Hoke, J.
The jury have accepted plaintiff’s version, that there was a breach of contract on the part of defendant, assessing plaintiff’s damages at $393.32, and on careful consideration of the record we find no error that would justify us in disturbing the results of the trial.
It was objected for defendant that the witness, Worth, examined for plaintiff in reference to a letter purporting to have been written by defendant, Burney, was allowed to testify to the handwriting of defendant, having never seen him write, but having received letters from him in the course of business. It is well recognized that, in order to speak to this question, a witness is not required to have seen the person write, and on the facts in evidence, authority with us is against defendant’s position.
Morgan v. Fraternal Association,
170 N. C., 75-82, citing
Nicholson v. Lumber Co.,
156 N. C., 59;
Tuttle v. Rany,
98 N. C., 513.
Morgan’s case
was not unlike this, and the opportunity of the witness to familiarize himself with the handwriting was not greater, and it was held, on this subject: “Where the Insurance Commissioner has testified that he is familiar with the signature to a letter sought to be introduced in evidence from correspondence with the writer through his department, and he could testify to the handwriting,” etc.
It was objected further that this witness, Worth, who was general manager of plaintiff company, was allowed to speak to the contents of
tbe letter in question, tbe witness baying said tbat be bad looked for tbe letter and bad not been able to find it; tbat bis letter-book contained an entry showing tbat sucb a letter bad been received, but tbat be was unable to .find it; tbat be could not find any of tbe company’s correspondence for January, February, or March, April, or May, 1912; tbat tbey bad moved three or four times in tbe last five years, and be couldn’t find tbe correspondence anywhere.
Tbe contract here was made by tbe purchasing agent, McQueen, and was in parol. Tbe letter in question from defendant, Burney, previous to tbe contract, contained an offer to sell plaintiff 8,000 to 10,000 bushels of cotton seed, and so was in direct support of plaintiff’s claim tbat sucb was tbe contract. Defendant, as we understand tbe record, does not contend tbat tbe proof of loss of tbe original is insufficient, but bases bis objection on tbe fact tbat no notice was shown for defendant to produce a copy, and unless tbat was done, parol evidence of tbe contents of tbe lost original is not permissible.
In the application of what is termed the best evidence rule, there is decided conflict of authority on the question whether there are degrees of secondary evidence. An intelligent writer on the subject (Jones on Evidence (2d Ed.), sec. 228) lays it down as the English rule that no sucb degrees are recognized, and that the position is supported by the cases in Massachusetts, Indiana, Michigan, and Nebraska. Tbe author also states that the current of American authority is to the contrary, and, under this, termed the American rule, that parol evidence of a lost original will not be received when there is shown to be a dependable copy in existence and available as evidence, or until proper effort is made to procure it. In case of private writings, a decision in this State
(Osborne v. Ballew,
29 N. C., 415) seems to favor the English rule, but it is not now necessary to decide the question, for under either rule it is held that before the principle is recognized or enforced, it must be shown that there is a copy in existence, to be procured by proper procedure. Jones on Evidence, sec. 229. Defendants object and except because they were not notified to produce a copy, and we find nowhere in the record that sucb a copy was made or held by defendant.
Again, it appeared tbat a witness for defendant, J. E. Hunt, bad testified tbat be lived at "White Oak in 1912 and in tbe spring of that year, and McQueen, plaintiff’s purchasing agent, bad made him an offer for cotton seed at some price below 24 cents per bushel, which was declined; and it is insisted tbat error was committed in excluding a question and answer of this witness to tbe effect tbat if plaintiff bad offered as much as 24 cents witness would have sold.
It is well understood tbat in case either of tort committed or contract-broken, it is “tbe duty of tbe injured party to do what reasonable busi
ness prudence" requires in order to minimize bis loss.”
Cotton Oil Co. v. Telegraph Co.,
171 N. C., 705-708, and authorities cited. But the proposed question and answer of the witness
here
is entirely too indefinite to call for or permit the application of any such principle. It does not appear what was the price offered, nor whether the time when it occurred would have tended to relieve plaintiff, nor the amount of seed that the witness -had.
It is incumbent upon a party who assails the validity of a trial to show that prejudicial error has been committed, and on the facts presented this exception must be disallowed.
In re Smith’s Will,
163 N. C., 466. And the same position will suffice for a principal objection to the charge of the court that, after instructing the jury, they could allow as damages the difference between the contract and market .price; “that if defendant knew that plaintiff had made bargains by which they were to use this seed, and plaintiff was forced to go into the market and buy the seed at a higher price to take the place of the seed which, if any, he had wrongfully failed to furnish, the added cost of the seed would be an additional element of damages.” There is evidence on the part of plaintiff to the effect that at the time of the contract defendant knew plaintiff was buying these seed to manufacture, and that he had sold his product of the mills “against the seed plaintiff was then buying of defendant”; and on this evidence we incline to the opinion that the charge of his Honor can be fully sustained as given.
