UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 17-4550
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
SHAKINA JANAE OATES,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh. Louise W. Flanagan, District Judge. (5:16-cr-00117-FL-1)
Submitted: April 13, 2018 Decided: May 2, 2018
Before DUNCAN, AGEE, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.
Dismissed in part and affirmed in part by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Louis C. Allen, Acting Federal Public Defender, Greensboro, North Carolina, Jennifer C. Leisten, Research & Writing Attorney, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. Robert J. Higdon, Jr., United States Attorney, Jennifer P. May-Parker, Kristine L. Fritz, Assistant United States Attorneys, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Shakina Janae Oates appeals the 36-month sentence imposed following her guilty
plea to mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (2012). On appeal, Oates argues that
the district court plainly erred in imposing a six-level Sentencing Guidelines
enhancement for a loss amount exceeding $40,000 and that her upward-departure
sentence is substantively unreasonable. The Government argues, and Oates contests, that
her challenge to the loss amount enhancement is barred by the appeal waiver provision in
her plea agreement. The Government also argues that Oates’ sentence is substantively
reasonable. For the reasons that follow, we dismiss the appeal in part and affirm in part.
Generally, we review a sentence, “whether inside, just outside, or significantly
outside the Guidelines range,” for reasonableness “under a deferential abuse-of-discretion
standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). This standard encompasses
review for both procedural and substantive reasonableness. United States v. Howard, 773
F.3d 519, 528 (4th Cir. 2014). We first consider whether the district court committed
significant procedural error, such as improperly calculating the Guidelines range,
insufficiently considering the 18 § 3553(a) (2012) factors, or inadequately explaining the
sentence imposed. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. If we find no procedural error, we also must
consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence in view of the totality of the
circumstances. Id. The sentence imposed must be “sufficient, but not greater than
necessary,” to satisfy the purposes of sentencing. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
Although Oates’ challenge to the loss amount enhancement raises a question of
procedural reasonableness, we conclude this issue is barred by Oates’ appeal waiver. We
2 review de novo the validity of an appeal waiver. United States v. Copeland, 707 F.3d
522, 528 (4th Cir. 2013). We will enforce a waiver if it is valid and the issue appealed
falls within the waiver’s scope. United States v. Davis, 689 F.3d 349, 355 (4th Cir.
2012). A waiver is valid if it is knowing and voluntary, considering the totality of the
circumstances. Copeland, 707 F.3d at 528.
Oates does not argue that her waiver is invalid, and our review of the record
indicates that it was both knowing and voluntary. See United States v. Thornsbury, 670
F.3d 532, 537 (4th Cir. 2012). Instead, Oates contends that her challenge to the loss
amount enhancement falls outside the scope of the waiver. “In determining whether an
appellate waiver provision bars consideration of the issues raised in a particular appeal,
we interpret the terms of the parties’ plea agreement in accordance with traditional
principles of contract law.” United States v. Yooho Weon, 722 F.3d 583, 588 (4th Cir.
2013). Because a guilty plea pursuant to a plea agreement “implicates a defendant’s
constitutional rights,” we review plea agreements “with greater scrutiny than we would
apply to a commercial contract and hold the Government to a greater degree of
responsibility than the defendant for imprecisions or ambiguities in plea agreements.”
United States v. Davis, 714 F.3d 809, 814-15 (4th Cir. 2013) (alteration and internal
quotation marks omitted).
We find Oates’ challenges to the waiver squarely foreclosed by United States v.
McLaughlin, 813 F.3d 202 (4th Cir. 2016). In McLaughlin, we held that an appeal
waiver identical to the waiver provision included in Oates’ plea agreement was not
ambiguous, but instead plainly “allows challenges to upward departures from a
3 Guidelines range, but not challenges to the establishment of a Guideline range.” Id. at
204-05. As we recognized in McLaughlin, a challenge to a Guidelines enhancement
“relates to the establishment of the Guidelines range” and thus “lies at the heart of the
waiver clause” within that provision. Id. at 204. Although the appellant in McLaughlin
did not question the substantive reasonableness of her sentence, that fact had little bearing
on our construction of the appeal waiver’s operative language. See id. And while Oates
also attempts to rely on United States v. Rhodes, 665 F. App’x 275, 276 (4th Cir. 2016)
(No. 15-4624), to argue that McLaughlin’s rationale does not apply to her, that
unpublished opinion is both nonbinding and readily distinguishable. Because we
conclude that Oates’ Guidelines challenge is barred by her appeal waiver, we dismiss the
portion of the appeal challenging her loss amount enhancement.
Turning to the substantive reasonableness of the court’s upward departure, we
must “consider whether the sentencing court acted reasonably both with respect to its
decision to impose such a sentence and with respect to the extent of the divergence from
the sentencing range.” United States v. Washington, 743 F.3d 938, 944 (4th Cir. 2014)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “The farther the court diverges from the advisory
[G]uideline[s] range, the more compelling the reasons for the divergence must be.”
United States v. Tucker, 473 F.3d 556, 561 (4th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks
omitted). However, we must “give due deference to the district court’s decision that the
§ 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the variance.” United States v. Zuk,
874 F.3d 398, 409 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[E]ven though we
might reasonably conclude that a different sentence is appropriate, that conclusion,
4 standing alone, is an insufficient basis to vacate the district court’s chosen sentence.” Id.
(alterations and internal quotation marks omitted).
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 17-4550
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
SHAKINA JANAE OATES,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh. Louise W. Flanagan, District Judge. (5:16-cr-00117-FL-1)
Submitted: April 13, 2018 Decided: May 2, 2018
Before DUNCAN, AGEE, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.
Dismissed in part and affirmed in part by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Louis C. Allen, Acting Federal Public Defender, Greensboro, North Carolina, Jennifer C. Leisten, Research & Writing Attorney, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. Robert J. Higdon, Jr., United States Attorney, Jennifer P. May-Parker, Kristine L. Fritz, Assistant United States Attorneys, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Shakina Janae Oates appeals the 36-month sentence imposed following her guilty
plea to mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (2012). On appeal, Oates argues that
the district court plainly erred in imposing a six-level Sentencing Guidelines
enhancement for a loss amount exceeding $40,000 and that her upward-departure
sentence is substantively unreasonable. The Government argues, and Oates contests, that
her challenge to the loss amount enhancement is barred by the appeal waiver provision in
her plea agreement. The Government also argues that Oates’ sentence is substantively
reasonable. For the reasons that follow, we dismiss the appeal in part and affirm in part.
Generally, we review a sentence, “whether inside, just outside, or significantly
outside the Guidelines range,” for reasonableness “under a deferential abuse-of-discretion
standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). This standard encompasses
review for both procedural and substantive reasonableness. United States v. Howard, 773
F.3d 519, 528 (4th Cir. 2014). We first consider whether the district court committed
significant procedural error, such as improperly calculating the Guidelines range,
insufficiently considering the 18 § 3553(a) (2012) factors, or inadequately explaining the
sentence imposed. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. If we find no procedural error, we also must
consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence in view of the totality of the
circumstances. Id. The sentence imposed must be “sufficient, but not greater than
necessary,” to satisfy the purposes of sentencing. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
Although Oates’ challenge to the loss amount enhancement raises a question of
procedural reasonableness, we conclude this issue is barred by Oates’ appeal waiver. We
2 review de novo the validity of an appeal waiver. United States v. Copeland, 707 F.3d
522, 528 (4th Cir. 2013). We will enforce a waiver if it is valid and the issue appealed
falls within the waiver’s scope. United States v. Davis, 689 F.3d 349, 355 (4th Cir.
2012). A waiver is valid if it is knowing and voluntary, considering the totality of the
circumstances. Copeland, 707 F.3d at 528.
Oates does not argue that her waiver is invalid, and our review of the record
indicates that it was both knowing and voluntary. See United States v. Thornsbury, 670
F.3d 532, 537 (4th Cir. 2012). Instead, Oates contends that her challenge to the loss
amount enhancement falls outside the scope of the waiver. “In determining whether an
appellate waiver provision bars consideration of the issues raised in a particular appeal,
we interpret the terms of the parties’ plea agreement in accordance with traditional
principles of contract law.” United States v. Yooho Weon, 722 F.3d 583, 588 (4th Cir.
2013). Because a guilty plea pursuant to a plea agreement “implicates a defendant’s
constitutional rights,” we review plea agreements “with greater scrutiny than we would
apply to a commercial contract and hold the Government to a greater degree of
responsibility than the defendant for imprecisions or ambiguities in plea agreements.”
United States v. Davis, 714 F.3d 809, 814-15 (4th Cir. 2013) (alteration and internal
quotation marks omitted).
We find Oates’ challenges to the waiver squarely foreclosed by United States v.
McLaughlin, 813 F.3d 202 (4th Cir. 2016). In McLaughlin, we held that an appeal
waiver identical to the waiver provision included in Oates’ plea agreement was not
ambiguous, but instead plainly “allows challenges to upward departures from a
3 Guidelines range, but not challenges to the establishment of a Guideline range.” Id. at
204-05. As we recognized in McLaughlin, a challenge to a Guidelines enhancement
“relates to the establishment of the Guidelines range” and thus “lies at the heart of the
waiver clause” within that provision. Id. at 204. Although the appellant in McLaughlin
did not question the substantive reasonableness of her sentence, that fact had little bearing
on our construction of the appeal waiver’s operative language. See id. And while Oates
also attempts to rely on United States v. Rhodes, 665 F. App’x 275, 276 (4th Cir. 2016)
(No. 15-4624), to argue that McLaughlin’s rationale does not apply to her, that
unpublished opinion is both nonbinding and readily distinguishable. Because we
conclude that Oates’ Guidelines challenge is barred by her appeal waiver, we dismiss the
portion of the appeal challenging her loss amount enhancement.
Turning to the substantive reasonableness of the court’s upward departure, we
must “consider whether the sentencing court acted reasonably both with respect to its
decision to impose such a sentence and with respect to the extent of the divergence from
the sentencing range.” United States v. Washington, 743 F.3d 938, 944 (4th Cir. 2014)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “The farther the court diverges from the advisory
[G]uideline[s] range, the more compelling the reasons for the divergence must be.”
United States v. Tucker, 473 F.3d 556, 561 (4th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks
omitted). However, we must “give due deference to the district court’s decision that the
§ 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the variance.” United States v. Zuk,
874 F.3d 398, 409 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[E]ven though we
might reasonably conclude that a different sentence is appropriate, that conclusion,
4 standing alone, is an insufficient basis to vacate the district court’s chosen sentence.” Id.
(alterations and internal quotation marks omitted).
The Sentencing Guidelines permit an upward departure based on the inadequacy
of a defendant’s criminal history category “[i]f reliable information indicates that the
defendant’s criminal history category significantly under-represents the seriousness of the
defendant’s criminal history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other
crimes.” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4A1.3(a)(1), p.s. (2016). Relevant
considerations include prior sentences not used in computing the defendant’s criminal
history category, the nature of her prior offenses, and her likelihood of recidivism in light
of prior lenient treatment she received. See USSG § 4A1.3(a)(2), cmt. n.2(B) &
background, p.s. The court may properly base a USSG § 4A1.3(a), p.s., departure on
prior convictions too old to be counted in calculating the defendant’s criminal history.
Howard, 773 F.3d at 529; see United States v. Rusher, 966 F.2d 868, 882 (4th Cir. 1992).
Oates argues that the court imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence because
it focused exclusively on her criminal history and failed to credit the mitigating factors
supporting a lower sentence. She contends that her criminal history is insufficient to
place her in the worst two percent of fraud offenders who received upward departures,
thereby creating unwarranted disparities with similarly situated defendants. Ultimately,
she asserts that the court’s reasoning for departing upward was insufficient to support the
sentence imposed.
We find these arguments unpersuasive. Oates’ criminal history generated 26
criminal history points—twice the points needed to qualify her for criminal history
5 category VI, see USSG ch. 5, pt. A (sentencing table)—and included numerous
additional, unscored prior convictions for fraud-related offenses. These unscored
convictions were not particularly severe, but they demonstrated a clear pattern of
fraudulent conduct that was largely unabated over the course of Oates’ adult life, despite
repeated lenient treatment by the state courts. Although Oates argued that she had ceased
her fraudulent conduct for a period of several years before beginning her mail fraud
offense, she incurred an additional state conviction for conduct occurring during this
period and undertook her extended mail fraud offense within five years after completing
a state prison term of several years. These factors support the district court’s conclusion
that Oates’ criminal history score substantially underrepresented her criminal history and
likelihood of committing similar crimes in the future.
Oates argues that only approximately two percent of fraud offenders receive
upward departure sentences, and that the nature and circumstances of her run-of-the-mill
offense conduct does not place her within these “worst of the worst” among fraud
offenders. However, Oates provides nothing to suggest that other fraud offenders are
similarly situated. As the district court recognized, Oates’ mail fraud offenses required a
new degree of craftiness, and her financial profile suggested that she had not yet
accomplished her goal of learning to live within her means. In light of her history, the
court’s significant concern for Oates’ likelihood of recidivism and the need to deter
future misconduct, to promote respect for the law, and to protect the public was well-
taken, notwithstanding Oates’ positive attributes and voluntary efforts at rehabilitation.
6 We have recognized that a court may abuse its discretion by placing undue
emphasis on a single sentencing factor that is “only tangentially connected” to the
defendant’s criminal conduct and at the expense of other relevant factors. Zuk, 874 F.3d
at 410. Here, however, the court clearly explained why it concluded that a Guidelines
sentence was not appropriate, demonstrating that it had considered Oates’ arguments in
mitigation and credited these arguments when declining to depart to the extent requested
by the Government. In view of the myriad aggravating and mitigating factors presented
by the parties, we conclude that the district court acted within its discretion in imposing a
modest upward departure only three months above the original Guidelines range. Cf.
United States v. McCoy, 804 F.3d 349, 352 (4th Cir. 2015) (upholding upward departure
and collecting similar cases).
Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal in part, insofar as Oates challenges her
Guidelines enhancement for loss amount, and affirm in part, insofar as Oates challenges
the substantive reasonableness of her sentence. We dispense with oral argument because
the facts and legal contentions are adequately before this court and argument would not
aid the decisional process.
DISMISSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART