United States v. Warren Baker

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
• Decided: January 31, 2024
• Docket: 22-4582
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

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UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-4582

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

WARREN L. BAKER,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh. James C. Dever III, District Judge. (5:17-cr-00165-D-1)

Submitted: December 27, 2023 Decided: January 31, 2024

Before KING and GREGORY, Circuit Judges, and MOTZ, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: G. Alan DuBois, Federal Public Defender, Eric Joseph Brignac, Chief Appellate Attorney, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. Michael F. Easley, Jr., United States Attorney, David A. Bragdon, Assistant United States Attorney, John L. Gibbons, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 22-4582 Doc: 42 Filed: 01/31/2024 Pg: 2 of 5

PER CURIAM:

Warren L. Baker pled guilty to Hobbs Act robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (Count 1);

brandishing a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence (namely, the Hobbs Act

robbery), 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (Count 2); and possession of a firearm by a felon, 18 U.S.C.

§§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2) ∗ (Count 3). The district court sentenced Baker in August 2018

to 108 months’ imprisonment on Counts 1 and 3, to run concurrently, and a 300-month

sentence on Court 2, to run consecutively, for an aggregate sentence of 408 months’

imprisonment. On appeal from this judgment, we granted the parties’ joint motion to

remand for resentencing based on the fact that the written judgment contained conditions

of supervised release that the district court had not orally announced. See United States v.

Rogers, 961 F.3d 291 (4th Cir. 2020).

On remand, the district court conducted a resentencing hearing and again imposed

a 408-month aggregate sentence. Baker appeals, contesting the validity of his § 924(c)

conviction and the reasonableness of his sentence. We affirm.

Relying on the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Taylor, 142 S. Ct. 2015

(2022), which held that attempted Hobbs Act robbery does not qualify as a crime of

violence under § 924(c), Baker contends that substantive Hobbs Act robbery is no longer

∗ Section 924(a)(2) was amended and no longer provides the penalty for § 922(g) convictions. The new penalty provision in 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(8) sets forth a statutory maximum sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment for a § 922(g) offense. See Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, Pub. L. No. 117-159, § 12004(c), 136 Stat. 1313, 1329 (2022). The 15- year statutory maximum does not apply here, however, because Baker committed his offense before the June 25, 2022, amendment of the statute.

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a valid § 924(c) predicate offense. He therefore argues that his conviction for brandishing

a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, which is predicated upon Hobbs Act

robbery, is invalid.

We have previously held that “Hobbs Act robbery constitutes a crime of violence

under the force clause of [§] 924(c).” United States v. Mathis, 932 F.3d 242, 266

(4th Cir. 2019). “[I]n this circuit, it is established that one panel cannot overrule another.”

United States v. Runyon, 994 F.3d 192, 201 (4th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks

omitted). An exception to this rule applies if “the prior opinion has been overruled by an

intervening opinion from this court sitting en banc or the Supreme Court.” McMellon v.

United States, 387 F.3d 329, 333 (4th Cir. 2004). We have recently concluded that

“[n]othing about this Court’s decision in Mathis conflicts with Taylor.” United States v.

Green, 67 F.4th 657, 669 (4th Cir. 2023), cert. denied, No. 23-5194, 2023 WL 6378848

(U.S. Oct. 2, 2023); see United States v. Melaku, 41 F.4th 386, 394 n.9 (4th Cir. 2022)

(reaffirming the holding in Mathis). Baker’s arguments to the contrary are foreclosed by

circuit precedent. See Green, 67 F.4th at 668-71. We therefore affirm Baker’s § 924(c)

conviction.

Baker also challenges the substantive reasonableness of his sentence. He contends

that, in light of the statutorily required 300-month sentence on Count 2, the 108-month

Guidelines sentence on Counts 1 and 3 results in a sentence that is greater than necessary

to punish him for his crimes.

We review criminal sentences for both procedural and substantive reasonableness

“under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Lewis, 18 F.4th 743,

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748 (4th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). In reviewing whether a sentence

is reasonable, we must first confirm the district court did not commit “significant

procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines

range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a)

factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately

explain the chosen sentence.” United States v. Fowler, 948 F.3d 663, 668 (4th Cir. 2020)

(internal quotation marks omitted); see United States v. Provance, 944 F.3d 213, 217-19

(4th Cir. 2019).

Baker does not dispute the procedural reasonableness of his sentence. And we

conclude that the district court properly calculated Baker’s advisory Guidelines range,

addressed his arguments for a downward variance, and thoroughly explained its reasons

for imposing the within-Guidelines-range sentence. Thus, Baker’s sentence is procedurally

reasonable.

Finding no procedural error, we next address the substantive reasonableness of the

sentence. United States v. Arbaugh, 951 F.3d 167, 172 (4th Cir. 2020). In doing so, we

consider “the totality of the circumstances to see whether the sentencing court abused its

discretion in concluding that the sentence it chose satisfied the standards set forth in

§ 3553(a).” Id. at 176 (internal quotation marks omitted). A within- or below-Guidelines

sentence is presumptively reasonable. United States v. Gillespie, 27 F.4th 934, 945

(4th Cir.), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 164 (2022). A defendant can rebut that presumption

only “by showing that the sentence is unreasonable when measured against the 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Louthian, 756 F.3d 295, 306 (4th Cir. 2014).

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Baker argues that the sentence imposed is greater than necessary and therefore

substantively unreasonable. However, the district court thoroughly addressed Baker’s

arguments in favor of a lesser sentence, balanced all the applicable factors, and reasonably

determined that a within-Guidelines-range sentence appropriately accounted for the

severity of the offenses, Baker’s criminal history, and the needs to incapacitate him and to

protect the public. We therefore conclude that Baker has not rebutted the presumption that

his within-Guidelines sentence is reasonable.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral

argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials

before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED