United States v. Taylor

Procedural entryThis page is a short order in United States v. Taylor. Read the opinion of the Court — 745 F.3d 15
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit·Decided October 21, 2013·No. 19-2395·Unpublished

Opinion

12‐4994‐cr United States v. Taylor

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held 2 at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New 3 York, on the 21st day of October, two thousand thirteen. 4 5 PRESENT: DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, 6 GERARD E. LYNCH, 7 CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, 8 Circuit Judges. 9 10 11 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 12 Appellee, 13 14 ‐v‐ No. 12‐4994‐cr 15 16 LEONARD FITZGERALD, 17 Defendant, 18 19 JAVEL TAYLOR, 20 Defendant‐Appellant. 21 22 23 JOSHUA L. DRATEL (Lindsay A. Lewis, Whitney 24 Schlimbach, of Counsel), Dratel & Mysliwiec, 25 New York, NY, for Defendant‐Appellant. 1 JUSTIN ANDERSON, AMY LESTER, Assistant 2 United States Attorneys, for Preet Bharara, 3 United States Attorney for the Southern 4 District of New York, New York, NY, for 5 Appellee. 6

7 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

8 DECREED that the judgment entered November 30, 2012, is AFFIRMED.

9 Defendant‐Appellant Javel Taylor (“Taylor”) appeals from a judgment of the United

10 States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Gardephe, J.), entered

11 November 30, 2012. Taylor was convicted, after a jury trial, of one count of conspiracy to

12 distribute a controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and one count of

13 distribution of a controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 812, 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C),

14 and 18 U.S.C. § 2. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts of the case and the

15 issues presented for appellate review.

16 Taylor raises four claims on appeal: (1) that the district court erred in denying

17 Taylor’s claim under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986); (2) that the district court’s

18 admission of certain background evidence was erroneous under Rules 404(b) and 403 of

19 the Federal Rules of Evidence; (3) that the evidence of an unlawful agreement on the

20 conspiracy count was insufficient; and (4) that the district court erred in instructing the jury

21 on an aiding and abetting theory of liability when Taylor was portrayed as a principal at

22 trial. We find all four claims to be without merit.

2 1 I. Batson Claim

2 First, Taylor cannot demonstrate that the district court erred in concluding that the

3 Government did not violate Taylor’s equal protection rights during jury selection. The trial

4 court uses a three‐step process for analyzing a claim under Batson:

5 First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor has 6 exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race. Second, if the requisite 7 showing has been made, the burden shifts to the prosecutor to articulate a 8 race‐neutral explanation for striking the jurors in question. Finally, the trial court 9 must determine whether the defendant has carried his burden of proving 10 purposeful discrimination. 11 12 United States v. Douglas, 525 F.3d 225, 238 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500

13 U.S. 352, 358‐59 (1991) (plurality opinion)) (internal citations omitted). Taylor argued to

14 the district court that the Government used peremptory strikes to exclude three of four

15 African‐American jurors in the venire. The district judge expressed uncertainty about

16 whether two of the three jurors identified by the defense were, in fact, African‐American,

17 but assuming that they were, credited the Government’s race‐neutral explanations for the

18 strikes. Taylor argues that the district court erred in concluding that the Government’s

19 stated reasons for its challenges were not pretexts for racial discrimination.

20 “[T]he trial court’s decision on the ultimate question of discriminatory intent

21 represents a finding of fact of the sort accorded great deference on appeal.” Hernandez, 500

22 U.S. at 364. Therefore, the court’s “finding as to whether the prosecutor’s reason was

23 race‐neutral may be overturned only if that finding is clearly erroneous.” Douglas, 525 F.3d

3 1 at 239. “Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice

2 between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” United States v. English, 629 F.3d 311, 319 (2d

3 Cir. 2011) (quoting Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985)) (internal quotation

4 marks omitted).

5 Here, the district court noted that the three jurors who had been removed by the

6 Government “were among the most disengaged in the process,” a factor that we have

7 previously credited as a valid race‐neutral explanation. See Messiah v. Duncan, 435 F.3d 186,

8 200 (2d Cir. 2006) (“A prosecutor may reasonably have qualms about a panelist who fails

9 to pay attention during voir dire.”). The court observed specifically that one of the

10 challenged jurors gave “monosyllabic responses” and that another appeared not to have

11 “understood all of the questions before he answered.” See Green v. Travis, 414 F.3d 288, 300

12 (2d Cir. 2005) (“[T]he unfavorable demeanor of a venireperson has been held to be a

13 race‐neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge.”). We discern no clear error in these

14 determinations, nor can we identify error in the court’s conclusion that the government’s

15 reasons for striking the third juror – because her employment could lead her to identify

16 with the defendant and because she enjoyed watching CSI, a police forensic drama – were

17 not pretextual. See United States v. Farhane, 634 F.3d 127, 157‐58 (2d Cir. 2011) (“[I]t was

18 plausible for the prosecutor to think that a juror who regularly watched television shows

19 in which forensic science conclusively solved crimes might be more inclined to demand

20 such evidence in order to convict.”). Accordingly, Taylor’s claim is without merit.

4 1 II. Admission of Prior Acts as Background Evidence

2 Taylor next argues that the district court erred in permitting an undercover officer

3 to testify about an unconsummated drug sale several weeks before the charged conduct,

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