UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________ ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) v. ) Criminal No. 15-0025 (PLF) ) CHRISTOPHER FORD, et. al. ) ) Defendants. ) ___________________________________ )
OPINION
This matter is before the Court on the government’s motions to admit evidence of
other crimes, wrongs, or acts pursuant to Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence and to
impeach the defendants (should they decide to testify at trial) with their prior convictions under
Rule 609 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. The Court heard oral argument on these motions on
December 16, 2015, and took them under advisement. Upon consideration of the parties’ papers,
the oral arguments presented by counsel, the relevant legal authorities, and the entire record in
this case, the Court will grant in part and deny in part the government’s Rule 404(b) motion and
grant in part and deny in part the government’s Rule 609 motion. 1
1 Relevant papers reviewed by the Court include: Superseding Indictment [Dkt. 40]; Government’s Motion to Admit Other Crimes Evidence Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) Against Defendants Ford, Simmons, Grant, Hager, Fenwick, and Sanders (“Rule 404(b) Mot.”) [Dkt. 86]; Government’s Motion Regarding Rule 609 Admissibility Against Defendants Ford, Simmons, Grant, Hager and Sanders (“Rule 609 Mot.”) [Dkt. 87]; Defendant Grant’s Motion in Opposition to Introduction of 404(b) Evidence (“Grant Opp.”) [Dkt. 88]; Defendant Fenwick’s Opposition to the Government’s Request to Introduce Evidence Pursuant FRE 404(b) (“Fenwick Opp.”) [Dkt. 90]; Defendant Ford’s Opposition to Government’s Motion to Admit Other Crimes Evidence (“Ford Opp. 404(b)”) [Dkt. 95]; Defendant Ford’s Opposition to Government’s Motion to Impeach Defendants With Their Prior Convictions (“Ford Opp. 609”) [Dkt. 96]; Defendant Simmons’s Response in Opposition to Government’s Motion to Introduce 404(b) Evidence (“Simmons Opp.”) [Dkt. 98]; Defendant Sanders Response to Government’s 404(b) Motion (“Sanders Opp.”) [Dkt. 125]; Supplement to I. BACKGROUND
The grand jury returned an indictment charging each of the seven defendants with
one count of participating in a conspiracy to distribute phencyclidine (“PCP”), in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 846. Superseding Indictment at 1-4, 6. It also charged defendants Levon Simmons,
Marcus Fenwick, and Andre Leach with possession with intent to distribute PCP, in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); Fenwick and Simmons with possession, use, and carrying a firearm in
furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1); and Simmons with
unlawful possession of a firearm and ammunition by a prior convicted felon, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Superseding Indictment at 4-6.
The government asks the Court to admit the following evidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts under Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence against six of the seven
defendants:
Defendant Rule 404(b) Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts Simmons 2005 conviction for possession with intent to distribute PCP. Ford 1. Cooperating witness’ testimony about Ford’s sale of PCP to the cooperating witness, Simmons, and Grant before Ford’s arrest in November 2007. 2. November 2007 conviction for possession with intent to distribute PCP. Sanders 2005 conviction for possession with intent to distribute PCP. Fenwick 1. 2012 juvenile adjudication for firearms possession. 2. 2012 uncharged act of firearms possession. Hager 1. 2005 conviction for possession of a firearm during a crime of violence. 2. 2015 arrest for firearms possession. Grant 2007 conviction for armed carjacking.
Defendant Ford’s Opposition to Government’s Motion to Admit Other Crimes Evidence (“Ford Supp. Opp. 404(b)”); Defendant Hager’s Opposition to Government Rule 609 and 404(b) Motions (“Hager Opp.”) [Dkt. 170]; and Government’s Supplemental Comment to the 404(b) Arguments (“Govt. Supp. 404(b)”) [Dkt. 176].
2 Rule 404(b) Mot. at 2-5. 2 The government argues that the probative value of this evidence
outweighs any “potential prejudice to the defendants” because it “demonstrates [each
defendant’s] “ability and knowledge to carry out his alleged role in the conspiracy” and
“provides valuable detail into the relationship between” the defendants as well as their prior
involvement in PCP distribution in or around Savannah Terrace, the location of the alleged
conspiracy. See id. at 6-7, 11, 15. Defendants respond that there is “unfair prejudice” because
“the probative value” of the Rule 404(b) evidence “is exceedingly weak” and it will “taint[]” the
jury’s view of them. See, e.g., Ford 404(b) Opp. at 4.
The government also asks the Court to allow it to impeach five of the defendants
with the following prior convictions should they decide to testify at trial:
Defendant Rule 609 Prior Conviction Simmons Possession with intent to distribute PCP, No. 2005-FEL-01915 (D.C. Sup. Ct.). Ford Possession with intent to distribute PCP, No. 07-cr-345 (D.D.C.). Sanders 1. Unauthorized use of a vehicle, No. 2006-CF2-02116 (D.C. Super. Ct.). 2. Fleeing from law enforcement, No. 2006-CF2-02116 (D.C. Super. Ct.). 3. Destruction of property over $200, No. 2006-CF2-02116 (D.C. Super. Ct.). 4. Possession with intent to distribute PCP, No. 2005-FEL-05382 (D.C. Super. Ct.). Hager 1. Second-degree assault, No. CT121293X (Md. Cir. Ct.). 2. Possession of a firearm during a crime of violence, No. 2005-FEL-0123 (D.C. Super. Ct.). Grant Armed carjacking, No. CT072144X (Md. Cir. Ct.).
Rule 609 Mot. at 2-4. The government argues that these “convictions are particularly probative
where, as here, a defendant’s credibility is a central issue in the case should he or she choose to
2 The government makes no argument that any of the evidence it seeks to admit under Rule 404(b) is admissible as “inexplicably intertwined” or “intrinsic evidence.” See, e.g., United States v. Bowie, 232 F.3d 923, 927-29 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (recognizing “a narrow range of circumstances” where uncharged acts are intrinsic to the charged offense); United States v. Sitzmann, 856 F. Supp. 2d 55, 59 (D.D.C. 2012) (where evidence is intrinsic to the crime charged, it is by definition not “other crimes” evidence and its admissibility is not determined under a Rule 404(b) analysis).
3 testify at trial.” See id. at 4. Defendants respond that (1) the probative value of these
convictions is low due to their age and dissimilarity from the presently charged offenses, and
(2) the risk of prejudice is high because the jury will “focus predominantly on the circumstances
of [the defendant’s] prior crime.” See, e.g., Ford 609 Opp. at 3-4.
II. RULE 404(b)
“In considering the admissibility of other crimes, wrongs, or acts under Rule
404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the Court must apply a two-step analysis.” United
States v. Loza, 764 F. Supp. 2d 55, 57 (D.D.C. 2011). “First, the Court must determine whether
‘the evidence [is] probative of some material issue other than character’ or propensity.” United
States v. Sitzmann, 856 F. Supp. 2d at 61 (quoting United States v. Loza, 764 F. Supp. 2d at 57).
Under Rule 404(b), material issues include but are not limited to “proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” FED. R. EVID.
404(b); see United States v. Loza, 764 F. Supp. 2d at 57. “Furthermore, in this circuit the Rule is
viewed as one of inclusion rather than exclusion.” United States v. Loza, 764 F. Supp. 2d at 57
(citing United States v. Bowie, 232 F.3d 923, 929-30 (D.C. Cir. 2000)).
“Second, if the Court determines that the other crimes evidence is probative in
relation to a legitimate purpose, [it] then must decide whether the evidence nevertheless should
be excluded under Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence because ‘its probative value is
substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the
jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.’” United States
v. Loza, 764 F. Supp. 2d at 57-58 (quoting FED. R. EVID. 403). “Unfair prejudice” means
prejudice above and beyond the normal “harm to the defense” that other crimes evidence
inevitably causes. Id. at 58; accord United States v. Bikundi, No. 14-CR-030, 2015 WL
4 5915481, at *6 (D.D.C. Oct. 7, 2015) (“The danger of unfair prejudice is minimal when the
‘other crimes’ evidence is sufficiently similar to the charged crime as to add ‘no emotional or
other pejorative emphasis not already introduced by the evidence’ of the crime charged in the
indictment.”) (quoting United States v. Straker, 800 F.3d 570, 591 (D.C. Cir. 2015)).
If the government prevails in this two-step analysis, the Rule 404(b) evidence
“would be admitted for a specifically identified purpose and be subject to a limiting instruction
describing to the jury the limited purpose for which such evidence may be considered.” United
States v. Sitzmann, 856 F. Supp. 2d at 61 (citing United States v. Bowie, 232 F.3d at 927-28). If
the government does not prevail and the Court “excludes the proffered ‘other crimes’ evidence
from presentation by the government in its case-in-chief because its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, such evidence may become
admissible on cross-examination of a defendant or in the government’s rebuttal case if the
defense has opened the door to such evidence.” Id. at 62 (collecting gun and drug cases where
the court admitted Rule 404(b) evidence after the defense contested the defendant’s knowledge
about or motive to possess the illegal items).
A. Simmons
The government argues that Simmons’s 2005 conviction for attempted possession
with intent to distribute (“PWID”) PCP “demonstrates his ability and knowledge to carry out his
alleged role in the conspiracy” and, more generally, his knowledge of the drug trade. See Rule
404(b) Mot. at 11. Simmons opposes the government’s motion, arguing that (1) the government
has overwhelming evidence of intent, so it does not need this prior crimes evidence to prove its
case; and, (2) intent is not in dispute. See Simmons Opp. at 3-5 (quoting United States v.
Mitchell, 49 F.3d 769, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (“[I]f intent is formally an element of the crime, but
5 it is nevertheless implausible that the charged acts could have been committed absent the
requisite intent, then intent seems a very weak ground of admission.” (internal quotation marks
omitted)).
Under step one, Simmons’s “past involvement in a [drug distribution] operation is
probative of his intent to possess [drugs] with the intent to distribute it as a part of the charged
conspiracy.” See United States v. Sitzmann, 856 F. Supp. 2d at 64; see also United States v.
Mitchell, 49 F.3d at 775 (“[W]e have frequently upheld the admission of evidence regarding
other drug transactions as relevant to intent in a charged drug transaction.”). It is also “probative
of his opportunity to participate in the instant [conspiracy] offense” because it demonstrates that
he had the relationships necessary to acquire and distribute the drugs in question. See United
States v. Sitzmann, 856 F. Supp. 2d at 63-64. Simmons’s prior PWID PCP conviction is
probative of his present intent to engage in the charged conspiracy. It does not matter that
Simmons does not dispute intent and the government has alternative evidence it could use to
prove intent. “[E]videntiary relevance under Rule 401” is not “affected by the availability of
alternative proofs of the element, such as a defendant's concession or offer to stipulate” because
“the prosecution is entitled to prove its case by evidence of its own choice.” United States v.
Douglas, 482 F.3d 591, 597 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord United
States v. Crowder, 141 F.3d 1202, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“[A] defendant’s offer to stipulate to
an element of an offense does not render the government's other crimes evidence inadmissible
under Rule 404(b) to prove that element, even if the defendant’s proposed stipulation is
unequivocal.”).
Under step two, Simmons argues unfair prejudice on the ground that the
admission of his 2005 conviction for PWID PCP would “taint the jury’s view” of him. See
6 Simmons Opp. at 5. But this is not the kind of “prejudice” that Rule 403 contemplates. See
United States v. Cassell, 292 F.3d 788, 796 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“Virtually all evidence is
prejudicial or it isn’t material. The prejudice must be unfair.”) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Furthermore, Simmons’s 2005 PWID PCP conviction does not “add” any “emotional
or other pejorative emphasis not already introduced by the evidence’ of the crime charged in the
indictment” because the present indictment charges Simmons with PWID PCP. See United
States v. Bikundi, 2015 WL 5915481, at *6; Superseding Indictment at 4. While the admission
of Simmons’s 2005 conviction for PWID PCP is not unfairly prejudicial, the Court is mindful
that the means of proof that the government chooses at the trial could affect the level of
prejudice. Cf. United States v. Briley, 770 F.3d 267, 275-76 (4th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S.
Ct. 1844 (2015). The Court therefore will admit Simmons’s 2005 conviction for PWID PCP but
reserve judgment on how the government may prove this prior crime at trial. 3
B. Ford
The government argues that Ford’s involvement with Simmons and Grant in
distributing PCP prior to 2007—evidence that the government seeks to introduce through a
cooperating witness—demonstrates his “knowledge and ability to give Simmons access to PCP,”
and “gave him an opportunity to become involved in the charged conspiracy.” See Rule 404(b)
Mot. at 11. The government also argues that Ford’s 2007 conviction for PWID PCP is
“indicative of the lack or absence of mistake with respect to Ford’s conversation with Simmons.”
See id. at 12 (citing Dkt. 50, Ford’s Motion to Dismiss, in which Ford argues that he did nothing
“more than sell marijuana to Mr. Simmons”). Ford opposes the government’s Rule 404(b)
3 The Court likewise reserves judgment for trial about the government’s means of proof for other Rule 404(b) and Rule 609 evidence that it permits the government to introduce in this case.
7 motion, arguing that both his 2007 conviction and the cooperating witness testimony “do[] not
make a conspiracy any more likely in the present case.” See Ford Opp. 404(b) at 2.
Ford’s uncharged involvement with Simmons and Grant in distributing PCP prior
to 2007, under step one, is probative of the relationship among the defendants charged in the
present indictment and thus goes to his opportunity to become involved in the charged
conspiracy and the ability to give drugs to Simmons. See United States v. Sitzmann, 856 F.
Supp. 2d at 64 (prior bad acts admissible in conspiracy case if they explain “background,
formation, and development of the illegal relationship” and “help the jury understand the basis
for the co-conspirators’ relationship of mutual trust”) (internal citations omitted). Ford
misunderstands Rule 404(b) step one analysis when he demands that the government’s evidence
“make a conspiracy . . . more likely in the present case.” Ford 404(b) Opp. at 2. Under step one
it is only necessary that the government’s Rule 404(b) evidence is probative of a material issue in
the case and “not offered solely to prove character or criminal propensity.” See United States v.
Loza, 764 F. Supp. 2d at 57. The cooperator’s testimony here meets that test because it is
probative of the relationship among the defendants charged in the present indictment and Ford’s
opportunity to become involved in this conspiracy with Grant and Simmons.
Under step two, Ford argues that the cooperating witness’ testimony is “unfairly
prejudic[ial]” and will “taint[] Mr. Ford’s character at trial.” See Ford 404(b) Opp. at 4. Again,
such run-of-the-mill prejudice that accompanies the admission of any prior crimes, wrongs, or
bad acts under Rule 404(b) is not the “prejudice” that Rule 403 contemplates. See United States
v. Cassell, 292 F.3d at 796; United States v. Bikundi, 2015 WL 5915481, at *6. The Court
therefore will permit the government to offer a cooperating witness’ testimony concerning Ford’s
uncharged involvement with Simmons and Grant in distributing PCP prior to 2007.
8 Turning to Ford’s 2007 PWID PCP conviction, the Court’s analysis largely
mirrors that of the analysis it applied to Simmons’s 2005 PWID PCP conviction. Ford’s 2007
PWID PCP conviction “is probative of his opportunity to participate in the instant offense,” as
well as of his intent to do so. It shows how Ford previously had the relationships necessary to
acquire and distribute PCP in Savannah Terrace. See United States v. Sitzmann, 856 F. Supp. 2d
at 63; see also United States v. Mitchell, 49 F.3d at 775. Ford attempts unsuccessfully in his
opposition to distinguish Sitzmann, arguing that his 2007 PWID PCP conviction is not a
conspiracy conviction and does not involve any of his present co-defendants. See Ford 404(b)
Opp. at 3. The Rule 404(b) step one analysis in Sitzmann, however, did not turn on those facts,
which served only to amplify the probative value of the prior crime in that case. See 856 F.
Supp. 2d at 63-64. It is sufficient under Rule 404(b) step one that Ford’s 2007 PWID PCP
conviction is probative of a non-propensity material issue such as opportunity or intent.
Under step two, Ford again argues that the 2007 PWID PCP conviction is
“unfairly prejudic[ial]” and will “taint[] Mr. Ford’s character at trial.” See Ford 404(b) Opp. at
4. While the present indictment does not charge Ford with PWID PCP, it does charge him with
conspiracy to possess PCP with the intent to distribute it. Superseding Indictment at 2. The
government’s introduction of his 2007 PWID PCP conviction therefore does not “add” any
“emotional or other pejorative emphasis not already introduced by the evidence’ of the crime
charged in the indictment,” see United States v. Bikundi, 2015 WL 5915481, at *6, and the Court
will admit it. See also United States v. Cassell, 292 F.3d at 796.
C. Sanders
The government seeks to admit Sanders’s 2005 conviction for PWID PCP
because it “demonstrate[s] his ability and knowledge to contribute to the conspiracy and is
9 indicative of the lack of absence of mistake as to what the members of the conspiracy want to
cut.” See Rule 404(b) Mot. at 12 (here, the government alleges that “cut[ting]” PCP involves
diluting it). Sanders opposes the government’s Rule 404(b) motion, arguing that “the current
indictment [is] very different from the decade old street sale of a PCP dipped cigarette” where
Sanders was found to have been in possession of one quarter ounce of PCP, and that the issues of
“knowledge, [] intent, and absence of mistake . . . are not really in dispute in any real sense.”
See Sanders Opp. at 1-3.
Under step one, Sanders’s past involvement in PCP distribution is probative of his
intent and opportunity to engage in the present conspiracy. See supra at §§ II(A); II(B)
(discussing same for Simmons and Ford). Likewise, the lack of a dispute about intent does not
render the government’s Rule 404(b) evidence on intent immaterial. See id. at § II(A)
(discussing same for Simmons). Sanders makes no argument under step two that he would suffer
the unfair prejudice contemplated by Rule 403 if the court admits his 2005 conviction for PWID
PCP, and the Court finds none. The Court therefore will admit Sanders’s 2005 conviction for
PWID PCP.
D. Fenwick
Fenwick is charged in Count Seven of the Superseding Indictment with using,
carrying, or possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1). The government argues that both Fenwick’s 2012 juvenile adjudication for firearms
possession and his 2012 uncharged act of firearms possession are “highly probative” as to
whether Fenwick possessed the firearm as charged in the Superseding Indictment and his
“knowledge and intent with respect to that possession.” See Rule 404(b) Mot. at 13. Fenwick
opposes the motion, conceding under step one that his 2012 arrest and juvenile adjudication is
10 probative but disputing that the 2012 uncharged act is “reliable” because it “involved two
individuals and one gun.” See Fenwick Opp. at 2. Fenwick also argues that both pieces of
evidence are unnecessary because he “admitted that [the gun] was his” when arrested on May 21,
2014, and the other crimes evidence does nothing to “prove that the firearm[] furthered drug
trafficking.” See id. at 3.
As a preliminary matter, the Court must first decide whether juvenile
adjudications can ever be probative under Rule 404(b). Rule 609 states that “[e]vidence of a
juvenile adjudication is admissible under this rule only if,” inter alia, “the adjudication was of a
witness other than the defendant.” See FED. R. EVID. 609(d), (d)(2) (emphasis added). The D.C.
Circuit has rejected the argument that it should read “the policies of rule 609(d)” that disfavor
introducing prior juvenile adjudications “into the plain language of rule 404(b).” See United
States v. Rogers, 918 F.2d 207, 210 (D.C. Cir. 1990). In Rogers, the Court admitted a juvenile
adjudication under Rule 404(b) because Rule 609(d)’s prohibition on juvenile adjudications
“governs only the admissibility of evidence introduced for impeachment of a witness,” and
“[e]vidence not introduced to attack a witness’[] credibility falls outside the rule’s scope.” Id. at
211. It declined the defendant’s invitation to “conflate” Rules 404(b) and 609. Id. Fenwick’s
2012 juvenile adjudication for firearms possession is therefore probative under Rule 404(b).
Under step one, the Court concludes that Fenwick’s 2012 arrest and juvenile
adjudication for firearms possession is probative of his intent to possess firearms in the instant
case. See United States v. Bell, 795 F.3d 88, 99 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“Knowledge of firearms is a
permissible purpose under Rule 404(b).”); United States v. Cassell, 292 F.3d at 794-95 (“A prior
history of intentionally possessing guns . . . is certainly relevant to the determination of whether
a person . . . on the occasion under litigation knew what he was possessing and intended to do
11 so.”). It is irrelevant that Fenwick admitted to owning the gun because the government’s
alternative means of proof do not render its Rule 404(b) evidence immaterial. See supra at
§ II(A) (discussing same for Simmons).
Under step two, Fenwick makes no argument that he would suffer the unfair
prejudice contemplated by Rule 403 if the court admits his 2012 juvenile adjudication for
firearms possession, and the Court finds none. The Court therefore will admit Fenwick’s 2012
juvenile adjudication for firearms possession as Rule 404(b) evidence.
As for Fenwick’s 2012 uncharged act of firearms possession, it fails under step
one because the evidence is so unreliable that a factfinder could not find it probative of a
material issue in the case. In its description of this uncharged act, the government represents
only that police observed two individuals each remove a handgun from his person and then run
away from police in Savannah Terrace; but the police recovered only one firearm. See Rule
404(b) Mot. at 4. The government never indicates that it can prove that Fenwick possessed the
firearm that the police recovered, see id., a critical linkage necessary for the evidence to have any
probative value. The Court therefore will exclude Fenwick’s 2012 uncharged act of firearms
possession.
E. Hager
Hager is charged in Count One of the Superseding Indictment with conspiracy to
distribute PCP. See Superseding Indictment at 2-3. He is not charged with a firearms offense.
The government argues that Hager’s 2005 conviction for possession of a firearm during a crime
of violence (robbery) and his 2015 arrest for firearms possession should be admitted under Rule
404(b) because they “inform a factfinder as to whether Hager had the knowledge and intent to
commit th[e] overt acts” of firearms possession in furtherance of the charged conspiracy. See
12 Rule 404(b) Mot. at 13-14. The government’s motion specifies that those overt acts include
“moving firearms on behalf of Simmons.” See id. at 13. But the Superseding Indictment in this
case lists no overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy for any of the defendants, see
Superseding Indictment at 2-4, and was not required to do so as a matter of law. See 21 U.S.C.
§ 846; United States v. Shabani, 513 U.S. 10, 17 (1994) (“[T]he plain language of the statute and
settled interpretive principles reveal that proof of an overt act is not required to establish a
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846.”). Hager opposes the motion, arguing that “[n]othing about the
2004 offense makes it more likely than not that Mr. Hager committed the instant offense” and
that the government’s only purpose is propensity. See Hager Opp. at 1-2.
Both Hager’s 2005 conviction for possession of a firearm during a crime of
violence and his 2015 arrest for firearms possession fail step one: They are not probative under
Rule 404(b). As noted, Hager is not charged with a firearms offense and the Superseding
Indictment does not list Hager’s overt acts. The only reason Hager even knows what overt acts
the government thinks he engaged in is because the Court ordered the government to produce a
bill of particulars. See ORDER at 1 (June 15, 2015) [Dkt. 65]. In the Court’s view, prior firearms
possession is not probative of a material issue in a case where an individual is not charged with a
firearms offense, is not seen with a firearm, and in which no overt act relating to firearms is
listed in the indictment. The Court is aware of no drug conspiracy cases where the defendant
against whom the government seeks to admit prior firearms charges under Rule 404(b) is not
charged with a firearms offense, other than those where the Court found the prior firearms
charges to be intrinsic to the charged conspiracy. See, e.g., United States v. York, No. CV 14-
323-22, 2015 WL 6181404, at *1-2 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 20, 2015). That is not the case here. See
supra note 2.
13 The government attempts to argue that prior firearms offenses are probative of the
intent to conspire to distribute narcotics because guns and drugs go hand-in-hand. See Rule
404(b) Mot. at 10 n.3. The D.C. Circuit has suggested as much, but never in the context of
considering the admissibility of Rule 404(b) evidence. See, e.g., United States v. Booker, 436
F.3d 238, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (the defendant’s “indisputable ‘dominion and control over’ the
drugs further supports [the] conclusion that he ‘constructively possessed the nearby gun” and
that, as a drug dealer, the defendant “doubtlessly had a motive to carry a gun to protect himself
and his illicit assets”); United States v. McLendon, 378 F.3d 1109, 1113 & n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2004)
(“[G]uns and drugs go together in drug trafficking.”). At the motions hearing on December 16,
2015, the government argued that Hager’s prior firearms offenses were relevant to knowledge,
i.e., that he knows that the term “dog” means a firearm because he previously possessed
firearms. The Court disagrees because the government makes no claim that Hager used the term
“dog” in his prior firearms offenses. The Court invited the government to identify a drug
conspiracy case where the defendant was not charged with a firearms offense but the government
was successful at admitting his prior firearms offenses under Rule 404(b). The government
identified no such case for the Court and chose to “rest[] on its motion and argument.” See Govt.
Supp. 404(b) at 3. The Court therefore will exclude both Hager’s 2005 conviction for possession
of a firearm during a crime of violence and his 2015 arrest for firearms possession.
F. Grant
Like Hager, the government argues that Grant’s 2007 conviction for armed
carjacking “is highly probative as to whether he possessed firearms during the time frame of and
for the benefit of the conspiracy.” See Rule 404(b) Mot. at 15; see also id. at 15 n.4 (“Grant
possessed firearms in and around Savannah Terrace”). As with Hager, the Superseding
14 Indictment does not charge Grant with a firearms offense and does not list any overt acts Grant
took in furtherance of the conspiracy. See Superseding Indictment at 2-4. For the same reasons
the Court excluded Hager’s prior firearms arrest and conviction, the Court will exclude Grant’s
2007 conviction for armed carjacking. A prior firearms offense is not probative of a material
issue in a case where an individual is not charged with a firearms offense, is not seen with a
firearm, and in which no overt act relating to firearms is listed in the indictment.
III. RULE 609
Rule 609 of the Federal Rules of Evidence allows “for the admission of a
defendant’s prior convictions for purposes of impeachment, so long as the ‘crime . . . was
punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year’ (that is, it was a felony), and
‘the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect.’” United States v. Moore,
75 F. Supp. 3d 444, 453 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting FED. .R. EVID. 609(a)(1)). In addition, the Rule
permits the admission of convictions for crimes where the punishment is less than one year if the
conviction for the crime required proof of “a dishonest act or false statement.” FED. .R. EVID.
609(a)(2). The Rule also sets a higher bar for felonies where “more than 10 years have passed
since the witness’s conviction or release from confinement for it, whichever is later.” FED. .R.
EVID. 609(b); accord United States v. Pettiford, 238 F.R.D. 33, 39 (D.D.C. 2006) (the date of the
defendant’s “release[] from the confinement imposed following” the prior conviction is the date
the Court uses for “purposes of the Rule 609(b) time-period calculation”).
The government bears the burden of showing “that the probative value of a prior
conviction outweighs the prejudice to the defendant.” United States v. Lipscomb, 702 F.2d
1049, 1063 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (en banc). “[W]here [the Court] has already concluded that the jury
should hear about these prior convictions under Rule 404(b),” it does not need to consider their
15 prejudicial effect for Rule 609 impeachment purposes. See United States v. Moore, 75 F. Supp.
3d at 456. “In making the probative v. unfair prejudice determination,” one judge has suggested
that among the factors to consider are: “(1) the kind of crime involved; (2) when the conviction
occurred; (3) the importance of the witness' testimony to the case; (4) the importance of the
credibility of the defendant; and (5) generally, the impeachment value of the prior crime.”
United States v. Pettiford, 238 F.R.D. at 41 (internal quotation marks omitted). The theory
behind Rule 609 is that exclusion of “otherwise admissible evidence” on the issue of credibility
“would permit an accused to appear before a jury as a person whose character entitles him to
complete credence when his criminal record stands as direct testimony to the contrary.” United
States v. Lewis, 626 F.2d 940, 950 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
The government seeks to introduce prior convictions under Rule 609 of the
Federal Rules of Evidence against five of the seven defendants should they decide to testify at
trial. There is no dispute that almost all of the government’s proffered convictions are felonies
because each is “punishable by . . . imprisonment for more than one year,” see FED .R. EVID.
609(a)(1): (1) Ford’s federal conviction for PWID PCP, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(viii)
(setting a five-year mandatory minimum for the quantity of PCP that Ford was convicted of in
his 2007 federal criminal case); (2, 3) Simmons and Sanders’s 2005 District of Columbia
convictions for PWID PCP, see D.C. CODE ANN. § 48-904.01(d)(2) (2012 Repl.) (“Any person
who violates this subsection by knowingly or intentionally possessing the abusive drug
phencyclidine in liquid form is guilty of a felony . . . .”); (4) Grant’s 2007 Maryland conviction
for armed carjacking, see MD. CODE ANN. § 3-405(d) (“A person who violates this section is
guilty of a felony and on conviction is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 30 years.”);
(5) Hager’s 2013 Maryland conviction for second-degree assault, see MD. CODE ANN. § 3-203(b)
16 (“[A] person who violates subsection (a) of this section is guilty of the misdemeanor of assault in
the second degree and on conviction is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 10 years . . . .”);
(6) Hager’s 2005 District of Columbia conviction for possession of a firearm during a crime of
violence, see D.C. CODE § 22-4504(b) (2012 Repl.) (“Upon conviction of a violation of this
subsection, the person may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not to exceed 15 years and
shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a mandatory-minimum term of not less than 5 years
. . . .”); (7) Sanders’s 2006 District of Columbia conviction for unauthorized use of a vehicle,
see D.C. CODE § 22-3215(d)(1) (2012 Repl.) (“[A] person convicted of unauthorized use of a
motor vehicle . . . shall be . . . imprisoned for not more than 5 years.”); and, (8) Sanders’s 2006
District of Columbia conviction for destruction of property over $200, see D.C. CODE § 22-303
(2001) (“Whoever maliciously injures or breaks or destroys . . . any public or private property,
whether real or personal, not his or her own, of the value of $200 or more . . . shall be imprisoned
for not more than 10 years . . . .”).
The only exception is Sanders’s 2006 District of Columbia conviction for fleeing
from law enforcement, which is either a felony or a misdemeanor in the District of Columbia
depending on the circumstances of the crime. Compare D.C. Code Ann. § 50-2201.05b(b)(1)
(2012 Repl.), with D.C. Code Ann. § 50-2201.05b(b)(2); see Pelote v. District of Columbia, 21
A.3d 599, 604 (D.C. 2011). The government’s motion does not specify that Sanders’s
conviction is a felony and the Court therefore will exclude it under Rule 609.
Each of the government’s proffered prior convictions appears to be within Rule
609(b)’s ten-year time limit. While certain convictions took place in 2005 and 2006 and
therefore may be more than ten years old, the government represents that “the defendants have
been free from confinement . . . for a term of less than 10 years.” See Rule 609 Mot. at 3; see
17 also United States v. Pettiford, 238 F.R.D. at 39 (holding that Rule 609(b)’s ten-year period runs
from the defendant’s release from confinement for the prior conviction). Neither Simmons nor
Sanders filed an opposition to the government’s Rule 609 motion, and Hager does not dispute the
government’s representation. See Hager Opp. at 3. Unless defendants provide contrary evidence
prior to trial, the Court will accept the government’s uncontested representation that Simmons,
Sanders, and Hager have been “free from confinement” for their 2005 and 2006 convictions “for
a term of less than ten years.” See Rule 609 Mot. at 3. It therefore declines to impose Rule
609(b)’s more stringent safeguards for older convictions on the admission of those prior
convictions.
The admissibility of the defendants’ prior convictions therefore turns on whether
“the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect.” FED. R. EVID. 609(a)(2).
The Court need not engage in this balancing with regard to those prior convictions it has already
determined it would admit under Rule 404(b) because that Rule requires the Court to find under
the more stringent standard of Rule 403 that the “probative value is [not] substantially
outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.” See United States v. Moore, 75 F. Supp. 3d at
456 & n.13 (quoting FED. R. EVID. 403). “[T]he Court could not agree” with defendants
balancing arguments where they have “already been considered and dealt with in the Court’s
Rule 404(b) analysis.” Id. at 456; see also id. at 456 (collecting federal circuit court cases
declining to find prejudice based on the government’s additional use of a prior conviction for
Rule 609 purposes where the trial court had already permitted the prior conviction for use in the
government’s case-in-chief under Rule 404(b)). The Court therefore will admit the prior PWID
PCP convictions of Simmons, Ford, and Sanders for impeachment purposes under Rule 609.
18 The Rule 609 balance tips in favor of admitting each of the remaining five prior
convictions for impeachment purposes: (1) Grant’s Maryland conviction for armed carjacking;
(2) Hager’s Maryland conviction for second-degree assault; (3) Hager’s District of Columbia
conviction for possession of a firearm during a crime of violence; (4) Sanders’s District of
Columbia conviction for unauthorized use of a vehicle; and, (5) Sanders’s District of Columbia
conviction for destruction of property over $200. “[E]ven though” each of the remaining “prior
crimes do not involve explicit ‘dishonest act[s]’ or ‘false statement[s],’ these crimes still say
something about [the defendant’s] ability to be truthful while under oath.” United States v.
Moore, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 455. Like the robbery in United States v. Libscomb, most of the
convictions the government seeks to introduce here were for “serious crime[s] that show
conscious disregard for the rights of others.” See 702 F.2d at 1071. As in Moore, a defendant’s
credibility in this case will be “central to the trial” if he chooses to testify, because “what [he]
might say in his own defense—e.g., the gun wasn’t mine, the drugs were for personal use—could
play a significant role in the jury’s verdict.” See United States v. Moore, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 455.
Neither Grant nor Sanders filed an opposition to the government’s Rule 609
motion and did not adopt Ford or Hager’s oppositions, thereby conceding both the probative
value of their prior convictions and the lack of prejudice from the admission of those
convictions. Grant and Sanders also did not present any arguments in response to the
government’s Rule 609 motion at the December 16, 2015 hearing. Hager filed an opposition
and, with regard to probative value, argues that he “pleaded guilty” to both prior crimes and
therefore the convictions do not “raise[] inferences about his credibility.” Hager Opp. at 3.
Hager’s acceptance of responsibility for his crimes, however, does not change the fact that these
are “serious crime[s] that show conscious disregard for the rights of others,” see United States v.
19 Libscomb, 702 F.2d at 1070-71, and crimes that “say something about [Hager’s] ability to be
truthful while under oath.” See United States v. Moore, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 455. It therefore is
clear to the Court that each of these five prior convictions of Grant, Sanders, and Hager have
some probative value. With regard to prejudice, Hager argues that his prior convictions are
prejudicial under Rule 403 by simply quoting the Rule, see Hager Opp at 3, but that is the wrong
standard. The Court concludes that “the probative value of” each of these five prior convictions
of Grant, Sanders, and Hager “outweighs [each’s] prejudicial effect.” See FED. R. EVID.
609(a)(2). The only remaining question is whether the cumulative prejudicial effect of admitting
both of Hager’s prior convictions tips the balance too far towards prejudice. The court therefore
will determine at the time of trial whether to admit only one but not both of his prior convictions.
The Court therefore will permit the government to introduce for impeachment
purposes under Rule 609 each of the prior convictions that it has proffered, except for:
(1) Sanders’s 2006 District of Columbia conviction for fleeing from law enforcement, which the
Court will not permit the government to introduce; and, (2) Hager’s two prior convictions, which
the Court will provisionally permit the government to introduce.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court will grant in part and deny in part the
government’s Rule 404(b) and Rule 609 motions. An Order consistent with this Opinion shall
issue this same day.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ PAUL L. FRIEDMAN United States District Judge DATE: January 21, 2016