18-2325-cr United States v. Ruff
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 14th day of November, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: ROBERT A. KATZMANN, Chief Judge, CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, Circuit Judge, JEFFREY ALKER MEYER, District Judge.*
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 18-2325-cr
WILLIAM RUFF,
Defendant-Appellant.
For Defendant-Appellant: Molly Corbett, James P. Egan, Assistant Federal Public Defenders, Lisa A. Peebles, Federal Public Defender, Albany, NY.
* Judge Jeffrey Alker Meyer of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut sitting by designation.
1 For Appellee: Thomas R. Sutcliffe, Assistant United States Attorney, for Grant C. Jaquith, United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of
New York (Mordue, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED IN PART and VACATED IN
PART and REMANDED.
William Ruff appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (Mordue, J.), entered July 31, 2018, following a plea of guilty, convicting
him on eight counts of distributing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(2)(A)
and (b)(1), and sentencing him principally to a term of 120 months in prison and twenty years of
supervised release. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural
history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
I. Special Condition of Supervised Release Requiring Employer Notification
Ruff argues that we should vacate “Special Condition 7” of the terms of his supervised
release, which requires that Ruff notify future employers of the nature of his conviction and the
fact that it was facilitated by the use of a computer if his employment requires the use of a
computer. As Ruff received notice of this condition prior to sentencing and failed to object to it, 1
we review the district court’s imposition of it for plain error. See United States v. Dupes, 513 F.3d
1 All of the special conditions adopted by the district court in this case, including Special Condition 7, were recommended in the Probation Department’s Presentence Investigation Report, and during the sentencing hearing, defense counsel acknowledged having received a copy. 2 338, 343 & n.2 (2d Cir. 2008). 2 Under the plain error standard, Ruff bears the burden of showing:
“(1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3)
the error affected [his] substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome
of the district court proceedings; and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010).
We find that Ruff has met this burden. All special conditions of supervised release must be
“reasonably related” to the statutory factors governing the selection of sentences and “involve[]
no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary.” United States v. Sofsky, 287 F.3d
122, 126 (2d Cir. 2002). A court’s power to impose occupational restrictions, like the condition at
issue here, is further limited to circumstances where “a reasonably direct relationship existed
between the defendant’s occupation, business, or profession and the conduct relevant to the offense
of conviction” and the “imposition of such a restriction is reasonably necessary to protect the
public because there is reason to believe that, absent such restriction, the defendant will continue
to engage in unlawful conduct similar to that for which the defendant was convicted.” U.S.S.G. §
5F1.5(a). Ruff has only ever held employment in the food services industry. There is no evidence
that he has used a workplace computer to access child pornography and therefore no evidence that
any “relationship existed between [Ruff’s] occupation” and the conduct relevant to the offense at
issue. Moreover, in a recent case, this Court vacated the condition at issue here, a requirement that
the defendant “notify [] prospective employer[s] of the nature of his conviction and the fact that
his conviction was facilitated by the use of a computer,” concluding that “the relationship between
the restrictions on [defendant’s] employment and [defendant’s] offense and circumstances” was
2 Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks, alterations, footnotes, and citations are omitted.
3 not sufficiently apparent. United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181, 187, 195 (2d Cir. 2017). In light
of the limitations stated in U.S.S.G. § 5F1.5(a) and our decision in Jenkins, we find that imposition
of Special Condition 7 was error and that the error was plain. Moreover, because the error involved
the imposition of a highly restrictive condition without justification, the error affected the outcome
of the district court proceedings, and it would seriously affect the integrity of judicial proceedings
for the condition to remain. See United States v. Bleau, 930 F.3d 35, 42-43 (2d Cir. 2019) (per
curiam) (concluding that the district court committed plain error in imposing a special condition
of supervised release prohibiting a defendant from direct contact with minors without conducting
an individualized assessment of the necessity of the condition or adequately explaining the reasons
for imposing it).
