Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10333 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:95-cr-00129-LSC-TMP-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
WILLIE CLAY MEANS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(September 11, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Willie Clay Means, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district
court’s denial of 13 various motions for relief from his sentence, including claims
made under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) based on the First Step Act of 2018 and claims Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 2 of 7
challenging a sentencing enhancement under 28 U.S.C. § 851. On appeal, Means
argues that: (1) under the First Step Act of 2018, he is entitled to a lower sentence
for his crack cocaine-related convictions; and (2) his sentence was improperly
enhanced under 21 U.S.C. § 851 because one of his prior felony drug convictions
was comprised of the same conduct as his felony convictions in his instant case.
After thorough review, we affirm.
We review de novo the district court’s conclusions about the scope of its legal
authority under § 3582(c)(2). United States v. Colon, 707 F.3d 1255, 1258 (11th
Cir. 2013). We also review de novo issues about the district court’s subject matter
jurisdiction. United States v. Al-Arian, 514 F.3d 1184, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008). We
may affirm for any reason supported by the record. Id. Further, while we liberally
construe pro se pleadings, an argument not raised in the appellant’s opening brief is
deemed abandoned. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008).1
First, we are unpersuaded by Means’s claim that he is entitled to a lower
sentence for his crack cocaine-related convictions based on the First Step Act of
2018. A district court may modify a defendant’s term of imprisonment if the
defendant was sentenced based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been
lowered by the Sentencing Commission. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). A defendant is
1 As a result, Means has abandoned any challenge to the denial of his 13 motions beyond those concerning the First Step Act and to his § 851 enhancement because he did not raise those arguments in his initial brief. Id. 2 Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 3 of 7
eligible for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(2) when an amendment listed in
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(d) lowers his guideline range as calculated by the sentencing
court. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, comment. (n.1(A)). A reduction is not authorized when
a statutory provision, such as a mandatory minimum sentence, precludes an
applicable amendment from lowering the guideline range. Id. Moreover, a district
court is not authorized to reduce a defendant’s sentence under § 3582(c)(2) where a
retroactively applicable guidelines amendment reduces his base offense level but
does not alter the guideline range upon which his sentence was based. United States
v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323, 1330 (11th Cir. 2008). So, when a defendant’s crime has
a mandatory minimum sentence that exceeds the guideline range calculated from his
total offense level and criminal history category, the defendant’s guideline range is
based on the mandatory minimum sentence. United States v. Mills, 613 F.3d 1070,
1077-78 (11th Cir. 2010).
A defendant convicted of one of the enumerated offenses in 21 U.S.C. §
841(b)(1)(A) is subject to an enhanced mandatory minimum or maximum sentence
if he has committed a prior qualifying drug offense. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). The
Fair Sentencing Act, enacted on August 3, 2010, amended 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)
and 960(b) to reduce the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine.
Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372. Section 2 of the
Fair Sentencing Act changed the quantity of crack cocaine necessary to trigger a 10-
3 Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 4 of 7
year mandatory minimum from 50 grams to 280 grams and the quantity necessary
to trigger a 5-year mandatory minimum from 5 grams to 28 grams. Id. § 2(a)(1)-(2).
Then, § 404 of the First Step Act made these changes retroactive to prisoners
convicted on or before August 3, 2010. First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-
391, 132 Stat. 5194. The First Step Act authorizes the court to “impose a reduced
sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act . . . were in effect at the
time the covered offense was committed.” Id. § 404(b). Under the First Step Act, a
“covered offense” includes a violation of a federal criminal statute, the statutory
penalties for which were modified by section 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010,
that was committed prior to August 3, 2010. Id. § 404(a).
The First Step Act also amended 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) by changing the
types of prior convictions that trigger a mandatory penalty from one or more prior
convictions for “felony drug offense[s]” to one or more “serious drug offense[s].”
Id. § 401(a)(1). Additionally, the First Step Act changed the mandatory minimum
sentence for defendants who had two or more such prior convictions from life
imprisonment to 25 years’ imprisonment. Id. However, this portion of the First Step
Act was not made retroactive to defendants who were sentenced before the Act’s
enactment on December 21, 2018. See id. § 401(c).
Here, the district court properly denied Means’s § 3582(c)(2) motions. The
First Step Act’s changes to the triggering quantities of cocaine for the imposition of
4 Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 5 of 7
the mandatory sentencing scheme under § 841 do not impact Means’s sentence
because he was attributed with over five kilograms of cocaine, far in excess of the
new 280-gram triggering amount. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). And contrary
to Means’s arguments, the First Step Act modified only the relevant drug quantities
for triggering the mandatory sentencing scheme in § 841, but did not modify the
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Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10333 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:95-cr-00129-LSC-TMP-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
WILLIE CLAY MEANS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(September 11, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Willie Clay Means, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district
court’s denial of 13 various motions for relief from his sentence, including claims
made under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) based on the First Step Act of 2018 and claims Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 2 of 7
challenging a sentencing enhancement under 28 U.S.C. § 851. On appeal, Means
argues that: (1) under the First Step Act of 2018, he is entitled to a lower sentence
for his crack cocaine-related convictions; and (2) his sentence was improperly
enhanced under 21 U.S.C. § 851 because one of his prior felony drug convictions
was comprised of the same conduct as his felony convictions in his instant case.
After thorough review, we affirm.
We review de novo the district court’s conclusions about the scope of its legal
authority under § 3582(c)(2). United States v. Colon, 707 F.3d 1255, 1258 (11th
Cir. 2013). We also review de novo issues about the district court’s subject matter
jurisdiction. United States v. Al-Arian, 514 F.3d 1184, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008). We
may affirm for any reason supported by the record. Id. Further, while we liberally
construe pro se pleadings, an argument not raised in the appellant’s opening brief is
deemed abandoned. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008).1
First, we are unpersuaded by Means’s claim that he is entitled to a lower
sentence for his crack cocaine-related convictions based on the First Step Act of
2018. A district court may modify a defendant’s term of imprisonment if the
defendant was sentenced based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been
lowered by the Sentencing Commission. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). A defendant is
1 As a result, Means has abandoned any challenge to the denial of his 13 motions beyond those concerning the First Step Act and to his § 851 enhancement because he did not raise those arguments in his initial brief. Id. 2 Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 3 of 7
eligible for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(2) when an amendment listed in
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(d) lowers his guideline range as calculated by the sentencing
court. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, comment. (n.1(A)). A reduction is not authorized when
a statutory provision, such as a mandatory minimum sentence, precludes an
applicable amendment from lowering the guideline range. Id. Moreover, a district
court is not authorized to reduce a defendant’s sentence under § 3582(c)(2) where a
retroactively applicable guidelines amendment reduces his base offense level but
does not alter the guideline range upon which his sentence was based. United States
v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323, 1330 (11th Cir. 2008). So, when a defendant’s crime has
a mandatory minimum sentence that exceeds the guideline range calculated from his
total offense level and criminal history category, the defendant’s guideline range is
based on the mandatory minimum sentence. United States v. Mills, 613 F.3d 1070,
1077-78 (11th Cir. 2010).
A defendant convicted of one of the enumerated offenses in 21 U.S.C. §
841(b)(1)(A) is subject to an enhanced mandatory minimum or maximum sentence
if he has committed a prior qualifying drug offense. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). The
Fair Sentencing Act, enacted on August 3, 2010, amended 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)
and 960(b) to reduce the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine.
Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372. Section 2 of the
Fair Sentencing Act changed the quantity of crack cocaine necessary to trigger a 10-
3 Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 4 of 7
year mandatory minimum from 50 grams to 280 grams and the quantity necessary
to trigger a 5-year mandatory minimum from 5 grams to 28 grams. Id. § 2(a)(1)-(2).