Tillinghast v. Cotton Mills,
143 N. C., 268;
Machine Co. v. Tobacco Co., 141
N. C., 284;
Lewis v. Rountree,
79 N. C., 122.
In
Machine Co. case, supra,
it was held- that when one violates his contract he is liable for such damages, including gains prevented, as well as losses sustained, as may fairly be suffered to have entered into the contemplation of the parties when they made the contract.
But in any event there is nothing in the record to show that in buying these seed to protect itself against the consequences of defendant’s breach the plaintiff paid anything above the market value, or that he purchased at the time otherwise than at the market price. On this question the language of the witness, "Worth, is that he sold 110 tons of cake to the Exchange Cotton and Oil Company, of Kansas City, and failing to get the seed from Mr. Burney, he had to buy them, because
these
parties required his company to line up
to
their contract and deliver the cake. “So I went on the open market and bought seed at the best price I could.
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Hoke, J.
The jury have accepted plaintiff’s version, that there was a breach of contract on the part of defendant, assessing plaintiff’s damages at $393.32, and on careful consideration of the record we find no error that would justify us in disturbing the results of the trial.
It was objected for defendant that the witness, Worth, examined for plaintiff in reference to a letter purporting to have been written by defendant, Burney, was allowed to testify to the handwriting of defendant, having never seen him write, but having received letters from him in the course of business. It is well recognized that, in order to speak to this question, a witness is not required to have seen the person write, and on the facts in evidence, authority with us is against defendant’s position.
Morgan v. Fraternal Association,
170 N. C., 75-82, citing
Nicholson v. Lumber Co.,
156 N. C., 59;
Tuttle v. Rany,
98 N. C., 513.
Morgan’s case
was not unlike this, and the opportunity of the witness to familiarize himself with the handwriting was not greater, and it was held, on this subject: “Where the Insurance Commissioner has testified that he is familiar with the signature to a letter sought to be introduced in evidence from correspondence with the writer through his department, and he could testify to the handwriting,” etc.
It was objected further that this witness, Worth, who was general manager of plaintiff company, was allowed to speak to the contents of
tbe letter in question, tbe witness baying said tbat be bad looked for tbe letter and bad not been able to find it; tbat bis letter-book contained an entry showing tbat sucb a letter bad been received, but tbat be was unable to .find it; tbat be could not find any of tbe company’s correspondence for January, February, or March, April, or May, 1912; tbat tbey bad moved three or four times in tbe last five years, and be couldn’t find tbe correspondence anywhere.
Tbe contract here was made by tbe purchasing agent, McQueen, and was in parol. Tbe letter in question from defendant, Burney, previous to tbe contract, contained an offer to sell plaintiff 8,000 to 10,000 bushels of cotton seed, and so was in direct support of plaintiff’s claim tbat sucb was tbe contract. Defendant, as we understand tbe record, does not contend tbat tbe proof of loss of tbe original is insufficient, but bases bis objection on tbe fact tbat no notice was shown for defendant to produce a copy, and unless tbat was done, parol evidence of tbe contents of tbe lost original is not permissible.
In the application of what is termed the best evidence rule, there is decided conflict of authority on the question whether there are degrees of secondary evidence. An intelligent writer on the subject (Jones on Evidence (2d Ed.), sec. 228) lays it down as the English rule that no sucb degrees are recognized, and that the position is supported by the cases in Massachusetts, Indiana, Michigan, and Nebraska. Tbe author also states that the current of American authority is to the contrary, and, under this, termed the American rule, that parol evidence of a lost original will not be received when there is shown to be a dependable copy in existence and available as evidence, or until proper effort is made to procure it. In case of private writings, a decision in this State
(Osborne v. Ballew,
29 N. C., 415) seems to favor the English rule, but it is not now necessary to decide the question, for under either rule it is held that before the principle is recognized or enforced, it must be shown that there is a copy in existence, to be procured by proper procedure. Jones on Evidence, sec. 229. Defendants object and except because they were not notified to produce a copy, and we find nowhere in the record that sucb a copy was made or held by defendant.
Again, it appeared tbat a witness for defendant, J. E. Hunt, bad testified tbat be lived at "White Oak in 1912 and in tbe spring of that year, and McQueen, plaintiff’s purchasing agent, bad made him an offer for cotton seed at some price below 24 cents per bushel, which was declined; and it is insisted tbat error was committed in excluding a question and answer of this witness to tbe effect tbat if plaintiff bad offered as much as 24 cents witness would have sold.
