UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. Criminal Action No. 18-198 (JEB) DARIN CARLYLE MOORE, JR., et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Defendants Darin Carlyle Moore, Jr., Gabriel Brown, John Sweeney, and James Taylor
are under indictment for the abduction and murder of Andre Simmons, Jr. Among its pretrial
Motions in Limine, the Government has requested that the Court exclude as unduly speculative
any evidence related to a third-party-perpetrator defense. Defendants counter that such evidence
should be admitted, maintaining that they have established a sufficient connection to the crime
alleged. Although the Court will permit Defendants to raise the issue again should new
information come to light, the probative value of the evidence proffered thus far fails to
predominate over its risk of prejudice. The Court will therefore grant the Government’s Motion.
I. Background
A brief summary of the allegations against Defendants reveals the following: according
to the five-count Superseding Indictment, which the Court accepts as true for purposes of this
Opinion, see United States v. Ballestas, 795 F.3d 138, 149 (D.C. Cir. 2015), Defendants
kidnapped Simmons on June 19, 2018. See ECF No. 41 (Superseding Indictment) at 3. After
abducting him in Maryland, holding him for ransom, and collecting the sum demanded, they
took Simmons to the District, where they shot and killed him. Id. at 3–5. From these facts, they
1 are charged with Kidnapping (18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1)); Conspiracy to Commit Kidnapping (18
U.S.C. § 1201(c)); Using, Carrying, Possessing, Brandishing, and Discharging a Firearm During
and in Relation to a Crime of Violence (18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii), (iii)); and two counts of
First-Degree Murder While Armed (Premeditated and Felony Murder) (D.C. Code §§ 22-2101,
22-4502, 22-2104.01(b)(1) and 22-1805). Id. at 2–6.
The present evidentiary dispute began in October 2019, when the Government filed a
motion to preclude Defendants from raising a third-party-perpetrator defense at trial. See ECF
No. 68 (Motion to Preclude Third-Party Defense). Defendants Moore and Taylor each filed
oppositions. See ECF Nos. 93 (Moore Opp.), 104 (Taylor Opp.). After the Court denied that
motion without prejudice, see Minute Order of Feb. 19, 2020, the Government renewed its
Motion in December 2021, asking that the Court exclude any evidence of, reference to, or cross-
examination related to a third-party-perpetrator defense. See ECF No. 222 (Renewed Motion).
When no opposition was timely filed, the Court granted the Motion as conceded. See Minute
Order of Feb. 9, 2022. Brown then requested that the Court reconsider that decision and look at
the merits. See ECF No. 238 (Motion for Recon.). Given some confusion regarding scheduling,
the Court agrees that the Defendants are entitled to a substantive Opinion.
II. Legal Standard
Although state and federal rulemakers have the prerogative to fashion standards for the
inclusion of evidence at trial, the Constitution guarantees to criminal defendants the right to a
“meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.” Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S.
319, 324 (2006) (quoting Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 (1986)). This limits courts’
ability to impose “arbitrary” rules of evidence, including those that exclude “important defense
evidence” without serving “any legitimate interests,” or are otherwise “disproportionate to the
2 purposes they are designed to serve.” Id. at 324–25 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). At the same time, it falls within a court’s discretion to exclude evidence whose
probative value is outweighed by other negative factors, such as its potential to confuse or
mislead the jury. Id. at 326; see also id. at 330 (noting that evidentiary rules seek to “focus the
trial on the central issues by excluding evidence that has only a very weak logical connection to
the central issues”).
The constitutional right to present a complete defense undergirds a defendant’s right to
present evidence that a third party committed the crime of which he is accused. See United
States v. Benbow, 709 Fed. App’x 25, 27 (D.C. Cir. 2018); see also Boykin v. United States, 738
A.2d 768, 773 (D.C. 1999) (“The Sixth Amendment guarantees to criminal defendants not only
the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses against them, but also the right to present
evidence that someone else committed the offense for which [they are] on trial.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted). As the Supreme Court has recognized, “Rules regulating the
admission of [third-party-perpetrator] evidence” are “widely accepted.” Holmes, 547 U.S. at
327. Thus, although defendants “may introduce [at trial] any legal evidence tending to prove”
the existence of a third-party perpetrator, consistent with a court’s general license to assess the
probative value of evidence proffered, the admissibility of such evidence is bounded by the
requirement that it “tend to prove or disprove a material fact” and that it not be too “speculative
or remote.” Id. (quoting Am. Juris. 2d § 286 (1999)). As discussed in more detail below, the
requirements imposed on evidence of third-party guilt thus generally track the standards for
admissibility outlined in Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 403.
