Service Provider (ISP) servers were a “technical improvement over prior art ways of filter- ing such content.” 827 F.3d 1341, 1350, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2016). In that case, we reasoned that although “[f]iltering content on the Internet was already a known concept, . . . the patent describes how its particular arrangement of el- ements is a technical improvement over prior art ways of filtering such content.” Id. at 1350. Unlike was the case in BASCOM, however, the Supreme Court has previously held the use of a third-party intermediary in a financial transaction to be an ineligible abstract idea. Alice, 573 U.S. at 219–20. In Alice, the claims involved “a method of ex- changing financial obligations between two parties using a third-party intermediary to mitigate settlement risk.” Id. at 219. Similarly, the claims here involve allowing a finan- cial transaction between two parties using a third-party Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 13 Filed: 08/26/2021

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intermediary to mitigate information security risks. Be- cause sending data to a third-party as opposed to the mer- chant is itself an abstract idea, it cannot serve as an inventive concept. BASCOM, 827 F.3d at 1349 (“An in- ventive concept that transforms the abstract idea into a pa- tent-eligible invention must be significantly more than the abstract idea itself . . . .” (citing Alice, 573 U.S. at 223–24)). B We next consider the claims of the ’813 patent. The ’813 patent is also titled “Universal Secure Registry” and the invention bears resemblance to that in the ’539 patent. The ’813 patent discloses combined use of a user device (e.g., cell phone), a point-of-sale (POS) device, and a uni- versal secure registry to facilitate financial transactions. ’813 patent col. 43 ll. 6–15. One embodiment of the claimed invention contemplates the user device communicating with a secure database in the secure registry, which stores account information, such as credit card and debit card ac- count information, for multiple accounts. Id. at col. 44 ll. 39–53. This allows users to employ a single user device or cell phone to conduct financial transactions at a POS de- vice using a plurality of different credit or debit accounts. Id. at col. 45 ll. 4–17. Before the user device can access the secure registry, however, certain authentication processes must be com- pleted. One embodiment contemplates first restricting ac- cess to the user device until the user has been authenticated using biometric input provided to the user device. Id. at col. 46 ll. 37–41. Next, the secure registry also requires that the user be authenticated before account information is accessed. Id. at col. 45 ll. 18–20. Some em- bodiments employ a multi-factor authentication process whereby encrypted authentication information is gener- ated by the user device. Id. at col. 46 ll. 14–36. That is, the claimed invention can authenticate the user based on a combination of two or more of (1) “something the user Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 14 Filed: 08/26/2021

knows” (e.g., PIN number); (2) “something the user is” (e.g., a biometric measurement as detected by a biometric sen- sor); (3) “something that the user has” (e.g., cell phone se- rial number); and (4) an “account selected by the user for the current transaction” (e.g., the transaction for which the authentication is being completed). Id. at col. 45 l. 63–col. 46 l. 21. This encrypted authentication infor- mation is then communicated to the secure registry for au- thentication through the POS device and, if authentication is successful, the transaction and access to the user’s ac- count is permitted. Id. at col. 46 ll. 27–36. Claim 1 of the ’813 patent is representative: 1. An electronic ID device configured to allow a user to select any one of a plurality of accounts as- sociated with the user to employ in a financial transaction, comprising: a biometric sensor configured to receive a biometric input provided by the user; a user interface configured to receive a user input including secret information known to the user and identifying information concerning an account se- lected by the user from the plurality of accounts; a communication interface configured to communi- cate with a secure registry; a processor coupled to the biometric sensor to re- ceive information concerning the biometric input, the user interface and the communication inter- face, the processor being programmed to activate the electronic ID device based on successful au- thentication by the electronic ID device of at least one of the biometric input and the secret infor- mation, the processor also being programmed such that once the electronic ID device is activated the processor is configured to generate a non-predicta- ble value and to generate encrypted authentication Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 15 Filed: 08/26/2021

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information from the non-predictable value, infor- mation associated with at least a portion of the bi- ometric input, and the secret information, and to communicate the encrypted authentication infor- mation via the communication interface to the se- cure registry; and wherein the communication interface is configured to wirelessly transmit the encrypted authentica- tion information to a point-of-sale (POS) device, and wherein the secure registry is configured to re- ceive at least a portion of the encrypted authenti- cation information from the POS device. Id. at col. 51 l. 65–col. 52 l. 29. The district court held that the claims are directed to the abstract idea of “collect[ing] and examin[ing] data to authenticate the user’s identity.” USR, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 239. We agree with the district court that the claims are directed to an abstract idea, not a technological solution to a technological problem, as USR asserts. In our view, the claims are directed to an electronic ID device that includes a biometric sensor, user interface, communication inter- face, and processor working together to (1) authenticate the user based on two factors—biometric information and se- cret information known to the user—and (2) generate en- crypted authentication information to send to the secure registry through a point-of-sale device. There is no descrip- tion in the patent of a specific technical solution by which the biometric information or the secret information is gen- erated, or by which the authentication information is gen- erated and transmitted. In our view, as with the ’539 patent, the claims recite “conventional actions in a ge- neric way”—e.g., authenticating a user using conventional tools and generating and transmitting that authentica- tion—without “improv[ing] any underlying technology.” Solutran, 931 F.3d at 1168. Accordingly, the claims are di- rected to an abstract idea under Alice step one. Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 16 Filed: 08/26/2021

USR asserts that the claims solve a problem in an ex- isting technological process using a novel form of data the patent describes as “encrypted authentication infor- mation.” Appellant’s Br. 44. USR reasons that, like the claimed invention in Finjan, Inc. v. Blue Coat Systems, Inc., 879 F.3d 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2018), this encrypted authen- tication information is a non-abstract improvement in com- puter functionality. Appellant’s Br. 45. We are not persuaded. In Finjan, we determined that the claimed in- vention was not abstract because it claimed the use of a “behavior-based” virus scan that was able to identify and compile unique information about potentially hostile oper- ations, while the traditional scan method was limited to recognizing the presence of previously identified viruses. 879 F.3d at 1304. Unlike in Finjan, the claimed “encrypted authentication data” here is merely a collection of conven- tional data combined in a conventional way that achieves only expected results. See ’813 patent col. 46 ll. 21–27 (“For example, in one embodiment, encrypted authentica- tion information is generated from a non-predictable value generated by the user device 352, identifying information for the selected user account 360, and at least one of the biometric information and secret information the user knows (for example, a PIN).”). We thus conclude that the claims are directed to the abstract idea of collecting and examining data to enable authentication. Turning to Alice step two, the district court explained that the specification “describes the Electronic ID Device as ‘any type of electronic device’ capable of accessing a se- cure identification system database.” USR, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 239 (citation omitted). The court added that the patent also “describes the device as consisting of well- known, generic components, including a computer proces- sor.” Id. at 239–40. Based on this, the court determined that the claims do not recite an inventive concept sufficient to transform the claimed abstract idea into a patent-eligi- ble application. Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 17 Filed: 08/26/2021

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We agree with the district court that the claims fail to recite an inventive concept that would transform the ab- stract idea into patentable subject matter. As we explained above, the “encrypted authentication data” is merely a combination of known authentication techniques that yields only expected results. For example, the ’813 patent specification explains that a one-time non-predictable code can be generated by the “SecurIDTM card available from RSA Security,” as well as “other smart cards” or an algo- rithm programmed onto a processor. ’813 patent col. 12 l. 45–col. 13 l. 5. The ’813 patent specification also dis- closes that identifying information may include something as well-known as “a unique serial number” on a check. Id. at col. 17 ll. 26–29. Moreover, the specification explains that a user may be verified using “any combination of a memorized PIN number or code, biometric information such as a fingerprint, voice print, signature, iris or facial scan, or DNA analysis, or any other method of identifying the person possessing the device.” Id. at col. 4 ll. 29–34; see also id. at col. 2 ll. 59–64 (disclosing that prior art uses “bi- ometric sensors that sense one or more biometric fea- ture[s]”). There is nothing in the specification suggesting, or any other factual basis for a plausible inference (as needed to avoid dismissal), that the claimed combination of these conventional authentication techniques achieves more than the expected sum of the security provided by each technique. Cf. TecSec, Inc. v. Adobe Inc., 978 F.3d 1278, 1295–96 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (explaining that multilevel security using a combination of secure labeling with en- cryption constituted an inventive concept where the patent specification made clear that “the focus of the claimed ad- vance is on improving . . . a data network used for broad- casting a file to a large audience” and the improvement was “an efficient way for the sender to permit different parts of the audience to see different parts of the file”). In other words, the combination of these long-standing conven- tional methods of authentication yields expected results of an additive increase in security. Moreover, as we have Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 18 Filed: 08/26/2021

