United States v. Trump

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: September 15, 2023
• Docket: Criminal No. 2023-0257
• Status: Published

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

v. Criminal Action No. 23-257 (TSC) DONALD J. TRUMP,

Defendant.

OPINION AND ORDER

The government has requested leave to file a motion under partial seal—specifically, to

file an unredacted version of that motion under seal, and to file a redacted version on the public

docket. ECF No. 47. As set forth below, the government has carried its burden of justifying the

limited redactions it proposes, and the court will grant its request.

The D.C. Circuit has recognized the “important presumption in favor of public access to

all facets of criminal court proceedings.” United States v. Hubbard, 650 F.2d 293, 317 (D.C.

Cir. 1980). In assessing a request to file a submission under seal, a court must weigh six factors

to determine whether that presumption is outweighed by the need to seal the materials at issue:

(1) the need for public access to the documents at issue; (2) the extent of previous public access to the documents; (3) the fact that someone has objected to disclosure, and the identity of that person; (4) the strength of any property and privacy interests asserted; (5) the possibility of prejudice to those opposing disclosure; and (6) the purposes for which the documents were introduced during the judicial proceedings.

E.E.O.C. v. Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d 1406, 1409 (D.C. Cir. 1996). As the moving

party here, the government must “come forward with specific reasons why the record, or any part

Page 1 of 9 thereof, should remain under seal.” Johnson v. Greater Se. Cmty. Hosp. Corp., 951 F.2d 1268,

1278 (D.C. Cir. 1991). 1

Relatedly, when certain kinds of documents in a criminal case “have historically been

open to the press and general public,” and “public access plays a significant positive role in

the[ir] function[],” those documents may implicate a qualified First Amendment right to public

access. United States v. Thompson, 199 F. Supp. 3d 3, 8 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Press-

Enterprise Co. v. Superior Ct., 478 U.S. 1, 8–9 (1986)). If the government seeks to seal such

documents, it likewise must demonstrate that “(1) closure serves a compelling interest; (2) there

is a substantial probability that, in the absence of closure, this compelling interest would be

harmed; and (3) there are no alternatives to closure that would adequately protect the compelling

interest.” Id. (quoting Washington Post v. Robinson, 935 F.2d 282, 290 (D.C. Cir. 1991)).

Here, the government seeks leave to file a substantive motion (the “Motion”), and asks to

redact from that Motion (1) the names and other identifying information of certain individuals

whom, it asserts, Defendant targeted with inflammatory public statements and who were

subsequently subjected to threats and harassment, and (2) excerpts from witness interview

transcripts describing the threats and harassment they received. The latter category of redactions

is from materials designated as “Sensitive” by the Protective Order entered in this case. See

Protective Order, ECF No. 28 ¶ 8(e) (including “transcripts . . . of witness interviews”). But “the

mere fact that material may be subject to a protective order limiting disclosure does not mean

that it must remain shielded from public disclosure.” United States v. All Assets Held at Bank

1 In its initial request for leave to file, the government addressed the Hubbard factors in only conclusory terms, and did not provide specific arguments in support of its redactions until its Reply brief for that request. In the interests of judicial economy, the court will consider here the arguments raised by the government in its Reply.

Page 2 of 9 Julius Baer & Co., 520 F. Supp. 3d 71, 78 (D.D.C. 2020). To approve the sealing of any

materials in a criminal case, the court must still engage in the analysis required by the common-

law Hubbard factors and, where applicable, the First Amendment.

I. HUBBARD FACTORS

On balance, the Hubbard factors support the government’s proposed redactions. First,

the need for public access to the redacted information is relatively small. The court

acknowledges the intense public interest in and attention to this case, and has affirmed its

commitment “for this case to proceed in the public record as much as possible.” Aug. 11, 2023

Hr’g Tr. at 66:2–3, ECF No. 29. But Hubbard instructs that even when there is “generalized”

public interest in a matter, “the purposes of public access are only modestly served” by unsealing

information that is not material to the relevant judicial decision. 650 F.2d at 317–18. In its

Motion, the government seeks to establish that Defendant has publicly criticized his perceived

adversaries and is aware that this criticism has led to their harassment. That proposition does not

turn on either the identities of the specific individuals whom the government cites as examples,

or the broader transcript excerpts of witness interviews that the government’s Motion

summarizes without redaction. Accordingly, the redactions will not significantly affect the

public’s ability to understand the basis for the Motion or the court’s eventual decision on it,

which reduces the weight of this factor.

The second Hubbard factor—the extent of previous public access—applies differently to

the two distinct categories of proposed redactions. The public has had no access to the witness

interview transcripts. By contrast, at least some of the names, titles, and other redacted

identifying information have been included in, among other public sources, media reports about

Defendant’s public statements and their aftermath. The defense argues that with respect to those

redactions, an internet search for the quotes or other unredacted information associated with each Page 3 of 9 example in the government’s Motion could reveal the individual’s identity such that “the broad

substance in the [redactions] is already public knowledge.” Matter of Pub. Def. Serv. for D.C. to

Unseal Certain Recs., 607 F. Supp. 3d 11, 27 (D.D.C. 2022). But even assuming that is true, it

does not necessarily compel the parties or the court to disclose the “specific details” of that

identifying information. Id. at 26. The need to conduct independent searches or make inferences

to confirm the redacted identities undermines the assertion that they are already public. In short,

the public’s previous access to the redacted information has been limited (for individual

identities) to none (for witness interview transcripts).

Under the third Hubbard factor, the court considers who, if anyone, objects to disclosure.

In this case, the government objects. “[T]he fact that a party moves to seal the record weighs in

favor of the party’s motion.” Zapp v. Zhenli Ye Gon, 746 F. Supp. 2d 145, 149 (D.D.C. 2010)

(citing Nat’l Children’s Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1410). In general, “litigants to [a] proceeding have a

lesser claim to privacy than third parties.” Hyatt v. Lee, 251 F. Supp. 3d 181 (D.D.C. 2017)

(quotation omitted). But the government “has a unique interest in protecting the integrity of its

investigations, and it would be difficult for another third party”—such as a witness whose name

is redacted here—“to object without revealing” their identity, which is “precisely the information

the [g]overnment seeks to protect.” In re New York Times Co., No. 21-mc-91 (JEB), 2021 WL

5769444, at *5 (D.D.C. Dec. 6, 2021). In that sense, then, the government’s objection is aimed

at protecting third parties’ interests, so “the need for minimizing intrusion is especially great”

and adds further weight in favor of redaction under this factor. Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 319.

Fourth, the court turns to the strength of the privacy interests at stake. Those interests

extend to “witnesses and informants who provided information during the course of an

investigation.” In re New York Times Co., 2021 WL 5769444, at *5 (quoting Citizens for Resp.

Page 4 of 9 & Ethics in Wash. v. Dep’t of Justice, 854 F.3d 675, 682 (D.C. Cir. 2017)). The court has

already noted its concern that “members of the public who are not bound by [Defendant’s]

release conditions . . . might use sensitive witness information in ways that intimidate witnesses

or otherwise threaten the integrity of the proceedings.” Aug. 11, 2023 Hr’g Tr. at 44:13–16. The

individuals whose identifying information and transcripts are redacted have already been

harassed and threatened, and they have a strong interest in not repeating those experiences. The

risk of that happening weighs substantially in favor of permitting the government’s proposed

redactions.

The fifth Hubbard factor evaluates the possibility of prejudice to the party opposing

disclosure. The government has identified a significant risk to its interests: Witness intimidation

could not only affect the willingness of any of the targeted individuals to participate in the law

enforcement process, but also could chill the testimony of other potential witnesses in this case.

“Courts in this district have repeatedly recognized the need to protect witness anonymity,”

including because of “compelling law enforcement interests” in maintaining “the ‘ability to

obtain truthful information from subjects or witnesses’” who can “trust that their statements

would in fact be kept private.” In re New York Times Co., 2021 WL 5769444, at *6 (citing, e.g.,

Matter of the Application of WP Co. LLC, 201 F. Supp. 3d 109, 127 (D.D.C. 2016)). And the

Supreme Court has emphasized that “preserving the[] anonymity” of witnesses encourages them

to “communicate their knowledge” and therefore supports “effective law enforcement.” Roviaro

v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 59 (1957); see also In re Los Angeles Times Commc’ns LLC, 628

F. Supp. 3d 55, 66–67 (D.D.C. 2022). This factor weighs in favor of the redactions as well.

Sixth and finally, the court examines the purposes for which the government seeks to use

the redacted information. The analysis under this factor parallels that of the first. As already

Page 5 of 9 explained, the identifying information of individuals targeted by Defendant’s public statements,

along with portions of their witness interview transcripts, are not material to the government’s

assertion that Defendant will continue to make similar personal attacks, knowing that they may

prompt similar harassment. Those specific identities and their accompanying transcripts will

have minimal effect on the court’s decision whether to grant the relief the government solicits in

its Motion. Consequently, the sixth factor also supports granting leave for the government to

make its requested redactions.