3 III. Analysis
Defendants seek to present evidence connecting two different third parties, J.S. and V.B.,
to the kidnapping and murder of Simmons. See Moore Opp.; Taylor Opp.; Motion for Recon.
The Government asks that any such evidence be excluded and that the Court preclude
Defendants from making any reference to a third-party perpetrator at trial. See Renewed Motion
at 1; ECF No. 242 (Government Opp.). Defendants counter that the third-party evidence
proffered presents a sufficient nexus to the crimes charged and thus warrants admission. See
Moore Opp. at 3; Taylor Opp. at 2; Motion for Recon. at 2. Brown further argues that an adverse
ruling would be premature as the Government has not yet produced all its discovery, nor has the
defense concluded its own investigation. See Motion for Recon. at 6.
Start with J.S. Defendants point to “several witnesses” who have spoken of a “history of
bad blood” between him and the decedent, including conflict over a woman they had both
previously dated. See Moore Opp. at 1 (quoting Motion to Preclude Third-Party Defense at 2);
Taylor Opp. at 1 (quoting Motion to Preclude Third-Party Defense at 2). The same witnesses
indicated that J.S. had previously robbed Simmons. See Moore Opp. at 1; Taylor Opp. at 1; ECF
No. 238-2 (Discovery Letter) at 2. In further support, Defendants highlight an anonymous tip
submitted to the Prince George’s County Crime Solvers website several days after Simmons’s
murder alleging that J.S. had been extorting Simmons, who had stopped making payments to him
when J.S. was arrested and incarcerated on an unrelated charge. See Moore Opp. at 2; Taylor
Opp. at 1; ECF No. 93-1 (Exhibit 1) at 2. Although J.S. was in custody when the events at issue
in this case took place, see ECF No. 108 (Government Reply) at 1–2; Motion for Recon. at 3 n.3,
Defendants suggest that he may have directed others to kidnap Simmons and point specifically to
the tipster’s claim that J.S. “sent his crew of henchmen after Andre” and that they “kidnapped
4 him at his home in Bowie, M[aryland].” Exhibit 1 at 3; see Moore Opp. at 2–3; Taylor Opp. at
2; see also Motion for Recon. at 3 n.3.
Brown also asks the Court to admit evidence that the firearm used to kill Simmons was
recovered from a third party, V.B. See Motion for Recon. at 4. This occurred nine months after
the murder. While the Government does not contest that evidence of the recovery of the gun is
admissible — e.g., to contest Defendants’ guilt by showing that the murder weapon was not
recovered from them — it maintains that Defendants cannot go a step further and argue to the
jury that V.B. committed the murder. See Renewed Motion at 2–3.
A. Test for Admission
The admissibility of this evidence must be determined by recourse to the general
standards enumerated in Rules 401 and 403. See United States v. McVeigh, 153 F.3d 1166,
1190–91 (10th Cir. 1998); see also United States v. Lighty, 616 F.3d 321, 358 (4th Cir. 2010)
(explaining that rules governing third-party-perpetrator evidence “balance . . . the admission of
relevant evidence probative of defendant’s guilt or innocence under Rule 401 with the exclusion
of prejudicial . . . evidence under Rule 403”). Like all other evidence, evidence of third-party
guilt must be relevant in order to be admissible. Under Rule 401’s “liberal” relevance standard,
however, this merely requires that it have a “tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
without the evidence.” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 587 (1993).
The degree of probative value required for evidence to be admissible under Rule 401 is “very
low.” McVeigh, 153 F.3d at 1190. The evidence proffered in connection with J.S. and V.B. is
thus plainly relevant: it bears directly on facts of consequence to this case and has some tendency
to make such facts more or less probable than they would be otherwise. Evidence that is relevant
5 for the purpose of Rule 401 may nevertheless not be “sufficient[ly]” relevant for the purpose of
Rule 403. Id. at 1188.