previously explained, verifying the identity of a user to fa- cilitate a transaction is a fundamental economic practice that has been performed at the point of sale well before the use of POS computers and Internet transactions. See Elec. Commc’n Techs., 958 F.3d at 1182. C We next turn to the claims of the ’826 patent. The ’826 patent is entitled “Method and Apparatus for Secure Access Payment and Identification.” The specification dis- closes a system for authenticating identities of users, in- cluding a first handheld device configured to transmit authentication information and a second device configured to receive the authentication information. ’826 patent, Ab- stract. The first and second handheld devices are config- ured to wirelessly communicate with each other so that the entity associated with the first handheld device can com- municate his or her identity to the entity associated with the second handheld device. Id. at col. 28 ll. 40–44. One embodiment of the claimed invention contemplates config- uring the first handheld device so that the first entity can- not gain access to the first device without providing a PIN or biometric data (e.g., a fingerprint). Id. at col. 28 ll. 56–65. The second handheld device can be configured in the same manner for a second user, id. at col. 29 ll. 8–16, or not have a user at all, id. at col. 32 ll. 43–56. Once at least the first user successfully authenticates their identity to the first handheld device, the first device may transmit a first wireless signal containing encrypted authentication information of the first user to the second device. Id. at col. 30 ll. 46–58. This encrypted authentica- tion information may be generated from biometric infor- mation received from the first handheld device, and may include generating a non-predictable signal using that bio- metric information. Id. at col. 35 ll. 22–28. For example, the signal may include multiple fields, including a digital signature field (e.g., biometric data), further identifying Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 19 Filed: 08/26/2021

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information (e.g., name, height, weight, eye color), and a one-time varying code field (e.g., a PKI encrypted one-time DES key). Id. at col. 31 l. 55–col. 32 l. 31. The second handheld device may then authenticate the first user by decrypting the authentication information and verifying the identity of the first user. Id. at col. 32 ll. 43–56. Claim 10 is representative of the ’826 patent claims at issue and states as follows: 10. A computer implemented method of authenti- cating an identity of a first entity, comprising acts of: authenticating, with a first handheld device, a user of the first handheld device as the first entity based on authentication information; retrieving or receiving first biometric information of the user of the first handheld device; determining a first authentication information from the first biometric information; receiving with a second device, the first authenti- cation information of the first entity wirelessly transmitted from the first handheld device; retrieving or receiving respective second authenti- cation information for the user of the first handheld device; and authenticating the identity of the first entity based upon the first authentication information and the second authentication information. Id. at col. 45 ll. 30–47. The district court held that the claims are “directed to the abstract idea of secured verification of a person’s iden- tity.” USR, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 238. It reasoned that the method steps disclosed do not recite “a technological solu- tion but instead disclose an authentication method that is Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 20 Filed: 08/26/2021

accomplished by retrieving and reviewing information, in- cluding biometric information, using a handheld device and a second device, to authenticate a user’s identifica- tion.” Id. at 238–39. Further, the district court explained that the specification does not disclose “a technological so- lution for obtaining, generating, or analyzing biometric in- formation, which the patent defines generically as ‘any . . . method of identifying the person possessing the device.’” Id. at 239 (alteration in original) (quoting ’826 pa- tent col. 4 ll. 27–32). We agree with the district court that the claims are di- rected to an abstract idea. Specifically, the claims are di- rected to multi-factor authentication of a user’s identity using two devices to enable a transaction. Although USR contends that the claims cover an innovative technological solution to address problems specific to prior authentica- tion systems, it does not proffer a persuasive argument in support of that conclusion because the claims do not in- clude sufficient specificity. See Appellant’s Br. 50–51. Ra- ther, the claims generically provide for the collection of biometric information to generate a first authentication in- formation, and then authenticating a user using both the biometric-information-derived first authentication and a second authentication information. The specification even discloses that this information is conventional. See ’826 patent col. 2 ll. 57–62 (disclosing that prior art devices use “biometric sensors that sense one or more biometric feature[s]”); id. at col. 1 ll. 49–53 (disclosing that prior art completes multi-factor authentication using “software lo- cated on a device being employed to access the secure com- puter network and on a server within the secure computer network”). There is no description of a specific technical solution by which the biometric information is generated, or by which the authentication information is transmitted. Because the claims broadly recite generic steps and re- sults—as opposed to a specific solution to a technological problem—we hold that the claims are abstract under Alice Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 21 Filed: 08/26/2021

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step one. Solutran, 931 F.3d at 1168 (holding claims to be directed to an abstract idea “where the claims simply re- cite[d] conventional actions in a generic way . . . and [did] not purport to improve any underlying technology”). Turning to Alice step two, the district court determined that the claims do not recite “any improvements to handheld or other devices or technological solutions that enable such devices and biometric information to be com- bined to authenticate a user’s identity remotely.” USR, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 239. Rather, the court explained, the claims are directed to “the routine use of biometric infor- mation, mobile devices, onetime variable tokens, and/or multiple devices to authenticate a person,” which “is not inventive and does not make the claimed authentication method patentable under § 101.” Id. We agree with the district court’s conclusion that the claims do not recite an inventive concept. Rather, the as- serted claims recite well-known and conventional ways to perform authentication. Secured Mail, 873 F.3d at 912 (holding that the claims lacked an inventive concept where the claims recited only well-known and conventional ways to allow generic communication between a sender and re- cipient using generic computer technology). For example, the ’826 patent explains that “the biometric information can be fingerprint information, a voiceprint, DNA codes of the first user, or any other biometric information known and used by those of skill in the art.” ’826 patent col. 33 ll. 22–25. The claims are likewise broad and nonspecific. Indeed, the claimed second authentication information could be anything from a social security number to a digital signature generated with a user’s private PKI key. See id. at col. 31 l. 55–col. 32 l. 31. Thus, the claims do not recite a new authentication technique, but rather combine non- specific, conventional authentication techniques in a non- inventive way. There is nothing in the specification sug- gesting, or any other factual basis for a plausible inference (as needed to avoid dismissal), that the claimed Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 22 Filed: 08/26/2021

combination of these conventional authentication tech- niques achieves more than the expected sum of the security provided by each technique. D Finally, we consider the claims of the ’137 patent. The ’137 patent is a continuation of the ’826 patent, and simi- larly discloses a system for authenticating identities of us- ers, including a first handheld device configured to transmit authentication information and a second device configured to receive the authentication information. ’137 patent, Abstract. The first and second wireless de- vices can include a user interface with a display and a bio- metric sensor, where the devices may be accessed by authenticating the user of the device using secret infor- mation (e.g., PIN number). Id. at col. 29 ll. 21–53. As in the ’826 patent, here an embodiment of the claimed invention contemplates the first device transmit- ting a first wireless signal containing encrypted authenti- cation information of the first user to the second device. Id. at col. 31 ll. 19–57. This encrypted authentication infor- mation may be generated from biometric information re- ceived from the first device, and may include generating a non-predictable signal using that biometric information. Id. at col. 36 ll. 1–7. The second device may then authenti- cate the first user by decrypting the authentication infor- mation and verifying the identity of the first user. Id. at col. 33 ll. 20–34. Claim 12 is a system claim and is representative of the ’137 patent claims at issue: 12. A system for authenticating a user for enabling a transaction, the system comprising: a first device including: a biometric sensor configured to capture a first bi- ometric information of the user; Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 23 Filed: 08/26/2021

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a first processor programmed to: 1) authenticate a user of the first device based on secret information, 2) retrieve or receive first biometric information of the user of the first device, 3) authenticate the user of the first device based on the first biometric, and 4) generate one or more signals including first au- thentication information, an indicator of biometric authentication of the user of the first device, and a time varying value; and a first wireless transceiver coupled to the first pro- cessor and programmed to wirelessly transmit the one or more signals to a second device for pro- cessing; wherein generating the one or more signals occurs responsive to valid authentication of the first bio- metric information; and wherein the first processor is further programmed to receive an enablement signal indicating an ap- proved transaction from the second device, wherein the enablement signal is provided from the second device based on acceptance of the indicator of bio- metric authentication and use of the first authenti- cation information and use of second authentication information to enable the transac- tion. Id. at col. 46 l. 55–col. 47 l. 14. The district court held that the claims are directed to the abstract idea of a “system for authenticating a user for enabling a transaction.” USR, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 240 (quoting ’137 patent col. 46 ll. 55–56). In reaching this con- clusion, the court emphasized that the claims recite, and the specification discloses, generic well-known compo- nents—“a device, a biometric sensor, a processor, and a transceiver—performing routine functions—retrieving, Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 24 Filed: 08/26/2021

receiving, sending, authenticating—in a customary order.” Id. Although claim 12 of the ’137 patent is more detailed than claim 10 of the ’826 patent, we nonetheless agree with the district court that it too is directed to an abstract idea. Claim 12 is directed to multi-factor authentication of a user’s identity using two devices to enable a transaction. In particular, the claim recites authenticating a user based on secret information, authenticating the user based on a first biometric information, and generating one or more sig- nals including first authentication information, an indica- tor of biometric authentication of the user of the first device, and a time varying value to send to a second device, where that second device will then generate an enablement signal based on the biometric authentication, the first au- thentication information, and second authentication infor- mation. Though we appreciate that claim 12 of the ’137 patent includes limitations not found in claim 10 of the ’826 pa- tent, the claims still are not sufficiently specific. We have previously held claims abstract “where the claims simply recite conventional actions in a generic way” without pur- porting to improve the underlying technology. Solutran, 931 F.3d at 1168; see also McRO, 837 F.3d at 1314 (we look to whether the claims “focus on a specific means or method that improves the relevant technology or are instead di- rected to a result or effect that itself is the abstract idea and merely invoke generic processes and machinery” (cit- ing Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp., 822 F.3d 1326, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2016))). This is true here. For example, claim 12 does not tell a person of ordinary skill what comprises the secret information, first authentication information, and second authentication information. While we recognize that some of the dependent claims provide more specificity on these aspects, what is claimed is still merely conven- tional. Indeed, the specification discloses that each au- thentication technique is conventional. See ’137 patent col. Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 25 Filed: 08/26/2021

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3 ll. 1–6 (disclosing that prior art devices use “biometric sensors that sense one or more biometric feature[s]”); id. at col. 1 ll. 60–64 (disclosing that prior art completes multi- factor authentication using “software located on a device being employed to access the secure computer network and on a server within the secure computer network”); id. at col. 4 ll. 42–46 (disclosing that biometric information may be any of a “fingerprint, voice print, signature, iris or facial scan, or DNA analysis”); id. at col. 32 ll. 31–58 (dis- closing that the authentication information may include “name information, a badge number, an employee number, an e-mail address, a social security number, and the like,” a “digital signature” using a user’s “private PKI key,” and a “one-time varying code” that “includes a random code as generated by the first wireless device”); id. at col. 1 l. 64–col. 2 l. 3 (disclosing that known authentication soft- ware included software installed on two separate devices). USR’s assertion that this claim is akin to the claim in Finjan is similarly unavailing. As we explained above, the claimed invention in Finjan employed a new kind of file en- abling a computer system to do things it could not do be- fore, namely “behavior-based” virus scans. 879 F.3d at 1304. Here, the claimed invention merely combines con- ventional authentication techniques—first authentication information, a biometric authentication indicator, and a time-varying value—to achieve an expected cumulative higher degree of authentication integrity. Without some unexpected result or improvement, the claimed idea of us- ing three or more conventional authentication techniques to achieve a higher degree of security is abstract. Likewise, as claimed in this patent, the idea of using two devices for authentication using these multiple conventional tech- niques is also abstract. For all these reasons, the claims are directed to an abstract idea rather than a technological solution to a technical problem. Turning to step two, the district court determined that claim 12 “lacks the inventive concept necessary to convert Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 26 Filed: 08/26/2021

the claimed system into patentable subject matter.” USR, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 240. On appeal, USR asserts that the use of a time-varying value, a biometric authentication in- dicator, and authentication information that can be sent from the first device to the second device form an inventive concept. Appellant’s Br. 41. We disagree. As we explained above, the specification makes clear that each of these de- vices and functions is conventional. See supra at 24–25. Further, we conclude that adding them all together is itself directed to the conventional idea of multi-factor authenti- cation. USR further asserts that authenticating a user at two locations constitutes an inventive concept because it is locating the authentication functionality at a specific, un- conventional location within the network. Appellant’s Br. 41 (citing BASCOM, 827 F.3d at 1350). Unlike the claims in BASCOM, however, the specification suggests that the claims here only recite a conventional location for the authentication functionality. See ’137 patent col. 1 ll. 60–64 (disclosing that prior art completes multi-factor authentication using “software located on a device being employed to access the secure computer network and on a server within the secure computer network”). Thus, noth- ing in the claims is directed to a new authentication tech- nique; rather, the claims are directed to combining long- standing, known authentication techniques to yield ex- pected additory amounts of security. There is nothing in the specification suggesting, or any other factual basis for a plausible inference (as needed to avoid dismissal), that the combination of these conventional authentication tech- niques results in an unexpected improvement beyond the expected sum of the security benefits of each individual au- thentication technique. CONCLUSION We have considered USR’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we Case: 20-2044 Document: 56 Page: 27 Filed: 08/26/2021

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affirm the district court’s decision to dismiss, as the as- serted patents claim unpatentable subject matter. AFFIRMED