United States v. Yousef

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedApril 29, 2014
Docket12-4822
StatusPublished

This text of United States v. Yousef (United States v. Yousef) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Yousef, (2d Cir. 2014).

Opinion

12‐4822 United States v. Yousef

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT August Term, 2013 (Argued: December 5, 2013 Decided: April 29, 2014) Docket No. 12‐4822 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. JAMAL YOUSEF, Defendant‐Appellant.

Before: SACK, LYNCH, and LOHIER, Circuit Judges. Appeal from a judgment of conviction entered by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (John F. Keenan, Judge) following the defendantʹs plea of guilty to one count of conspiring to provide material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization. We conclude that the defendant, by pleading guilty, waived the claim he seeks to raise in this appeal. AFFIRMED. MELINDA SARAFA, Sarafa Law LLC, New York, NY, for Defendant‐ Appellant. JEFFREY A. BROWN (Justin Anderson, of counsel), Assistant United States Attorneys, for Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, for Appellee.

1 SACK, Circuit Judge: It is well settled that a defendantʹs plea of guilty to an indictment or information waives all non‐ jurisdictional challenges to the resulting conviction. The appellant contends that the indictment to which he pled guilty failed to adequately allege a nexus between his alleged conduct and the United States, as required by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment before a criminal statute may apply extraterritorially. The question presented by this appeal is whether that requirement implicates the subject‐matter jurisdiction of the federal courts such that it is not waived by a guilty plea. Jamal Yousef is a foreign national transferred into the custody of the United States to face charges in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York arising from an arms deal he allegedly orchestrated in Honduras. The scheme involved individuals posing as representatives of a Colombian terrorist group. After an unsuccessful attempt to dismiss the indictment against him, Yousef pled guilty to one count of conspiring to provide material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2339B. He now appeals from the resulting judgment, urging, as he did before the district court (John F. Keenan, Judge), that the government failed to allege a sufficient nexus between the conduct alleged in the indictment and the United States. Because we conclude that the existence of a territorial nexus is not an element of subject‐matter jurisdiction, however, this argument—like other ʺnon‐jurisdictionalʺ challenges to his conviction—was waived by Yousefʹs guilty plea. Since Yousef raises no other objection to the validity of his conviction or sentence, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

2 BACKGROUND In July 2008, confidential sources working with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration reported that the appellant, Jamal Yousef (also known as ʺTalal Hassan Ghantouʺ), was directing an arms trafficking organization from inside a Honduran prison, where he was incarcerated on unrelated charges. In the months that followed, these confidential sources contacted Yousefʹs unincarcerated associates in Honduras, posing as members of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (the ʺFARCʺ) interested in obtaining weapons.1 The government alleges that Yousef and his associates eventually agreed with those sources to exchange military‐grade weapons for a large quantity of cocaine to be supplied by the FARC. While Yousef was still imprisoned in Honduras, the government obtained several superseding indictments against him from a grand jury empaneled in the Southern District of New York. After the third such indictment was returned in July 2009, the district court (Andrew J. Peck, Magistrate Judge) issued a warrant for Yousefʹs arrest. Just over one month later, Yousef obtained a conditional release from prison in Honduras. Although Yousef disputes the governmentʹs version of exactly what happened next, his freedom was short‐lived. He was almost immediately detained and transported from Honduras to the Southern District of New York. Once in the United States, Yousef moved to dismiss the third superseding indictment against him

1 The Secretary of State has designated the FARC as a ʺforeign terrorist organizationʺ pursuant to Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1189. See, e.g., 73 Fed. Reg. 68489‐02 (Nov. 18, 2008) (reaffirming designation).

3 on the ground that it failed to allege a sufficient nexus between him and the United States. Because the government had made no allegation that Yousef ʺhad any knowledge, intention or expectation that the weapons he allegedly agreed to provide the FARC would be used to produce any effect on the United States or United States nationalsʺ and because ʺ[h]e [was] not even alleged to have any knowledge of the FARCʹs activities,ʺ Yousef claimed it would be arbitrary and fundamentally unfair to allow the indictment to stand. Mem. in Support of Motion to Dismiss, United States v. Yousef, 08‐CR‐1213 (S.D.N.Y. filed June 28, 2010), ECF No. 20. In an Opinion and Order dated August 23, 2010, the district court denied the motion. The court based its decision in part on recorded conversations between a confidential source and one of Yousefʹs alleged co‐conspirators, which indicated that the weapons at issue ʺwere taken from the United States military arsenalʺ in Iraq. Op. and Order, United States v. Yousef, 08‐CR‐1213 (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 23, 2010), ECF No. 23. In February 2012, following additional motion practice—including a failed attempt to have the indictment dismissed on the ground that the governmentʹs conduct in transferring him to the United States was improper—Yousef filed a motion seeking reconsideration of the district courtʹs August 2010 decision denying his motion to dismiss the indictment. Yousef asserted that discovery and discussions with the government had revealed that prosecutors had long known that the weapons alleged to have been stolen from a U.S. arsenal did not exist. Decl. in Support of Mot., United States v. Yousef, 08‐CR‐1213 (S.D.N.Y. filed Feb. 21, 2012), ECF No. 55. This revelation, Yousef argued, undermined the primary ground on which the district court relied in denying his original motion—that the provenance of the weapons established the

4 necessary territorial nexus between Yousef and the United States. Id. In a Memorandum Opinion and Order dated March 5, 2012, the district court denied Yousefʹs motion for reconsideration, finding that it was filed after an inexcusable delay and that—in any event—the third superseding indictment contained sufficient information on its face to establish the required nexus because it alleged both that Yousef believed he was supplying weapons to the FARC and that the FARC is a terrorist organization that had directed violent acts against the United States. Following the district courtʹs decision, the government obtained a fourth superseding indictment against Yousef, charging him with one count of conspiracy to engage in narco‐terrorism, see 21 U.S.C. § 960a, and one count of conspiracy to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization, see 18 U.S.C. § 2339B. On May 4, 2012, Yousef entered an unconditional plea of guilty to the material support count. In a judgment entered on October 15, 2012, the district court sentenced Yousef principally to twelve yearsʹ incarceration.

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Bluebook (online)
United States v. Yousef, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-yousef-ca2-2014.