It is well understood tbat in case either of tort committed or contract-broken, it is “tbe duty of tbe injured party to do what reasonable busi
ness prudence" requires in order to minimize bis loss.”
Cotton Oil Co. v. Telegraph Co.,
171 N. C., 705-708, and authorities cited. But the proposed question and answer of the witness
here
is entirely too indefinite to call for or permit the application of any such principle. It does not appear what was the price offered, nor whether the time when it occurred would have tended to relieve plaintiff, nor the amount of seed that the witness -had.
It is incumbent upon a party who assails the validity of a trial to show that prejudicial error has been committed, and on the facts presented this exception must be disallowed.
In re Smith’s Will,
163 N. C., 466. And the same position will suffice for a principal objection to the charge of the court that, after instructing the jury, they could allow as damages the difference between the contract and market .price; “that if defendant knew that plaintiff had made bargains by which they were to use this seed, and plaintiff was forced to go into the market and buy the seed at a higher price to take the place of the seed which, if any, he had wrongfully failed to furnish, the added cost of the seed would be an additional element of damages.” There is evidence on the part of plaintiff to the effect that at the time of the contract defendant knew plaintiff was buying these seed to manufacture, and that he had sold his product of the mills “against the seed plaintiff was then buying of defendant”; and on this evidence we incline to the opinion that the charge of his Honor can be fully sustained as given.
Tillinghast v. Cotton Mills,
143 N. C., 268;
Machine Co. v. Tobacco Co., 141
N. C., 284;
Lewis v. Rountree,
79 N. C., 122.
In
Machine Co. case, supra,
it was held- that when one violates his contract he is liable for such damages, including gains prevented, as well as losses sustained, as may fairly be suffered to have entered into the contemplation of the parties when they made the contract.
But in any event there is nothing in the record to show that in buying these seed to protect itself against the consequences of defendant’s breach the plaintiff paid anything above the market value, or that he purchased at the time otherwise than at the market price. On this question the language of the witness, "Worth, is that he sold 110 tons of cake to the Exchange Cotton and Oil Company, of Kansas City, and failing to get the seed from Mr. Burney, he had to buy them, because
these
parties required his company to line up
to
their contract and deliver the cake. “So I went on the open market and bought seed at the best price I could. I bought from the North Carolina Cotton Oil Company and paid the prices as follows.” There is nothing to show that plaintiff bought, except when compelled to do so by the obligation into which his company had entered, nor, as stated, that he paid more than the market price at the time the purchase was made; and no preju
dicial error being made to appear, tbis exception also must be overruled. Defendant also objects and assigns for error that the court, in charging the jury as to the existence of the usage or custom in delivering goods on the river bank, in care of boys there employed to look after them by local merchants, instead of delivering them f. o. b. on the boat, as the contract in terms specified, instructed them, among other things, that if the oil company knew nothing about such a custom it was the duty of defendant to deliver to the steamboat company and not have them in custody of the employees of these merchants.
It is established doctrine that the terms of a contract may be explained and interpreted by reference to a prevailing custom or usage, and it is recognized further that such a custom may be so general and all-pervading that the parties may be presumed, in some instances conclusively presumed, to have made their contract in contemplation of it, but such a presumption is not permissible in respect to a custom of this kind, the usage at a local steamboat landing. In such cases, unless the parties knew of it, they could not have contracted in reference to it; and on the facts in evidence the charge of his Honor is undoubtedly correct.
Gilmer v. Young,
122 N. C., 806;
Chateaugay Ore Co. v. Blake,
144 U. S., 476;
Fennel v. Transportation Co.,
94 Mich., 247; Clark on Contracts, 328; Jones on Evidence (2d Ed.), sec. 464.
In the citation to Clark,
supra,
it is said: “It is a general rule that the usage must have been known to the parties, but if a usage is established and general, it is presumed to have been known to them, and is obligatory without poof of knowledge; and even in case of ignorance, if it is not a general usage, or if from want of informants or any other reason it cannot be held to be established in the sense in which we have used that term, then it must be affirmatively shown that the parties had knowledge of the usage at the time of contracting, and contracted with reference to it.”
And in Jones on Evidence: “There are certain commercial customs and usages of which every person in the community is deemed to be cognizant — such, for example, as those belonging to the law merchant; but the usages of special trades and those local usages which may be limited to certain communities cannot, of course, be presumed to be known at all. These have been.called usages as distinguished from the generally recognized customs of times. In respect to these usages, there should be proof either of actual knowledge on the part of the person to be affected, or proof of circumstances from which such knowledge may be fairly inferred.”
The remaining exceptions are without merit, some of them being abandoned by appellant; and on the record the judgment for plaintiff is affirmed.
No error.