Then, § 404 of the First Step Act made these changes retroactive to prisoners
convicted on or before August 3, 2010. First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-
391, 132 Stat. 5194. The First Step Act authorizes the court to “impose a reduced
sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act . . . were in effect at the
time the covered offense was committed.” Id. § 404(b). Under the First Step Act, a
“covered offense” includes a violation of a federal criminal statute, the statutory
penalties for which were modified by section 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010,
that was committed prior to August 3, 2010. Id. § 404(a).
The First Step Act also amended 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) by changing the
types of prior convictions that trigger a mandatory penalty from one or more prior
convictions for “felony drug offense[s]” to one or more “serious drug offense[s].”
Id. § 401(a)(1). Additionally, the First Step Act changed the mandatory minimum
sentence for defendants who had two or more such prior convictions from life
imprisonment to 25 years’ imprisonment. Id. However, this portion of the First Step
Act was not made retroactive to defendants who were sentenced before the Act’s
enactment on December 21, 2018. See id. § 401(c).
Here, the district court properly denied Means’s § 3582(c)(2) motions. The
First Step Act’s changes to the triggering quantities of cocaine for the imposition of
4 Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 5 of 7
the mandatory sentencing scheme under § 841 do not impact Means’s sentence
because he was attributed with over five kilograms of cocaine, far in excess of the
new 280-gram triggering amount. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). And contrary
to Means’s arguments, the First Step Act modified only the relevant drug quantities
for triggering the mandatory sentencing scheme in § 841, but did not modify the
process by which the district court imposes a sentence, including its ability to
determine the quantity of drugs attributable to a defendant for sentencing purposes.
See First Step Act of 2018 § 404(b); U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, comment. (n.5). Thus, even
if he were sentenced under the revised statute, Means would still be subject to the
statute’s mandatory sentencing scheme and a maximum sentence of life
imprisonment based on the drug quantity attributed to him. See 21 U.S.C. §
841(b)(1)(A)(iii). Moreover, the First Step Act made clear that its changes to the
mandatory sentence for a defendant with two prior felony drug convictions did not
apply retroactively to defendants sentenced prior to December 21, 2018, like Means,
who was sentenced in 1996. See First Step Act of 2018 § 401(c). Therefore, even
after the First Step Act, Means is still subject to a mandatory life sentence because
of his prior convictions.
We also reject Means’s claim that his sentence was improperly enhanced
under 21 U.S.C. § 851, which sets forth the procedure necessary to establish a
defendant’s prior convictions. A federal prisoner seeking to collaterally challenge
5 Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 6 of 7
his conviction or sentence may move the court that imposed the sentence to vacate,
set aside, or correct his sentence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). In order to file a second or
successive § 2255 motion to vacate, a prisoner must first obtain authorization from
our Court, which requires a showing of either newly discovered evidence of actual
innocence or “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on
collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” Id. §
2255(h). “Without authorization, the district court lacks jurisdiction to consider a
second or successive petition.” Farris v. United States, 333 F.3d 1211, 1216 (11th
Cir. 2003).
Here, Means’s challenge to his § 851 enhancement -- arguing that the
enhancement did not apply because one of his prior felony drug convictions was
comprised of the same conduct as his felony convictions in this case -- was a claim
attacking his sentence. As a result, he needed to bring the claim in a motion to vacate
his sentence under § 2255. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). And, because Means
previously litigated a § 2255 motion that was disposed of on the merits, he was
required to seek authorization from our Court to file a successive § 2255 motion.
See id. § 2255(h). Without any authorization, the district court lacked jurisdiction
to entertain Means’s claim. See Farris, 333 F.3d at 1216. While the district court
denied rather than dismissed this claim, it referenced § 2255(h) in doing so, and we
may affirm on any ground. See Al-Arian, 514 F.3d at 1189.
6 Case: 19-10333 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 7 of 7
AFFIRMED.