Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-10847 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:17-cr-60211-WPD-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
SPENCER ROZIER,
Defendant-Appellant. ________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(March 5, 2019)
Before MARCUS, MARTIN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Spencer Rozier appeals his conviction, after a jury trial, for possession of a
controlled substance with intent to distribute within 1,000 feet of a public school in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 860(a). He argues the government Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 2 of 7
presented insufficient evidence that he constructively possessed the controlled
substances. After careful review, we conclude this argument is without merit and
affirm.
I.
We review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, examining
the evidence in the light most favorable to the government. United States v.
Garcia, 405 F.3d 1260, 1269 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). We must make all
reasonable inferences and credibility choices in favor of the government and the
jury’s verdict. Id. If a reasonable juror could find Rozier guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt under a reasonable construction of the evidence, we must affirm
his conviction. Id.; see also United States v. Faust, 456 F.3d 1342, 1345 (11th Cir.
2006). “It is not necessary that the evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis
of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt.”
Id. (quotation marks omitted).
These standards apply equally to cases built on circumstantial evidence.
United States v. Lyons, 53 F.3d 1198, 1202 (11th Cir. 1995). However, “when the
government relies on circumstantial evidence, reasonable inferences, not mere
speculation, must support the conviction.” United States v. Friske, 640 F.3d 1288,
1291 (11th Cir. 2011) (alteration adopted and quotation marks omitted). “If the
evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution gives equal or
2 Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 3 of 7
nearly equal circumstantial support to a theory of guilt and a theory of innocence
of the crime charged, then a reasonable jury must necessarily entertain a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. Louis, 861 F.3d 1330, 1333 (11th Cir. 2017) (alteration
adopted and quotation marks omitted).
II.
To sustain a conviction under § 841, “the government must prove (1)
knowing (2) possession of a controlled substance (3) with intent to distribute it.”
United States v. Figueroa, 720 F.2d 1239, 1244 (11th Cir. 1983). “Possession may
be actual or constructive, and the latter can be established by evidence showing
ownership, dominion, or control over the contraband itself or the premises on
which it is concealed.” United States v. Montes-Cardenas, 746 F.2d 771, 778
(11th Cir. 1984). As such, it “implies a requirement of knowledge or an awareness
of the object possessed.” United States v. Oscar, 877 F.3d 1270, 1280 (11th Cir.
2017) (quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Derose, 74 F.3d 1177,
1185 (11th Cir. 1996). “Constructive possession . . . can be established by
circumstantial or direct evidence.” Montes-Cardenas, 746 F.2d at 778.
The government built its case on circumstantial evidence. Viewed in the
light most favorable to the government, that evidence sufficed to prove
constructive possession.
3 Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 4 of 7
Law enforcement recovered the drugs at issue—crack-cocaine, powder
cocaine, and marijuana—by searching a private unit in a personal storage facility.
At the time the drugs were recovered, Rozier had been the sole lessee of the unit
for eleven months. His lease did not authorize anyone else to access it. Rozier
secured the unit with a padlock requiring a key, so law enforcement had to cut the
lock to get inside. Beyond that, a manager of the storage facility personally saw
Rozier visit a few times each month. The manager saw him visit alone about half
of the time, carrying cases of beer, soda cans, and water jugs into the unit. The rest
of the time, she saw him visit with others, who sometimes carried boxes of
beverages as well. Also, Rozier entered the storage facility the evening before law
enforcement recovered the narcotics inside it.
Taken together, this evidence of Rozier’s interactions with the storage unit
“would allow a reasonable jury to find that [he] exercised dominion and control of
[it].” See, e.g., United States v. Morales, 868 F.2d 1562, 1564–66, 1573 (11th Cir.
1989) (holding that a reasonable jury could find the defendant exercised dominion
and control over a residence and contraband within it where the government
produced a copy of the lease, which listed the defendant as a resident and was
signed by him; a utility statement listing the defendant as the customer; and two
rent receipts bearing the defendant’s name dated six days before the contraband
was recovered). The fact that others may have accessed Rozier’s unit does not
4 Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 5 of 7
negate this conclusion. See Montes-Cardenas, 746 F.2d at 778 (“Constructive
possession may be shared with others.”).
