FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 12, 2018 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 18-1046 (D.C. Nos. 1:18-CV-00157-RM & ANTHONY TYREE, 1:15-CR-00127-RM-2) (D. Colo.) Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before McHUGH, MORITZ, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Anthony Tyree, a federal prisoner appearing pro se, appeals the district court’s
denial of his motion to vacate, correct, or set aside his sentence under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255. We granted a certificate of appealability (COA) on whether the district court
erred in concluding that Tyree’s motion was untimely and ordered the government to
file a response. Having now considered the government’s brief and Tyree’s opening
and reply briefs, we affirm.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. BACKGROUND
In December 2015, Tyree pleaded guilty to one count of robbery affecting
commerce (Hobbs Act robbery), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and one count
of using a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A). The “crime of violence” underlying his § 924(c)(1)(A) conviction
was the Hobbs Act robbery. Tyree was sentenced to 60 months imprisonment for the
Hobbs Act robbery and 84 months for violating § 924(c)(1)(A), with the terms to run
consecutively. He did not file a direct appeal, and his convictions became final on
May 16, 2016.
On January 19, 2018, Tyree filed a pro se motion under § 2255, arguing that
his conviction for violating § 924(c)(1)(A) must be vacated because Hobbs Act
robbery no longer qualifies as a “crime of violence” after our decision in United
States v. O’Connor, 874 F.3d 1147 (10th Cir. 2017). The district court denied
Tyree’s motion as time-barred, denied a COA, and denied Tyree’s motion to proceed
in forma pauperis on appeal because any appeal would not be taken in good faith.
After Tyree appealed the district court’s denial of his § 2255 motion, we granted a
COA on the timeliness issue and now address this issue on the merits.
DISCUSSION
“In reviewing denial of a § 2255 motion for post-conviction relief where a COA
has been granted, we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo.” United States v. Pam, 867 F.3d 1191, 1197 (10th Cir.
2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because Tyree is appearing pro se, we
2 construe his filings liberally in our review, but we do not serve as his advocate. See
James v. Wadas, 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013). Based on our review, we
conclude that the district court correctly dismissed Tyree’s § 2255 motion as time-
barred.
A defendant ordinarily must file a § 2255 motion within one year of the date
his conviction becomes final. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). Tyree’s conviction
became final on May 16, 2016, but he filed his § 2255 motion over 20 months later,
on January 19, 2018. Tyree’s motion was therefore untimely under § 2255(f)(1).
Tyree contends his § 2255 motion was nonetheless timely filed under the
alternate limitations period provided in § 2255(f)(4). This provision establishes a
one-year limitations period running from “the date on which the facts supporting the
claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
diligence.” Id. § 2255(f)(4). Tyree claims our decision in O’Connor, issued on
October 30, 2017, triggered a new one-year limitation period under this provision
because he could not have discovered the decision through the exercise of due
diligence before its issuance.
Tyree is mistaken in this assertion for two independent reasons. First, a
change or clarification of controlling law in a judicial decision is not a “fact” that
begins a new one-year statute of limitations under § 2254(f)(4). See E.J.R.E. v.
United States, 453 F.3d 1094, 1097–98 (8th Cir. 2006) (concluding a federal court of
appeals decision is not a discoverable fact under § 2255(f)(4)); Barreto-Barreto v. United
States, 551 F.3d 95, 99 n.4 (1st Cir. 2008) (holding “the discovery of a new legal theory
3 does not constitute a discoverable ‘fact’ for purposes of § 2255(f)(4)”); see also Lo v.
Endicott, 506 F.3d 572, 575 (7th Cir. 2007) (holding a state supreme court decision
clarifying the law is not a factual predicate under the equivalent limitation period
provided in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D)). Accordingly, even if O’Connor changed the
law relevant to Tyree’s § 924(c)(1)(A) conviction, its issuance was not a “fact” that
triggered a new limitations period under § 2255(f)(4).1
Second, even if the O’Connor decision qualified as a fact for purposes of
§ 2255(f)(4), it would not trigger a new limitations period because the decision does not
support Tyree’s claim that Hobbs Act robbery no longer qualifies as a “crime of
violence” for purposes of § 924(c)(1)(A). In O’Connor, we held that Hobbs Act
robbery is not a “crime of violence” under a different provision, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a),
because this sentencing guideline defines “crimes of violence” as crimes involving
actual or threatened force to another person, while Hobbs Act robbery criminalizes
conduct involving actual or threatened force to persons or property. See 874 F.3d
at 1158. “If some conduct that would be a crime under the statute would not be a ‘crime
of violence’ under § 4B1.2(a), then any conviction under that statute will not qualify as a
‘crime of violence’ for a sentence enhancement under the Guidelines.” Id. at 1151.
Because Hobbs Act robbery includes actual or threatened force to property, we
concluded in O’Connor that it is broader than § 4B1.2(a)’s definition of “crime of
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 12, 2018 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 18-1046 (D.C. Nos. 1:18-CV-00157-RM & ANTHONY TYREE, 1:15-CR-00127-RM-2) (D. Colo.) Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before McHUGH, MORITZ, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Anthony Tyree, a federal prisoner appearing pro se, appeals the district court’s
denial of his motion to vacate, correct, or set aside his sentence under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255. We granted a certificate of appealability (COA) on whether the district court
erred in concluding that Tyree’s motion was untimely and ordered the government to
file a response. Having now considered the government’s brief and Tyree’s opening
and reply briefs, we affirm.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. BACKGROUND
In December 2015, Tyree pleaded guilty to one count of robbery affecting
commerce (Hobbs Act robbery), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and one count
of using a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A). The “crime of violence” underlying his § 924(c)(1)(A) conviction
was the Hobbs Act robbery. Tyree was sentenced to 60 months imprisonment for the
Hobbs Act robbery and 84 months for violating § 924(c)(1)(A), with the terms to run
consecutively. He did not file a direct appeal, and his convictions became final on
May 16, 2016.
On January 19, 2018, Tyree filed a pro se motion under § 2255, arguing that
his conviction for violating § 924(c)(1)(A) must be vacated because Hobbs Act
robbery no longer qualifies as a “crime of violence” after our decision in United
States v. O’Connor, 874 F.3d 1147 (10th Cir. 2017). The district court denied
Tyree’s motion as time-barred, denied a COA, and denied Tyree’s motion to proceed
in forma pauperis on appeal because any appeal would not be taken in good faith.
After Tyree appealed the district court’s denial of his § 2255 motion, we granted a
COA on the timeliness issue and now address this issue on the merits.
DISCUSSION
“In reviewing denial of a § 2255 motion for post-conviction relief where a COA
has been granted, we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo.” United States v. Pam, 867 F.3d 1191, 1197 (10th Cir.
2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because Tyree is appearing pro se, we
2 construe his filings liberally in our review, but we do not serve as his advocate. See
James v. Wadas, 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013). Based on our review, we
conclude that the district court correctly dismissed Tyree’s § 2255 motion as time-
barred.
A defendant ordinarily must file a § 2255 motion within one year of the date
his conviction becomes final. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). Tyree’s conviction
became final on May 16, 2016, but he filed his § 2255 motion over 20 months later,
on January 19, 2018. Tyree’s motion was therefore untimely under § 2255(f)(1).
Tyree contends his § 2255 motion was nonetheless timely filed under the
alternate limitations period provided in § 2255(f)(4). This provision establishes a
one-year limitations period running from “the date on which the facts supporting the
claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
diligence.” Id. § 2255(f)(4). Tyree claims our decision in O’Connor, issued on
October 30, 2017, triggered a new one-year limitation period under this provision
because he could not have discovered the decision through the exercise of due
diligence before its issuance.
Tyree is mistaken in this assertion for two independent reasons. First, a
change or clarification of controlling law in a judicial decision is not a “fact” that
begins a new one-year statute of limitations under § 2254(f)(4). See E.J.R.E. v.
United States, 453 F.3d 1094, 1097–98 (8th Cir. 2006) (concluding a federal court of
appeals decision is not a discoverable fact under § 2255(f)(4)); Barreto-Barreto v. United
States, 551 F.3d 95, 99 n.4 (1st Cir. 2008) (holding “the discovery of a new legal theory
3 does not constitute a discoverable ‘fact’ for purposes of § 2255(f)(4)”); see also Lo v.
Endicott, 506 F.3d 572, 575 (7th Cir. 2007) (holding a state supreme court decision
clarifying the law is not a factual predicate under the equivalent limitation period
provided in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D)). Accordingly, even if O’Connor changed the
law relevant to Tyree’s § 924(c)(1)(A) conviction, its issuance was not a “fact” that
triggered a new limitations period under § 2255(f)(4).1
Second, even if the O’Connor decision qualified as a fact for purposes of
§ 2255(f)(4), it would not trigger a new limitations period because the decision does not
support Tyree’s claim that Hobbs Act robbery no longer qualifies as a “crime of
violence” for purposes of § 924(c)(1)(A). In O’Connor, we held that Hobbs Act
robbery is not a “crime of violence” under a different provision, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a),
because this sentencing guideline defines “crimes of violence” as crimes involving
actual or threatened force to another person, while Hobbs Act robbery criminalizes
conduct involving actual or threatened force to persons or property. See 874 F.3d
at 1158. “If some conduct that would be a crime under the statute would not be a ‘crime
of violence’ under § 4B1.2(a), then any conviction under that statute will not qualify as a
‘crime of violence’ for a sentence enhancement under the Guidelines.” Id. at 1151.
Because Hobbs Act robbery includes actual or threatened force to property, we
concluded in O’Connor that it is broader than § 4B1.2(a)’s definition of “crime of
1 Tyree’s contention that Hobbs Act robbery is not a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)(1)(A) is also not new, because he joined his co-defendant in making this argument to the district court before he pleaded guilty to this charge. 4 violence” and therefore is not a “crime of violence” under this sentencing guideline.
See id. at 1153 (concluding same as § 4B1.2(a)(2)’s enumerated clause), 1158 (reaching
same conclusion as to § 4B1.2(a)(1)’s force clause).
But U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) and its definition of “crime of violence” is not at issue
in this case. Rather, the issue here concerns Tyree’s conviction under § 924(c)(1)(A)
for using a firearm in furtherance of a “crime of violence” as defined for purposes of
that statute. This definition is materially different from U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)’s
definition of the term because it includes an offense that “has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of
another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A) (emphasis added). As a result, as we recognized in
O’Connor, “[t]here is nothing incongruous about holding that Hobbs Act robbery is a
crime of violence for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), which includes force against
a person or property, but not for purposes of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(1), which is limited to
force against a person.” 874 F.3d at 1158. O’Connor’s holding that Hobbs Act robbery
is not a “crime of violence” for purposes of the sentencing guideline is therefore
irrelevant to Tyree’s conviction under § 924(c)(1)(A). Our recent decision that Hobbs
Act robbery constitutes a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)(1) confirms this conclusion.
See United States v. Melgar-Cabrera, 892 F.3d 1053, 1064-66 (10th Cir. 2018),
cert. denied, 2018 WL 5017618 (U.S. Nov. 13, 2018) (No. 18-6302).
Tyree also asserts that he is actually innocent of violating § 924(c)(1)(A),
which, if adequately shown, could equitably toll the statute of limitations for filing
his § 2255 motion. See McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 386 (2013); United
5 States v. Gabaldon, 522 F.3d 1121, 1124 (10th Cir. 2008). But for an actual innocence
claim to toll the limitations period, the petitioner must show, among other things, that
“in light of the new evidence, no juror, acting reasonably, would have voted to find
him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” McQuiggin, 569 U.S. at 386 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Tyree failed to make this showing because his innocence
claim is based entirely on the change in the law he assumes resulted from O’Connor.
This legal decision is not “new evidence” supporting this claim and, in any event, for
the reasons stated above is irrelevant to his conviction under § 924(c)(1)(A) for using
a firearm during a crime of violence.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of Tyree’s § 2255 motion as
time-barred. We also deny a COA as to all remaining issues. We grant his motion to
proceed IFP on appeal, but remind him of his obligation to continue making partial
payments until the entire appellate filing fee is paid.
Entered for the Court
Nancy L. Moritz Circuit Judge