UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 17-6040
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
STEVE ALLEN JOHNSON,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at Big Stone Gap. James P. Jones, District Judge. (2:02-cr-10109-JPJ-RSB-1; 2:15-cv-80863- JPJ-RSB)
Submitted: March 15, 2018 Decided: March 30, 2018
Before NIEMEYER, KING, and KEENAN, Circuit Judges.
Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Larry W. Shelton, Federal Public Defender, Brian J. Beck, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Abingdon, Virginia, for Appellant. Rick A. Mountcastle, Acting United States Attorney, Jennifer R. Bockhorst, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Abingdon, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Steve Allen Johnson seeks to appeal the district court’s order denying relief on his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 (2012) motion. Johnson pled guilty to being a felon and unlawful
controlled substance user in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), (3) (2012). Pursuant to the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e) (2012), the district court sentenced Johnson to 180 months’ imprisonment and 3
years’ supervised release. In his § 2255 motion, Johnson challenged his ACCA sentence
on the ground that his three pre-1989 Tennessee third-degree burglary convictions were
no longer valid ACCA predicates following Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551
(2015). 1 See Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1265 (2016) (holding Johnson
retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review). Johnson was released from prison
while his motion was pending before the district court and he is now serving his
supervised release term. The district court denied relief, holding that while the motion
was not moot, Johnson’s third-degree burglary convictions remained “violent felonies”
under the ACCA’s enumerated offense clause, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). For the
reasons that follow, we grant a certificate of appealability, vacate the district court’s
order, and remand for further proceedings.
As an initial matter, we hold that Johnson’s release does not render this appeal
moot as he remains on supervised release, and the district court may, in its discretion,
1 Johnson sustained these convictions in 1981, 1982, and 1985 after guilty pleas. We refer to these convictions as pre-1989 Tennessee third-degree burglaries because the Tennessee criminal code was modified in November 1989.
2 alter any aspect of a defendant’s otherwise statutorily mandated sentence, including
supervised release terms, should it find such relief warranted. United States v. Doe, 810
F.3d 132, 143 (3d Cir. 2015); see United States v. Springer, 715 F.3d 535, 540 (4th Cir.
2013) (holding issue of mootness properly raised sua sponte). We therefore proceed to
the merits of Johnson’s claim.
Johnson may not appeal the district court’s order unless a circuit justice or judge
issues a certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (2012). A certificate of
appealability will not issue absent “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2) (2012). When the district court denies relief on the
merits, a prisoner satisfies this standard by demonstrating that reasonable jurists would
find that the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims is debatable or wrong.
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000); see Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322,
336-38 (2003). When the district court denies relief on procedural grounds, the prisoner
must demonstrate both that the dispositive procedural ruling is debatable, and that the
motion states a debatable claim of the denial of a constitutional right. Slack, 529 U.S. at
484-85.
The ACCA applies to violators of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (2012) who have at least
three previous convictions for violent felonies or serious drug offenses committed on
occasions different from one another. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). In Johnson, the Supreme
Court struck down as unconstitutionally vague the ACCA’s residual clause, 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), which defined “violent felony” to include a crime that “involves
conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” 135 S. Ct. at
3 2555-56, 2561-63. Following Johnson, an offense is a violent felony only if it “has as an
element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of
another” (the “force clause”) or “is burglary, arson, or extortion, [or] involves use of
explosives” (the “enumerated offense clause”). 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).
Because burglary does not fall under the force clause, Johnson’s sentence remains
valid only if his Tennessee third-degree burglary convictions fall under the enumerated
offense clause. An offense qualifies as an enumerated offense only if it is no broader
than the listed generic federal offense. Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 257
(2013). Thus, Johnson must demonstrate that the pre-1989 Tennessee third-degree
burglary statute is broader than generic burglary in order to prevail on his § 2255 motion.
A generic burglary offense includes “the following elements: an unlawful or unprivileged
entry into, or remaining in, a building or other structure, with intent to commit a
crime.” Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598 (1990). We review de novo whether
a defendant’s prior offense constitutes a violent felony under the ACCA. United States v.
Hemingway, 734 F.3d 323, 331 (4th Cir. 2013).
Where an offense’s statute is indivisible—that is, does not list multiple alternative
elements—we apply the categorical approach, comparing the elements of the offense
with the elements of the generic crime. Descamps, 570 U.S. at 257. Under this
approach, the prior conviction qualifies as an ACCA predicate only if the statute’s
elements are the same as, or narrower than, those of the generic offense; we may not
analyze underlying facts to determine whether the offense conduct actually met the
generic definition of the crime. Id. at 257-58. Where the statute is divisible—“sets out
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 17-6040
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
STEVE ALLEN JOHNSON,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at Big Stone Gap. James P. Jones, District Judge. (2:02-cr-10109-JPJ-RSB-1; 2:15-cv-80863- JPJ-RSB)
Submitted: March 15, 2018 Decided: March 30, 2018
Before NIEMEYER, KING, and KEENAN, Circuit Judges.
Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Larry W. Shelton, Federal Public Defender, Brian J. Beck, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Abingdon, Virginia, for Appellant. Rick A. Mountcastle, Acting United States Attorney, Jennifer R. Bockhorst, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Abingdon, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Steve Allen Johnson seeks to appeal the district court’s order denying relief on his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 (2012) motion. Johnson pled guilty to being a felon and unlawful
controlled substance user in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), (3) (2012). Pursuant to the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e) (2012), the district court sentenced Johnson to 180 months’ imprisonment and 3
years’ supervised release. In his § 2255 motion, Johnson challenged his ACCA sentence
on the ground that his three pre-1989 Tennessee third-degree burglary convictions were
no longer valid ACCA predicates following Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551
(2015). 1 See Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1265 (2016) (holding Johnson
retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review). Johnson was released from prison
while his motion was pending before the district court and he is now serving his
supervised release term. The district court denied relief, holding that while the motion
was not moot, Johnson’s third-degree burglary convictions remained “violent felonies”
under the ACCA’s enumerated offense clause, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). For the
reasons that follow, we grant a certificate of appealability, vacate the district court’s
order, and remand for further proceedings.
As an initial matter, we hold that Johnson’s release does not render this appeal
moot as he remains on supervised release, and the district court may, in its discretion,
1 Johnson sustained these convictions in 1981, 1982, and 1985 after guilty pleas. We refer to these convictions as pre-1989 Tennessee third-degree burglaries because the Tennessee criminal code was modified in November 1989.
2 alter any aspect of a defendant’s otherwise statutorily mandated sentence, including
supervised release terms, should it find such relief warranted. United States v. Doe, 810
F.3d 132, 143 (3d Cir. 2015); see United States v. Springer, 715 F.3d 535, 540 (4th Cir.
2013) (holding issue of mootness properly raised sua sponte). We therefore proceed to
the merits of Johnson’s claim.
Johnson may not appeal the district court’s order unless a circuit justice or judge
issues a certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (2012). A certificate of
appealability will not issue absent “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2) (2012). When the district court denies relief on the
merits, a prisoner satisfies this standard by demonstrating that reasonable jurists would
find that the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims is debatable or wrong.
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000); see Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322,
336-38 (2003). When the district court denies relief on procedural grounds, the prisoner
must demonstrate both that the dispositive procedural ruling is debatable, and that the
motion states a debatable claim of the denial of a constitutional right. Slack, 529 U.S. at
484-85.
The ACCA applies to violators of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (2012) who have at least
three previous convictions for violent felonies or serious drug offenses committed on
occasions different from one another. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). In Johnson, the Supreme
Court struck down as unconstitutionally vague the ACCA’s residual clause, 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), which defined “violent felony” to include a crime that “involves
conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” 135 S. Ct. at
3 2555-56, 2561-63. Following Johnson, an offense is a violent felony only if it “has as an
element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of
another” (the “force clause”) or “is burglary, arson, or extortion, [or] involves use of
explosives” (the “enumerated offense clause”). 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).
Because burglary does not fall under the force clause, Johnson’s sentence remains
valid only if his Tennessee third-degree burglary convictions fall under the enumerated
offense clause. An offense qualifies as an enumerated offense only if it is no broader
than the listed generic federal offense. Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 257
(2013). Thus, Johnson must demonstrate that the pre-1989 Tennessee third-degree
burglary statute is broader than generic burglary in order to prevail on his § 2255 motion.
A generic burglary offense includes “the following elements: an unlawful or unprivileged
entry into, or remaining in, a building or other structure, with intent to commit a
crime.” Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598 (1990). We review de novo whether
a defendant’s prior offense constitutes a violent felony under the ACCA. United States v.
Hemingway, 734 F.3d 323, 331 (4th Cir. 2013).
Where an offense’s statute is indivisible—that is, does not list multiple alternative
elements—we apply the categorical approach, comparing the elements of the offense
with the elements of the generic crime. Descamps, 570 U.S. at 257. Under this
approach, the prior conviction qualifies as an ACCA predicate only if the statute’s
elements are the same as, or narrower than, those of the generic offense; we may not
analyze underlying facts to determine whether the offense conduct actually met the
generic definition of the crime. Id. at 257-58. Where the statute is divisible—“sets out
4 one or more elements of the offense in the alternative”— we apply a modified categorical
approach, “consult[ing] a limited class of documents, such as indictments and jury
instructions, to determine which alternative formed the basis of the defendant’s prior
conviction.” Id. at 257. We then compare the elements of the selected alternative with
the elements of the generic crime, ignoring the underlying factual basis of the offense.
Id. at 257, 262-63. The Supreme Court has clarified the difference between alternative
elements and alternative means, holding that courts should apply the modified categorical
approach with alternative elements, but the categorical approach with alternative means.
Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2256 (2016).
At the time of Johnson’s third-degree burglary convictions, the statute defining the
offense read as follows:
Third-degree burglary—Safecracking
(a)(1) Burglary in the third degree is the breaking and entering into a business house, outhouse, or any other house of another, other than dwelling house, with the intent to commit a felony.
(2) Every person convicted of this crime, on first offense, shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary for not less than three (3) years nor more than ten (10) years.
...
(b)(1) Any person who, with intent to commit crime, breaks and enters, either by day or by night, any building, whether inhabited or not, and opens or attempts to open any vault, safe, or other secure place by any means, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) nor more than twenty-one (21) years upon conviction for a first offense, and not less than five (5) years nor more than twenty-one (21) years upon conviction for a second or subsequent offense.
5 Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-3-404 (1982) (repealed). 2
We conclude that Johnson’s motion states a debatable claim of the denial of a
constitutional right. See Slack, 529 U.S. at 484. The state statute at issue is divisible
because third-degree burglary and safecracking are separate offenses with different
punishments. Compare Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-3-404(a)(2) (1982) (repealed), with § 39-
3-404(b)(1) (repealed); see Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2256 (holding statutory alternatives with
different punishments are elements, giving rise to modified categorical approach).
Applying the modified categorical approach, review of the elements in Johnson’s third-
degree burglary indictments reveals that he was convicted under the third-degree burglary
provision and not the safecracking provision. See Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at 2290 (“A
prosecutor charging a violation of a divisible statute must generally select the relevant
element from its list of alternatives.”).
Thus, Johnson’s convictions in question constitute ACCA predicates only if the
third-degree burglary provision is no broader than generic burglary. In Fox v. State, 383
S.W.2d 25, 27 (Tenn. 1964), the Tennessee Supreme Court held that “Defendants could
lawfully enter [a] telephone booth, which is a business house within the meaning of [the
former version of § 39-3-404], but by breaking into the money receptacle after lawful
entry they would be guilty of burglary in the third degree.” Fox’s holding specifically
2 The 1975 version of the statute, which controlled Johnson’s 1981 conviction, contained the same offense descriptions with slightly different punishments and did not use subsections. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-904 (1975) (repealed).
6 applies to the third-degree burglary provision and not the safecracking provision. See id;
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-904 (1955) (repealed). Pursuant to Fox, the third-degree burglary
provision is broader than generic burglary because it encompasses entering into a
building lawfully and breaking a receptacle within. 3 See Taylor, 495 U.S. at 598
(identifying unlawful or unprivileged entry as element of generic burglary).
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has upheld ACCA designations based on pre-
1989 Tennessee third-degree burglary convictions in United States v. Caruthers, 458 F.3d
459 (6th Cir. 2006), and United States v. Taylor, 800 F.3d 701 (6th Cir. 2015), but neither
case was analyzed in light of Descamps and Mathis. In both Caruthers and Taylor, rather
than applying the modified categorical approach and comparing the applicable
provision’s elements with those of the generic offense, the court turned to the judicial
record to conclude that the movants were in fact convicted of generic burglary because
they unlawfully broke and entered into a building—a flawed procedure under Descamps
and Mathis. See Taylor, 800 F.3d at 719-20; Caruthers, 458 F.3d at 475-76.
We conclude that pre-1989 Tennessee third-degree burglary is broader than
generic burglary, and therefore Johnson’s three burglary convictions are not proper
ACCA predicates under either the enumerated offense clause or the now-defunct residual
clause. Accordingly, we grant a certificate of appealability, vacate the district court order
3 The Tennessee Supreme Court has never overruled Fox.
7 denying Johnson’s § 2255 motion, and remand for further proceedings. 4 On remand, the
district court may address the issues, including timeliness and procedural default, that the
Government raised below but that the court declined to address in view of its conclusion
that the substantive claim lacked merit. We dispense with oral argument because the
facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and
argument would not aid the decisional process.
VACATED AND REMANDED
4 While we typically order additional briefing upon granting a certificate of appealability, see 4th Cir. R. 22(a)(1)(B), in this case, we find additional briefing unnecessary because both parties have already filed briefs on the sole issue on appeal.