A jury could also reasonably infer Rozier knew narcotics were in his storage
unit. After clipping the unit’s lock and opening the door, law enforcement
“immediately smelled the odor of marijuana emanating from within” the unit.
Also upon opening the door, law enforcement saw in plain view cocaine in a
transparent plastic container, a digital scale, baggies used for packaging narcotics,
and a bag of marijuana protruding out of a bucket. The unit was relatively small—
five feet wide, six feet high, and eight feet deep—so the jury could infer that
Rozier likely saw the drugs when he visited the prior evening. And when law
enforcement arrested Rozier during a traffic stop a month after searching his
storage unit, officers recovered baggies in the bed of his pickup truck—this time
containing marijuana—that resembled the baggies found in his storage
unit.
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Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-10847 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:17-cr-60211-WPD-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
SPENCER ROZIER,
Defendant-Appellant. ________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(March 5, 2019)
Before MARCUS, MARTIN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Spencer Rozier appeals his conviction, after a jury trial, for possession of a
controlled substance with intent to distribute within 1,000 feet of a public school in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 860(a). He argues the government Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 2 of 7
presented insufficient evidence that he constructively possessed the controlled
substances. After careful review, we conclude this argument is without merit and
affirm.
I.
We review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, examining
the evidence in the light most favorable to the government. United States v.
Garcia, 405 F.3d 1260, 1269 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). We must make all
reasonable inferences and credibility choices in favor of the government and the
jury’s verdict. Id. If a reasonable juror could find Rozier guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt under a reasonable construction of the evidence, we must affirm
his conviction. Id.; see also United States v. Faust, 456 F.3d 1342, 1345 (11th Cir.
2006). “It is not necessary that the evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis
of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt.”
Id. (quotation marks omitted).
These standards apply equally to cases built on circumstantial evidence.
United States v. Lyons, 53 F.3d 1198, 1202 (11th Cir. 1995). However, “when the
government relies on circumstantial evidence, reasonable inferences, not mere
speculation, must support the conviction.” United States v. Friske, 640 F.3d 1288,
1291 (11th Cir. 2011) (alteration adopted and quotation marks omitted). “If the
evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution gives equal or
2 Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 3 of 7
nearly equal circumstantial support to a theory of guilt and a theory of innocence
of the crime charged, then a reasonable jury must necessarily entertain a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. Louis, 861 F.3d 1330, 1333 (11th Cir. 2017) (alteration
adopted and quotation marks omitted).
II.
To sustain a conviction under § 841, “the government must prove (1)
knowing (2) possession of a controlled substance (3) with intent to distribute it.”
United States v. Figueroa, 720 F.2d 1239, 1244 (11th Cir. 1983). “Possession may
be actual or constructive, and the latter can be established by evidence showing
ownership, dominion, or control over the contraband itself or the premises on
which it is concealed.” United States v. Montes-Cardenas, 746 F.2d 771, 778
(11th Cir. 1984). As such, it “implies a requirement of knowledge or an awareness
of the object possessed.” United States v. Oscar, 877 F.3d 1270, 1280 (11th Cir.
2017) (quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Derose, 74 F.3d 1177,
1185 (11th Cir. 1996). “Constructive possession . . . can be established by
circumstantial or direct evidence.” Montes-Cardenas, 746 F.2d at 778.
The government built its case on circumstantial evidence. Viewed in the
light most favorable to the government, that evidence sufficed to prove
constructive possession.
3 Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 4 of 7
Law enforcement recovered the drugs at issue—crack-cocaine, powder
cocaine, and marijuana—by searching a private unit in a personal storage facility.
At the time the drugs were recovered, Rozier had been the sole lessee of the unit
for eleven months. His lease did not authorize anyone else to access it. Rozier
secured the unit with a padlock requiring a key, so law enforcement had to cut the
lock to get inside. Beyond that, a manager of the storage facility personally saw
Rozier visit a few times each month. The manager saw him visit alone about half
of the time, carrying cases of beer, soda cans, and water jugs into the unit. The rest
of the time, she saw him visit with others, who sometimes carried boxes of
beverages as well. Also, Rozier entered the storage facility the evening before law
enforcement recovered the narcotics inside it.
Taken together, this evidence of Rozier’s interactions with the storage unit
“would allow a reasonable jury to find that [he] exercised dominion and control of
[it].” See, e.g., United States v. Morales, 868 F.2d 1562, 1564–66, 1573 (11th Cir.
1989) (holding that a reasonable jury could find the defendant exercised dominion
and control over a residence and contraband within it where the government
produced a copy of the lease, which listed the defendant as a resident and was
signed by him; a utility statement listing the defendant as the customer; and two
rent receipts bearing the defendant’s name dated six days before the contraband
was recovered). The fact that others may have accessed Rozier’s unit does not
4 Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 5 of 7
negate this conclusion. See Montes-Cardenas, 746 F.2d at 778 (“Constructive
possession may be shared with others.”).
A jury could also reasonably infer Rozier knew narcotics were in his storage
unit. After clipping the unit’s lock and opening the door, law enforcement
“immediately smelled the odor of marijuana emanating from within” the unit.
Also upon opening the door, law enforcement saw in plain view cocaine in a
transparent plastic container, a digital scale, baggies used for packaging narcotics,
and a bag of marijuana protruding out of a bucket. The unit was relatively small—
five feet wide, six feet high, and eight feet deep—so the jury could infer that
Rozier likely saw the drugs when he visited the prior evening. And when law
enforcement arrested Rozier during a traffic stop a month after searching his
storage unit, officers recovered baggies in the bed of his pickup truck—this time
containing marijuana—that resembled the baggies found in his storage
unit. Viewed together with evidence of Rozier’s control of the unit and his two
prior convictions for cocaine trafficking and marijuana possession, this evidence
could support a reasonable inference that Rozier knew there were narcotics inside
of his storage unit. See United States v. Barron-Soto, 820 F.3d 409, 419 (11th Cir.
2016) (holding that the jury may weigh a prior conviction for drug trafficking
“against any inference that [the defendant] had no knowledge of the drugs in his
car”); United States v. Wilson, 183 F.3d 1291, 1300 (11th Cir. 1999) (observing
5 Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 6 of 7
that the viewability of contraband is relevant to assessing knowledge of its
presence).
Rozier’s argument that the evidence equally supports a theory of guilt and
theory of innocence does not carry the day. It is true that some evidence of record
could support a theory of Rozier’s innocence. Fingerprints lifted from containers
holding narcotics found in the storage unit, including paint cans, were not Rozier’s.
Rozier’s DNA could not be conclusively linked to DNA removed from the storage
unit. The government presented only three surveillance videos from the storage
facility, none of which showed Rozier carrying the containers law enforcement
later found containing narcotics. A month after Rozier was detained on the
charges underlying this case, law enforcement arrested his son, Andrew, for
possession with intent to deliver marijuana. Officers found 145 bags of marijuana,
65 bags powder cocaine, a container of crack-cocaine, a scale, and a paint can
containing marijuana in the home Rozier and Andrew shared. But law
enforcement did not check to see if Andrew could be seen on the storage facility’s
surveillance footage. Neither did law enforcement check to see if Andrew’s
fingerprints or DNA were on the narcotics or narcotic containers found in the
storage unit.
Yet we do not agree with Rozier that the evidence, viewed in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, equally supports the conclusion that Andrew had been
6 Case: 18-10847 Date Filed: 03/05/2019 Page: 7 of 7
using the storage unit to stash and sell narcotics without Rozier’s knowledge. Cf.
Louis, 861 F.3d at 1333, 1334–35 (reversing § 841 conviction where no evidence
showed that the appellant knew that sealed boxes placed in his car by his boss
contained narcotics). Considering the evidence of Rozier’s control of the unit and
his knowledge of the presence of narcotics in it, a reasonable juror could find that
Rozier constructively possessed the narcotics in the unit, even if he shared that
possession with Andrew. See Montes-Cardenas, 746 F.2d at 778. This is so even
if the government’s evidence did not “exclude every reasonable hypothesis of
[Rozier’s] innocence or [was not] wholly inconsistent with every conclusion
except that of guilt.” Faust, 456 F.3d at 1345.
AFFIRMED.