This is the rub here. The critical issue for a court assessing the admissibility of third-
party perpetrator evidence is thus a familiar one. Consistent with the demands of Rule 403, a
court should balance the “probative value” of such evidence against its “potential adverse
effects.” Holmes, 547 U.S. at 329; see also id. at 326–27 (noting that rules regulating
admissibility of third-party-perpetrator evidence are “a specific application” of principle
exemplified by Rule 403). Evidence that is otherwise relevant and admissible may be excluded
under Rule 403 if its probative value is outweighed by its potential to confuse the issues, mislead
the jury, or generate unfair prejudice. See Fed. R. Evid. 403; McVeigh, 153 F.3d at 1190–91;
see also Winfield v. United States, 676 A.2d 1, 3 (D.C. 1996) (en banc) (holding that court
considering admissibility of third-party-perpetrator evidence may “properly take account” of
danger of “distracting the jury”).
The admissibility of third-party-perpetrator evidence turns not on the likelihood of the
“third party’s guilt or innocence, but [rather] on ‘the effect the evidence has upon the defendant’s
culpability.’” Winfield, 676 A.2d at 4 (quoting Johnson v. United States, 552 A.2d 513, 517
(D.C. 1989)). Since the third party is not on trial, the evidence proffered need not “prove or even
raise a strong probability that a person other than the defendant committed the offense” so long
as it “tend[s] to create a reasonable doubt” as to the defendant’s guilt. Id. (quoting Johnson, 552
A.2d at 517); see also United States v. Cabrerra, No. 95-3052, 1996 WL 135718, at *2 (D.C. Cir.
Feb. 15, 1996) (noting that admission of third-party-perpetrator evidence depends in part on
“whether the third party’s guilt would establish the defendant’s innocence”). Evidence of third-
party guilt may not be excluded merely because the prosecution’s evidence is robust. Holmes,
6 547 U.S. at 329; see also United States v. Jordan, 485 F.3d 1214, 1222 (10th Cir. 2007) (urging
courts to be “wary of per se rules” that would tend to exclude defense evidence on basis of
strength of prosecution’s case).
Courts weighing the probative value of third-party evidence generally require that it
evince a clear connection between the alleged third-party perpetrator and the crime charged. A
defendant must proffer evidence that is “sufficient, on its own or in combination with other
evidence in the record, to show a nexus between the crime charged and the asserted [third
party].” McVeigh, 153 F.3d at 1191; see also Cabrerra, 1996 WL 135718, at *2 (noting that
courts assessing evidence of third-party guilt consider “the strength of the nexus between the
third party and the crime”); Miller v. Brunsman, 599 F.3d 517, 526 (6th Cir. 2010) (finding
lawful exclusion of third-party-perpetrator evidence on basis that defendant “failed to show a
sufficient nexus” between third party and crime); Boykin, 738 A.2d at 774 (holding that
“defendant must proffer some evidence, either circumstantial or direct, of ‘a third party’s actions,
motives, opportunity, [or] statements’” tending to “‘establish the necessary link, connection or
nexus between the proffered evidence and the crime at issue’”) (quoting Johnson, 552 A.2d at
516). The defendant may rely on a single fact or circumstance to meet her evidentiary burden or
on the aggregate effect of multiple facts or circumstances. Boykin, 738 A.2d at 774.
Although courts have not resolved the precise degree of connection required between the
third party and the crime alleged, the extent of probative value of such evidence is directly tied to
the “strength of the link between the exculpatory evidence and the case at hand.” Armstrong v.
Hobbs, 698 F.3d 1063, 1066 (8th Cir. 2012); United States v. Hendricks, 921 F.3d 320, 331 (2d
Cir. 2019) (holding that defendant has right to admit evidence of third-party guilt “so long as the
evidence ‘sufficiently connect[s] the other person to the crime’”) (quoting United States v.
7 White, 692 F.3d 235, 246 (2d Cir. 2012)); Benbow, 709 Fed. App’x at 27 (finding reasonable the
exclusion of third-party evidence where defendant’s proffer “failed to yield sufficient evidence
of a reasonable possibility” of third party’s guilt). Evidence that does not “place[] [the third
party] anywhere near the . . . scene [of the crime] or suggest[] that he was otherwise involved”
may thus properly be excluded. Hendricks, 921 F.3d at 331; see also Winfield, 676 A.2d at 5
(adopting rule that excludes third-party-perpetrator evidence that is “too remote in time and
place, completely unrelated or irrelevant to the offense charged, or too speculative with respect
to the third party’s guilt”).
Following Rule 403, the probative value is then weighed against the potential adverse
effects of admitting the third-party evidence. See McVeigh, 153 F.3d at 1191. Although its
potential for prejudice may vary from case to case, evidence of third-party guilt frequently poses
an acute risk of “sidetrack[ing] the jury into consideration of factual disputes only tangentially
related” to the case, as well as confusing the jury and thereby “invit[ing it] to render its findings
based on emotion or prejudice.” Id.; see also Wade v. Mantello, 333 F.3d 51, 61 (2d Cir. 2003)
(describing “serious concerns” raised by “[t]he potential for speculation into theories of third-
party culpability to open the door to tangential testimony”); Jordan, 485 F.3d at 1218–19
(making similar observations); Hendricks, 921 F.3d at 331 (same). Nevertheless, in some
instances, where the proposed evidence is not “complex or time-consuming” or likely to
“provoke the jury’s emotions,” the danger of unfair prejudice will be less substantial. Jordan,
485 F.3d at 1221 (explaining that permitting testimony of another witness at scene of crime
would be “no more confusing” than that of other witnesses and distinguishing this from
testimony at issue in McVeigh in which third party’s “racist views” might have provoked jury).
As such, despite the “special problems presented by ‘alternative perpetrator’ evidence,”
8 McVeigh, 153 F.3d at 1191 (citations omitted), the balancing required in such cases is based on a
“totality of the circumstances” and is thus “strongly rooted in the facts of each individual case.”
Hilton v. United States, 250 A.3d 1061, 1072 (D.C. 2021) (quoting Bruce v. United States, 820
A.2d 540, 544–45 (D.C. 2003)); see also Cabrerra, 1996 WL 135718, at *2 (finding “admission
of evidence inculpating a third party” to be “highly fact-dependent”).
B. Application
Employing this standard, the Court concludes that the evidence proffered with respect to
J.S. and V.B., though relevant, fails to establish a sufficient nexus to the crimes alleged.
Beginning again with J.S., and assuming the evidence proffered would be admissible and not
hearsay, the information clearly suggests that J.S. had a motive to commit the crimes. A “mere
showing that another person possessed a motive,” however, is insufficient without more to
establish the required nexus to the crime. Winfield, 676 A.2d at 5. In order to establish “some
reasonable possibility” that J.S. was the perpetrator, Defendants must proffer some evidence that
he had not only a motive, but also a “practical opportunity to commit the crime” in question. Id.
at 4–5; Johnson v. United States, 136 A.3d 74, 80 (D.C. 2016); see also Resper v. United States,
793 A.2d 450, 460 (D.C. 2002) (finding inadmissible evidence of third party’s “ill will” toward
victim when supported only by “vague[]” reference to his presence in area of crime). Although
courts do not require that a defendant provide evidence “placing the third party at or near the
crime scene,” Johnson, 136 A.3d at 80, a defendant must at a minimum establish that the victim
was “easily accessible” to the alleged perpetrator. Id. at 82; Winfield, 676 A.2d at 6. Since J.S.
was incarcerated at the time of the killing, he obviously could not have been personally involved.
Defendants may nonetheless establish a sufficient connection with the crime through
evidence of an “agent or accomplice.” Johnson, 136 A.3d at 80 n.15 (noting that evidence of
9 third-party motive may be admissible even when third party could not himself have committed
crime if he had an “agent or accomplice” with “the necessary access and knowledge”). The
anonymous allegation that J.S. “sent his crew of henchmen after [the victim],” Exhibit 1 at 1,
does not, by itself, demonstrate the “necessary access and knowledge” to properly link J.S. to the
crime. Johnson, 136 A.3d at 80 n.15; see also Moore Opp. at 3; Taylor Opp. at 1; McCraney v.
United States, 983 A.2d 1041, 1050 (D.C. 2009) (holding that defendant’s evidentiary proffer
was too speculative, in part because he failed to provide any witness who could support his
allegation that third party had murder weapon the night before crime). Defendants must offer
some more information regarding the identity of the “henchmen” and their opportunity to
commit the murder. At this point, what they have submitted lands them far short of the goal line.
As for V.B., the proffered evidence is also too tenuous. Whether another’s possession of
a weapon used in the commission of a crime is sufficiently probative to support a third-party
defense depends on the strength of the connection to the crime. For example, possession that
takes place in temporal or physical proximity to the crime or is buttressed by other evidence
connecting the third party to the crime is more likely to satisfy the required nexus. See Andrews
v. United States, 179 A.3d 279, 296 (D.C. 2018) (finding that evidence of third party’s access to
murder weapon six weeks before crime occurred did not establish “reasonable possibility” of his
involvement); Lighty, 616 F.3d at 358–59 (finding reasonable the exclusion of testimony
concerning third party’s firearm that “looked similar to the murder weapon” absent any
indication why witnesses thought they looked similar and when third party’s “alleged possession
did not occur in close temporal proximity to [the victim’s] kidnapping and murder”); Battle v.
United States, 754 A.2d 312, 316 (D.C. 2018) (concluding that trial court should have admitted
evidence that person resembling defendant shot a man with same weapon in same neighborhood
10 two weeks earlier as it “tend[ed] to indicate some reasonable possibility” that third party
committed crime with which defendant was charged) (citations omitted).
In this case, the fact that V.B. possessed the murder weapon nine months later may be
“suggestive,” but it “sheds little light” on the crime itself. See Jordan, 485 F.3d at 1221
(concluding that evidence that third party possessed “a similar shank months before the stabbing
. . . is suggestive, but, ultimately thin” as it “sheds little light on what happened [at the scene of
the crime]”). Without more, such as evidence placing V.B. in the vicinity of the crime or
otherwise indicating opportunity, his possession of the murder weapon, distinct in time and place
from the crime itself, fails to establish the required nexus.
Even though the evidence concerning J.S. and V.B. “has some minimal relevance when
considered as a whole,” a court must nevertheless balance this limited value against the adverse
effects of admitting the evidence, including the danger of “inviting unwarranted speculation or
confusion.” Jordan, 485 F.3d at 1221; see also Lighty, 616 F.3d at 358–59 (approving of
exclusion of third-party-perpetrator evidence that “would have caused the jury to rankly
speculate”); McCraney, 983 A.2d at 1050 (observing that evidence that is “unduly speculative”
is “likely only to distract and mislead the jury”). Evidence that is “highly generalized and
speculative [in] nature” is typically inadmissible when weighed against its potential adverse
effects. See McVeigh, 153 F.3d at 1191 (“That others shared [the defendant’s] political views is
a slender reed upon which to vault the dangers of unfair prejudice and jury confusion.”); United
States v. Flaherty, 76 F.3d 967, 973 (8th Cir. 1996) (affirming exclusion of third-party-
perpetrator evidence where defendant pointed to prior similar conduct by third party but had no
other evidence linking third party to crime charged).
11 Since the probative value of Defendants’ proffered evidence is slight, it presents a real
danger of distracting the jury. Although other courts have advised “in favor of inclusion, not
exclusion” when the issue is a close one, Winfield, 676 A.2d at 6, this case is not one of those.
Until Defendants proffer additional evidence establishing opportunity or otherwise connecting
J.S. or V.B. with the crime alleged, it is the Court’s responsibility to exclude such evidence lest it
distract the jury from “deciding the defendant’s guilt or innocence” and lead them instead to
“focus on someone else’s.” Boykin, 738 A.2d at 773 (quoting Gethers v. United States, 684
A.2d 1266, 1271 (D.C. 1996)).
IV. Conclusion
The Court, therefore, will grant the Government’s Motion to exclude Defendants’
reference to any third-party perpetrators. The fact of the murder weapon’s recovery from V.B.,
however, remains admissible. Defendants retain the right to again raise this issue at any point in
the future should additional evidence come to light, whether it concerns J.S., V.B., or any other
potential third party. A separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion
/s/ James E. Boasberg JAMES E. BOASBERG United States District Judge Date: March 10, 2022