NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 17a0360n.06
Case No. 16-5929
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED Jun 22, 2017 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN RONNIE MCCALL, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE ) Defendant-Appellant. )
OPINION
BEFORE: SILER, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Ronnie Lee McCall challenges one count of his
conviction related to the sale of his daughters to another man for illegal sex and the production of
child pornography. He also challenges his sentence—life imprisonment—for procedural
reasonableness. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the conviction and sentence.
I
Ronnie and Connie McCall had custody of four children in Tennessee. The couple
abused drugs. In 2011, David Berry approached the McCalls about having their minor daughters
do some “modeling” for him. The parents agreed, brought over two of their girls, and allowed
Berry to take pornographic photographs of the children. The girls were given $50, which was
turned over to Ronnie McCall. This initial transaction began an ongoing arrangement between Case No. 16-5929, United States v. McCall
the McCalls and Berry in which three of the McCalls’ daughters were raped by Berry and forced
into posing for pornographic pictures in exchange for money given to the parents. The children
endured this cycle of abuse for roughly eighteen months.
Most relevant to this appeal, Connie and Ronnie McCall sent T.G., age 16, to Berry’s
apartment to have sex with him and pose for sexually explicit photographs on approximately
40 occasions. T.G. gave the money she received for her visits to Ronnie and Connie McCall.
The parents knew Berry took pornographic photographs of and had sex with T.G. in exchange
for the money. On one occasion, Berry asked the McCalls if he could take T.G. to Myrtle Beach
with him for the weekend. They agreed, and arranged for the trip. In Myrtle Beach, Berry raped
T.G. and took pornographic pictures of her. Afterwards, Berry gave her $800, which she gave to
Ronnie McCall. The McCalls also allowed Berry to sexually assault and take pornographic
pictures of their 12- and 14-year-old daughters on multiple occasions.
In 2012, the Office of Child Safety discovered evidence of neglect and drug use and
removed all four children from the McCalls’ residence and placed them in foster care. Connie
and Ronnie McCall were arrested on felony child-neglect charges and released after posting
bond. Meanwhile, T.G. told her new caregivers about the sexual abuse she had suffered while in
the McCalls’ custody, and police investigated. At Berry’s residence, the investigators discovered
a computer with over 300 pornographic images of T.G. and her younger sisters. The next day,
Berry committed suicide. The McCalls fled and were eventually arrested as they attempted to
make their way into Canada.
Following their arrest, a federal grand jury charged the McCalls with four counts: (1)
selling a child by a parent or guardian for purposes of producing child pornography in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 2251A; (2) producing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a); (3)
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producing child pornography by a parent in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(b); and (4) using a
facility of interstate commerce to coerce a child to engage in illegal sexual activity in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). Connie McCall pled guilty to the third count, testified against her husband,
and was ultimately sentenced to 216 months’ imprisonment.
Ronnie McCall went to trial. At the close of the government’s evidence, McCall made a
motion for acquittal. In response, the prosecution clarified the evidence it had presented as to
each count. The prosecution said that Count One pertained T.G. and her trip with Berry to
Myrtle Beach, Count Two related to Berry’s production of child pornography in Tennessee with
T.G., Count Three related to McCall’s participation in producing pornographic images of his 12-
year-old daughter, and Count Four related to the inducement of his 14-year-old daughter to
engage in sexual activity with Berry. The court denied the motion and the jury convicted McCall
on all four counts.
Prior to sentencing, the U.S. Probation Office prepared a Presentence Report. The report
calculated Ronnie’s advisory Guidelines range as life imprisonment based on a total offense
level of 43 and criminal history category of II. In calculating the offense level, the report stated
that Counts Two, Three, and Four had three victims each—rather than the single victim that the
prosecution had identified in response to McCall’s motion for acquittal. There were no
objections to the Guidelines range calculations.
At sentencing, the district court considered the report and all relevant sentencing factors.
The court was unequivocal in its conclusion that McCall should receive a life sentence. When
considering the seriousness of the offense, the court did not mince words: “It’s been 36 years
now since I began my law practice . . . and in all those 36 years, I’ve never encountered a case
with facts as horrible as these.” R. 194, Sent. Tr., PID 1944–45. Indeed, the court said that
-3- Case No. 16-5929, United States v. McCall
“even if the advisory guideline range were something less than life . . . the seriousness of the
offense alone would justify a life sentence.” Id. at PID 1945. Accordingly, after taking into
account the Guidelines range and other sentencing factors, the court imposed a life sentence.
McCall appeals, challenging his conviction for violating 18 U.S.C. § 2251A (Count One)
and claiming that the district court improperly calculated his sentencing Guidelines range.
II
Sufficiency of the Evidence. 18 U.S.C. § 2251A makes it unlawful to sell or otherwise
transfer custody or control of a minor “with the knowledge that, as a consequence of the sale or
transfer, the minor will be portrayed in a visual depiction engaging in, or assisting another person
to engage in, sexually explicit conduct.” McCall was convicted for violating this provision by
transferring custody of T.G. to Berry for the trip to Myrtle Beach where he raped her and made
pornographic images of her.
On appeal, McCall argues that the government failed to show that he knew Berry would
be taking sexually explicit videos or photos of T.G. when they arranged for that trip. This
failure, McCall says, means that we cannot sustain his conviction for violating 18 U.S.C.
§ 2251A because the government did not prove the “knowledge” element of the offense. In
other words, although “McCall knew David Berry was having sex with T.G.—he even exhorted
her to comply with Mr.
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 17a0360n.06
Case No. 16-5929
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED Jun 22, 2017 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN RONNIE MCCALL, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE ) Defendant-Appellant. )
OPINION
BEFORE: SILER, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Ronnie Lee McCall challenges one count of his
conviction related to the sale of his daughters to another man for illegal sex and the production of
child pornography. He also challenges his sentence—life imprisonment—for procedural
reasonableness. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the conviction and sentence.
I
Ronnie and Connie McCall had custody of four children in Tennessee. The couple
abused drugs. In 2011, David Berry approached the McCalls about having their minor daughters
do some “modeling” for him. The parents agreed, brought over two of their girls, and allowed
Berry to take pornographic photographs of the children. The girls were given $50, which was
turned over to Ronnie McCall. This initial transaction began an ongoing arrangement between Case No. 16-5929, United States v. McCall
the McCalls and Berry in which three of the McCalls’ daughters were raped by Berry and forced
into posing for pornographic pictures in exchange for money given to the parents. The children
endured this cycle of abuse for roughly eighteen months.
Most relevant to this appeal, Connie and Ronnie McCall sent T.G., age 16, to Berry’s
apartment to have sex with him and pose for sexually explicit photographs on approximately
40 occasions. T.G. gave the money she received for her visits to Ronnie and Connie McCall.
The parents knew Berry took pornographic photographs of and had sex with T.G. in exchange
for the money. On one occasion, Berry asked the McCalls if he could take T.G. to Myrtle Beach
with him for the weekend. They agreed, and arranged for the trip. In Myrtle Beach, Berry raped
T.G. and took pornographic pictures of her. Afterwards, Berry gave her $800, which she gave to
Ronnie McCall. The McCalls also allowed Berry to sexually assault and take pornographic
pictures of their 12- and 14-year-old daughters on multiple occasions.
In 2012, the Office of Child Safety discovered evidence of neglect and drug use and
removed all four children from the McCalls’ residence and placed them in foster care. Connie
and Ronnie McCall were arrested on felony child-neglect charges and released after posting
bond. Meanwhile, T.G. told her new caregivers about the sexual abuse she had suffered while in
the McCalls’ custody, and police investigated. At Berry’s residence, the investigators discovered
a computer with over 300 pornographic images of T.G. and her younger sisters. The next day,
Berry committed suicide. The McCalls fled and were eventually arrested as they attempted to
make their way into Canada.
Following their arrest, a federal grand jury charged the McCalls with four counts: (1)
selling a child by a parent or guardian for purposes of producing child pornography in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 2251A; (2) producing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a); (3)
-2- Case No. 16-5929, United States v. McCall
producing child pornography by a parent in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(b); and (4) using a
facility of interstate commerce to coerce a child to engage in illegal sexual activity in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). Connie McCall pled guilty to the third count, testified against her husband,
and was ultimately sentenced to 216 months’ imprisonment.
Ronnie McCall went to trial. At the close of the government’s evidence, McCall made a
motion for acquittal. In response, the prosecution clarified the evidence it had presented as to
each count. The prosecution said that Count One pertained T.G. and her trip with Berry to
Myrtle Beach, Count Two related to Berry’s production of child pornography in Tennessee with
T.G., Count Three related to McCall’s participation in producing pornographic images of his 12-
year-old daughter, and Count Four related to the inducement of his 14-year-old daughter to
engage in sexual activity with Berry. The court denied the motion and the jury convicted McCall
on all four counts.
Prior to sentencing, the U.S. Probation Office prepared a Presentence Report. The report
calculated Ronnie’s advisory Guidelines range as life imprisonment based on a total offense
level of 43 and criminal history category of II. In calculating the offense level, the report stated
that Counts Two, Three, and Four had three victims each—rather than the single victim that the
prosecution had identified in response to McCall’s motion for acquittal. There were no
objections to the Guidelines range calculations.
At sentencing, the district court considered the report and all relevant sentencing factors.
The court was unequivocal in its conclusion that McCall should receive a life sentence. When
considering the seriousness of the offense, the court did not mince words: “It’s been 36 years
now since I began my law practice . . . and in all those 36 years, I’ve never encountered a case
with facts as horrible as these.” R. 194, Sent. Tr., PID 1944–45. Indeed, the court said that
-3- Case No. 16-5929, United States v. McCall
“even if the advisory guideline range were something less than life . . . the seriousness of the
offense alone would justify a life sentence.” Id. at PID 1945. Accordingly, after taking into
account the Guidelines range and other sentencing factors, the court imposed a life sentence.
McCall appeals, challenging his conviction for violating 18 U.S.C. § 2251A (Count One)
and claiming that the district court improperly calculated his sentencing Guidelines range.
II
Sufficiency of the Evidence. 18 U.S.C. § 2251A makes it unlawful to sell or otherwise
transfer custody or control of a minor “with the knowledge that, as a consequence of the sale or
transfer, the minor will be portrayed in a visual depiction engaging in, or assisting another person
to engage in, sexually explicit conduct.” McCall was convicted for violating this provision by
transferring custody of T.G. to Berry for the trip to Myrtle Beach where he raped her and made
pornographic images of her.
On appeal, McCall argues that the government failed to show that he knew Berry would
be taking sexually explicit videos or photos of T.G. when they arranged for that trip. This
failure, McCall says, means that we cannot sustain his conviction for violating 18 U.S.C.
§ 2251A because the government did not prove the “knowledge” element of the offense. In
other words, although “McCall knew David Berry was having sex with T.G.—he even exhorted
her to comply with Mr. Berry’s demands for sex over five times,” and even though “McCall
knew David Berry sometimes took lewd pictures of T.G.,” the government failed to show
McCall knew T.G. “would be” portrayed in child pornography when he sent her with Berry to
Myrtle Beach in exchange for money. Appellant Br. at 18.
When a defendant challenges a conviction for sufficiency of the evidence, we review de
novo. United States v. Wright, 774 F.3d 1085, 1088 (6th Cir. 2014). We sustain a conviction if
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“any rational trier of fact could have found the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original). The jury has
“broad discretion in deciding what inferences to draw from the evidence presented at trial,
requiring only that jurors draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.”
Coleman v. Johnson, 132 S. Ct. 2060, 2064 (2012) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). Thus, even “[c]ircumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a
conviction.” United States v. Winkle, 477 F.3d 407, 413 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v.
Brown, 147 F.3d 477, 489 (6th Cir. 1998)).
Here, the government presented more than adequate evidence from which a rational juror
could draw the reasonable inference that McCall knew Berry would make pornographic images
of T.G. during the trip to Myrtle Beach. The government established that McCall was aware that
Berry regularly took pornographic images of his children, including T.G., and forced them to
perform sexual acts in exchange for money. In fact, evidence was presented that he was
instrumental in arranging these exchanges and was the major financial beneficiary of the girls’
exploitation. Thus, a rational juror could conclude McCall was aware that the ongoing pattern of
child pornography production would continue during—and was a purpose of—the trip he helped
arrange to Myrtle Beach. That is, a juror could conclude from the evidence presented that
McCall knew Berry would create pornographic images of T.G. when they traveled there—even
if the government did not present any direct evidence of that intention at the time the deal was
struck. This reasonable inference is sufficient to sustain McCall’s conviction for violating
18 U.S.C. § 2251A.
Sentencing Guidelines Calculation. Second, McCall challenges his sentence for
procedural reasonableness based on the calculation of his advisory sentencing Guidelines range.
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Because McCall did not previously object to the Guidelines range, we review for plain error.
United States v. Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 872–73 (6th Cir. 2004); Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). To show
plain error, McCall must prove the existence of (1) an error (2) which was obvious, (3) affected
his substantial rights, and (4) seriously affected the fairness or public reputation of the judicial
system. See Molina-Martinez v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1338, 1343 (2016).
McCall claims that the calculated range was based on an incorrect offense level because
the presentence report based its advisory range on three victims for counts two through four even
though, during trial, the prosecution specifically identified one victim for each count in response
to McCall’s motion for acquittal. According to McCall, the resultant one-point increase in his
offense level incorrectly upped his advisory Guidelines range from “360 months to life” to
“Life.” Accordingly, McCall asks us to vacate and remand for resentencing.
We find no error in the Guidelines range calculation. It is well established that, at
sentencing, a court is to consider all conduct relevant to the conviction, including uncharged
conduct. See U.S.S.G. §§ 1B1.3, 1B1.1(H). In particular, for convictions under 18 U.S.C.
§§ 2251(a) and (b) and 2422(b) (counts two through four), the Guidelines require the creation of
“pseudo-counts;” that is, the exploitation of each minor victim is treated as “a separate count of
conviction,” whether the conduct related to each victim “is specifically cited” in the count of
conviction or not. U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(d)(1) & comment. (n.6); id. § 2G2.1(d)(1) & comment.
(n.5); see United States v. Martin, 291 F. App’x 765, 769–70 (6th Cir. 2008). Here, the evidence
was more than sufficient to support the district court’s conclusion that each child was a victim of
the conduct for which McCall was convicted under counts two through four. Thus, the district
court was required to treat each victim separately for those counts. Further, to the extent that
McCall’s argument could be construed as a challenge to the district court’s application of the
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grouping rules found in § 3D1.2, counts two and three are excluded from grouping. U.S.S.G.
§ 3D1.2(d)(1) (specifically excluding offenses controlled by § 2G2.1(d)(1) from being grouped);
see Martin, 291 F. App’x at 771. Nor did the district court err by not grouping the count four
pseudo-counts. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2, comment (backg’d.) (“Counts involving different victims . . .
are grouped together only as provided in subsection (c) or (d).”). In short, McCall has not shown
error in the calculation of his Guidelines range.
Further, even assuming that the applicable Guidelines range was incorrect, the outcome
would not change in this case. Ordinarily, an error in calculating the advisory Guidelines range
could call an imposed sentence into question because courts use the recommended Guidelines
range as the “lodestar” in determining an appropriate sentence—adjusting a final sentence up or
down based on the initially recommended range. See Molina-Martinez, 136 S. Ct. at 1346. But
where a sentence is imposed irrespective of the advisory Guidelines range, an error in calculating
that range does not, without more, invalidate the sentence. Id. at 1346–47. This is because
“[t]here may be instances when, despite application of an erroneous Guidelines range, a
reasonable probability of prejudice does not exist.” Id. at 1346; see also United States v.
Morrison, 852 F.3d 488, 491 (6th Cir. 2017). That is,
[t]he record in a case may show . . . that the district court thought the sentence it chose was appropriate irrespective of the Guidelines range. Judges may find that some cases merit a detailed explanation of the reasons the selected sentence is appropriate. And that explanation could make it clear that the judge based the sentence he or she selected on factors independent of the Guidelines. The Government remains free to “poin[t] to parts of the record”—including relevant statements by the judge—“to counter any ostensible showing of prejudice the defendant may make.” Molina-Martinez, 136 S. Ct. at 1346–47 (quoting United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55, 68 (2002)).
In such an “unusual circumstance,” showing there was an error in an advisory Guidelines range
is not enough to show the defendant suffered prejudice. See id. at 1347.
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The record in this case contains the “unusual circumstance” Molina-Martinez described.
Here, the court gave McCall a life sentence based on a detailed explanation of factors
independent of the advisory Guidelines range. See R. 194, Sent. Tr., PID 1943–50. Specifically,
the court found that the seriousness of the offense, general and specific deterrent effects, and the
total absence of any mitigating factors all called for a life sentence. Id.; see also 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553; U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1. Indeed, the court said it would have found a life sentence proper
“even if the range were something less than life.” R. 194, Sent. Tr., PID 1945. Thus, even if
McCall were able to show his advisory range was incorrectly calculated, he has not shown the
“reasonable probability of a different outcome” under a reduced Guidelines range.1 See Molina-
Martinez, 136 S. Ct. at 1346.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm McCall’s conviction and sentence.
1 And while not dispositive, it is worth noting that even if the court were to recalculate McCall’s Guidelines range as he requests, a life sentence would remain within the new range. Given the sentencing court’s certainty that McCall deserved life imprisonment for his crimes and the fact that the recalculated range would continue to include life imprisonment, it is unrealistic to think the court would impose a lower sentence on remand. -8-