In sum, there is little need to publicly identify the specific individuals whose information

and witness transcript interviews the government proposes to redact. All told, the redactions

concern only the identities of a few examples in a single subpart of the Motion’s background

section. The Motion does not rely on the redacted information, and that information is not

essential to the court’s decision. On the other side of the scale, the individuals behind those

redactions have already experienced harassment and threats due to publication of their

information, and the possibility of that happening again risks witness intimidation—including of

other witnesses not identified in this motion. While it may be possible for some observers to

infer certain redacted identities based on publicly available sources, that alone is not sufficient

reason to require the disclosure of the redacted information here. The court therefore concludes

that the Hubbard factors support a partial seal of the government’s Motion, limited to its

proposed redactions.

II. FIRST AMENDMENT

The defense contends that there is a First Amendment right of public access to the

redacted information. But that right only attaches to materials in criminal cases for which “(i)

there is an ‘unbroken, uncontradicted history’ of openness, and (ii) public access plays a

significant positive role in the functioning” of the material. United States v. Brice, 649 F.3d 793, Page 6 of 9 795 (D.C. Cir. 2011). For example, the Supreme Court has recognized that “right of access to

criminal trials, voir dire proceedings, and preliminary hearings,” and the D.C. Circuit has

recognized it for “completed plea agreements” but not “‘unconsummated’ plea agreements.” Id.

at 795–96. The defense has not pointed to any history—much less an unbroken, uncontradicted

history—of motions like the government’s being fully available to the public, nor has it

articulated why public access significantly contributes to their function.

There is little indication of a First Amendment right of access in this instance. To begin,

the court is unaware of any specific precedent or history for that right in the context of a motion

seeking to restrict extrajudicial pretrial statements or to require notification before conducting a

survey of the potential jury pool, much less the identifying information of potential witnesses

embedded in those motions. Indeed, the Supreme Court has squarely held that “restraints placed

on discovered, but not yet admitted, information are not a restriction on a traditionally public

source of information.” Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 33 (1984). Identifying

information in a motion dealing with the pretrial collection and public dissemination of

information seems closer to “mere discovery, to which the public has no right,” than it does to

“evidence attached to dispositive briefs or submitted in open court.” Matter of Pub. Def. Serv.

for D.C. to Unseal Certain Recs., 607 F. Supp. 3d at 23. In addition, public access to the

proposed redactions is unlikely to meaningfully contribute to the function of the government’s

Motion. As a general matter, public access can “strengthen[] public confidence in the outcome

reached by the Court.” Id. at 20. But as explained above, the information the government

proposes to redact is not essential to the Motion’s claims and is therefore not necessary for “the

public to independently evaluate the parties’ arguments and the Court’s conclusion.” Id. at 21.

Page 7 of 9 Ultimately, however, the court need not decide whether the First Amendment applies

here because even if it did, the government has met its burden to justify the redactions.

Preventing witness intimidation is a compelling interest for the individuals whose information

has been redacted, for the government’s law enforcement purposes, and for “the public interest in

the due administration of justice” in this case. United States v. Jackson, 513 F.2d 456, 459 (D.C.

Cir. 1975); see United States v. Thompson, 713 F.3d 388, 396 (8th Cir. 2013) (“The

government’s interest in protecting its witness and the witness’s concern for his own safety

justify the partial closing in this case.”); United States v. Addison, 708 F.3d 1181, 1187–88 (10th

Cir. 2013) (collecting cases holding witness intimidation to be a compelling interest). The

history of harassment and threats towards the individuals whose information has been redacted

demonstrates the real likelihood that they could suffer further intimidation upon disclosure of

their identities. And the government’s proposed redactions are tailored to mitigate that risk,

covering only those individuals’ identifying information in a handful of instances and the witness

interview transcripts. The vast majority of the government’s Motion, including all of its key

evidence and arguments, remains fully available to the public. Any First Amendment right of

public access to the Motion would therefore be satisfied, notwithstanding the government’s

limited redactions.

III. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the government’s request for Leave to File Unredacted Motion Under

Seal, and to File Redacted Motion on Public Docket, ECF No. 47, is hereby GRANTED. The

Clerk of the Court is directed to file under seal the unredacted copy of the government’s Motion

(ECF No. 47-1), attaching Exhibit 1 to the that Motion (ECF No. 47-2) under seal as well. The

Clerk of the Court is further directed to file on the public docket the redacted copy of the

government’s Motion (ECF No. 47-3), attaching a placeholder sheet for Exhibit 1 to the Motion Page 8 of 9 (ECF No. 47-4), and attaching the two proposed orders referenced in the Motion (ECF Nos. 47-5

and 47-6).

It is FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant shall file any Opposition to the

government’s substantive Motion by September 25, 2023, and the government shall file any

Reply by September 30, 2023. Accordingly, Defendant’s Motion for Briefing Schedule, ECF

No. 53, is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. In addition, the Clerk of the Court is

directed to unseal that motion, ECF No. 53.

Date: September 15, 2023

Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge

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