Our conclusion is without prejudice to the authority of the district court pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 3583(e)(2) to modify Ruff’s conditions of supervised release to require that Ruff advise
his probation officer whether his employment entails access to a computer that could be used to
access child pornography over the internet so that the probation officer may then consider whether
it is appropriate to recommend to the district court a further modification of the terms of supervised
release to add any additional conditions that are reasonably tailored to protect the employer and
the public. See United States v. Parisi, 821 F.3d 343, 347 (2d Cir. 2016) (per curiam).
II. Substantive Reasonableness
We review the length of a district court’s sentence for reasonableness, which has both
substantive and procedural dimensions, and amounts to review for abuse of discretion.
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18-2325-cr United States v. Ruff
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 14th day of November, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: ROBERT A. KATZMANN, Chief Judge, CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, Circuit Judge, JEFFREY ALKER MEYER, District Judge.*
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 18-2325-cr
WILLIAM RUFF,
Defendant-Appellant.
For Defendant-Appellant: Molly Corbett, James P. Egan, Assistant Federal Public Defenders, Lisa A. Peebles, Federal Public Defender, Albany, NY.
* Judge Jeffrey Alker Meyer of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut sitting by designation.
1 For Appellee: Thomas R. Sutcliffe, Assistant United States Attorney, for Grant C. Jaquith, United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of
New York (Mordue, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED IN PART and VACATED IN
PART and REMANDED.
William Ruff appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (Mordue, J.), entered July 31, 2018, following a plea of guilty, convicting
him on eight counts of distributing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(2)(A)
and (b)(1), and sentencing him principally to a term of 120 months in prison and twenty years of
supervised release. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural
history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
I. Special Condition of Supervised Release Requiring Employer Notification
Ruff argues that we should vacate “Special Condition 7” of the terms of his supervised
release, which requires that Ruff notify future employers of the nature of his conviction and the
fact that it was facilitated by the use of a computer if his employment requires the use of a
computer. As Ruff received notice of this condition prior to sentencing and failed to object to it, 1
we review the district court’s imposition of it for plain error. See United States v. Dupes, 513 F.3d
1 All of the special conditions adopted by the district court in this case, including Special Condition 7, were recommended in the Probation Department’s Presentence Investigation Report, and during the sentencing hearing, defense counsel acknowledged having received a copy. 2 338, 343 & n.2 (2d Cir. 2008). 2 Under the plain error standard, Ruff bears the burden of showing:
“(1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3)
the error affected [his] substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome
of the district court proceedings; and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010).
We find that Ruff has met this burden. All special conditions of supervised release must be
“reasonably related” to the statutory factors governing the selection of sentences and “involve[]
no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary.” United States v. Sofsky, 287 F.3d
122, 126 (2d Cir. 2002). A court’s power to impose occupational restrictions, like the condition at
issue here, is further limited to circumstances where “a reasonably direct relationship existed
between the defendant’s occupation, business, or profession and the conduct relevant to the offense
of conviction” and the “imposition of such a restriction is reasonably necessary to protect the
public because there is reason to believe that, absent such restriction, the defendant will continue
to engage in unlawful conduct similar to that for which the defendant was convicted.” U.S.S.G. §
5F1.5(a). Ruff has only ever held employment in the food services industry. There is no evidence
that he has used a workplace computer to access child pornography and therefore no evidence that
any “relationship existed between [Ruff’s] occupation” and the conduct relevant to the offense at
issue. Moreover, in a recent case, this Court vacated the condition at issue here, a requirement that
the defendant “notify [] prospective employer[s] of the nature of his conviction and the fact that
his conviction was facilitated by the use of a computer,” concluding that “the relationship between
the restrictions on [defendant’s] employment and [defendant’s] offense and circumstances” was
2 Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks, alterations, footnotes, and citations are omitted.
3 not sufficiently apparent. United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181, 187, 195 (2d Cir. 2017). In light
of the limitations stated in U.S.S.G. § 5F1.5(a) and our decision in Jenkins, we find that imposition
of Special Condition 7 was error and that the error was plain. Moreover, because the error involved
the imposition of a highly restrictive condition without justification, the error affected the outcome
of the district court proceedings, and it would seriously affect the integrity of judicial proceedings
for the condition to remain. See United States v. Bleau, 930 F.3d 35, 42-43 (2d Cir. 2019) (per
curiam) (concluding that the district court committed plain error in imposing a special condition
of supervised release prohibiting a defendant from direct contact with minors without conducting
an individualized assessment of the necessity of the condition or adequately explaining the reasons
for imposing it).
Our conclusion is without prejudice to the authority of the district court pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 3583(e)(2) to modify Ruff’s conditions of supervised release to require that Ruff advise
his probation officer whether his employment entails access to a computer that could be used to
access child pornography over the internet so that the probation officer may then consider whether
it is appropriate to recommend to the district court a further modification of the terms of supervised
release to add any additional conditions that are reasonably tailored to protect the employer and
the public. See United States v. Parisi, 821 F.3d 343, 347 (2d Cir. 2016) (per curiam).
II. Substantive Reasonableness
We review the length of a district court’s sentence for reasonableness, which has both
substantive and procedural dimensions, and amounts to review for abuse of discretion. See United
States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 187 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc). Substantive reasonableness is judged
in light of the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v. Rattoballi, 452 F.3d 127, 132
(2d Cir. 2006) (abrogated in part on other grounds by Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85
4 (2007)). Given the broad range suggested by the factors of § 3553(a), our duty “is not to identify
the ‘right’ sentence but, giving due deference to the district court’s exercise of judgment, to
determine whether the sentence imposed falls within the broad range that can be considered
reasonable under the totality of the circumstances.” United States v. Jones, 531 F.3d 163,174 (2d
Cir. 2008). Accordingly, we will “set aside a district court’s substantive determination only in
exceptional cases where the trial court’s decision cannot be located within the range of permissible
decisions.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189.
Ruff argues that the district court, in determining sentence, gave undue weight to the nature
of the offense and the need to protect the public while failing to consider important mitigating
factors. According to Ruff, given his low risk of recidivism and the court’s ability to protect the
public by imposing special conditions of supervised release, a sentence of ten years’ imprisonment
was substantively unreasonable. We disagree. Unlike in United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181,
188 (2d Cir. 2017) (vacating a 225-month sentence of imprisonment imposed in a child
pornography case with a 240-month statutory maximum) and United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d
174, 188 (2d Cir. 2010) (vacating a 240-month sentence of imprisonment imposed a child
pornography case with a 240-month statutory maximum)—the two cases on which Ruff
principally relies—the district court here sentenced Ruff to just 120 months, or 31 months below
the bottom of the Guidelines range and 120 months below the statutory maximum, see 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252A(b)(1). At 120 months, Ruff’s sentence falls within the range of sentences this Court has
found reasonable in cases involving similar offenses. See, e.g., United States v. Aumais, 656 F.3d
147, 156-57 (2d Cir. 2011) (upholding a 121-month sentence for possessing and transporting child
pornography); United States v. Gill, 739 F. App’x 75, 76-77 (2d Cir. 2018) (summary order)
(upholding a 121-month sentence for receipt of child pornography); United States v. Pulsifer, 469
5 F. App’x 41, 44 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order) (upholding a 121-month sentence for transporting
and distributing child pornography).
Moreover, during the sentencing hearing, the district court weighed the mitigating factors
that Ruff identifies, including the risk of recidivism, Ruff’s lack of criminal history, the absence
of evidence that Ruff assaulted minors, Ruff’s employment history, and his willingness to seek
treatment. Although the district court gave substantial weight to several countervailing
considerations in determining the sentence, including Ruff’s admission that he could not state with
certainty that he would not act on his sexual attraction to minors, the weight to be afforded the
various mitigating and aggravating factors in any given case “is a matter firmly committed to the
discretion of the sentencing judge.” United States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 32 (2d Cir. 2006)
(abrogated on other grounds by Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338 (2007)); see also Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007) (“The fact that the appellate court might reasonably have concluded
that a different sentence was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the district court.”).
Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the judgment as to the length of
the sentence imposed, VACATE the judgment insofar as it imposed a special condition of
supervised release requiring the defendant to notify an employer concerning his conviction if the
employment required use of a computer, and REMAND with directions to strike that condition of
supervised release.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk