United States v. Reynolds

27 F. App'x 60
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedNovember 20, 2001
DocketNos. 01-1202L, 01-1253XAP
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 27 F. App'x 60 (United States v. Reynolds) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Reynolds, 27 F. App'x 60 (2d Cir. 2001).

Opinion

SUMMARY ORDER

AFTER ARGUMENT AND UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the judgment of conviction entered by the District Court is AFFIRMED; it is further ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the Appellant’s sentence is VACATED and the case REMANDED for resentencing.

Defendant-Appellant Merton Reynolds appeals from a judgment of conviction entered on April 19, 2001, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Alvin K. Hellerstein, Judge) for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The United States cross-appeals for review of Mr. Reynolds’ sentence. After review, we conclude that Mr. Reynolds was properly convicted and thus affirm his conviction; however, because the District Court applied an improper provision of the Sentencing Guidelines, we vacate Mr. Reynolds’ sentence and remand for resentencing.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Mr. Reynolds was convicted of a single count of possessing a firearm after having previously been convicted of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Mr. Reynolds owns and maintains three apartment buildings in the northwest area of the Bronx. On April 10, 2000, he was arrested following an altercation with a tenant, David Hunter. Mr. Hunter claimed that Mr. Reynolds assaulted him with a handgun, striking him in the face with the gun after a dispute about Mr. Hunter’s failure to vacate the apartment. Mr. Reynolds denies striking Mr. Hunter and claimed at trial that the handgun was actually Mr. Hunter’s, and that he took the gun from Mr. Hunter in self-defense. After a three-day trial and three days of deliberation, the jury convicted Mr. Reynolds of possession of a handgun in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), which prohibits persons previously convicted of a felony from possessing handguns. As a predicate offense for this conviction, the government proffered a certified copy of a judgment of conviction showing that in 1985 Mr. Reynolds pled guilty to criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree.

In sentencing Mr. Reynolds, the District Court applied U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(7) of the Sentencing Guidelines which applies to offenses for unlawful possession of firearms but does not carry an enhancement for the prior felony conviction. Mr. Reynolds was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 15 [62]*62months, followed by two years of supervised release.

DISCUSSION

I. Mr. Reynolds’ Conviction

Mr. Reynolds raises three claims attacking his conviction. First, he contends that the government deprived him of his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination when it referred to the fact that Mr. Reynolds failed to speak at the time of his arrest. During cross-examination, the Assistant United States Attorney inquired why Mr. Reynolds failed to claim at the time of his arrest — as he did at trial — that the gun was not his but was taken from Hunter in self-defense. This line of inquiry followed an opening statement in which Mr. Reynolds claimed that police officers prevented him from telling his story at the time of his arrest and direct testimony from Mr. Reynolds to the same effect. Thus, as Mr. Reynolds placed his post-arrest actions and silence at issue, he cannot now claim his constitutional rights were violated when the government sought to cross-examine him on that issue. See Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49 L.Ed.2d 91., 619 n. 11 (1976); Leecan v. Lopes, 893 F.2d 1434, 1441 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 929, 110 S.Ct. 2627, 110 L.Ed.2d 647 (1990). Moreover, as Mr. Reynolds had received no assurances from the government that his silence would not be used against him, reference by the government to his post-arrest silence in cross-examination or in summation does not implicate his due process rights. See Fletcher v. Weir, 455 U.S. 603, 607, 102 S.Ct. 1309, 71 L.Ed.2d 490 (1982) (“In the absence of the sort of affirmative assurances embodied in the Miranda warnings, we do not believe that it violates due process of law for a State to permit cross-examination as to postarrest silence when a defendant chooses to take the stand.”).

Mr. Reynolds’ next claim is that he was deprived of a fair trial because Mr. Hunter testified with a Jamaican accent which might have been difficult for jurors to understand. Because Mr. Reynolds failed to contend at trial that Mr. Hunter’s testimony was not sufficiently clear, we review for plain error, which will be found only “in those circumstances in which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993) (internal quotations omitted). Here, the record reveals, inter alia, that the court actively intervened to ensure the clarity of Mr. Hunter’s testimony and provided a written transcript throughout the jurors, deliberations. Thus, there is no reason to suspect that jural difficulty with Mr. Hunter’s testimony so undermined the fairness of the proceeding that a new trial is warranted.

Finally, Mr. Reynolds’ third claim — that the trial judge displayed such antipathy to his counsel that the fairness of the trial was undermined — is without merit. Accordingly, having reviewed Reynolds’ claims on appeal and finding no basis for ordering a new trial, we affirm the judgment of conviction entered against Mr. Reynolds.

II. Mr. Reynolds’ Sentence

The United States cross-appeals, requesting that we vacate the sentence imposed by the District Court. In sentencing Mr. Reynolds, the court issued a written Memorandum and Order of Sentencing, setting forth the bases upon which Mr. Reynolds’ sentence was calculated. The court applied § 2K2.1(a)(7), a provision which applies to persons convicted of firearm offenses, but who have no prior convictions. The court, however, recognized that Mr. Reynolds’ 1985 conviction for a drug offense was a “controlled sub[63]*63stance offense,” which qualified him for sentencing under § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) of the Guidelines. Had that section been applied, Mr. Reynolds would have qualified for a base offense level of 20 rather than the level 12 actually applied. The court recognized that § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) was dictated by the Guidelines, but refused to apply it, finding that justice required application of a more lenient sentencing provision. The court wrote:

The Government correctly argues that defendant’s fifteen year-old conviction, punishable by an indeterminate term of custody between one and three years satisfies 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and Sentencing Guidelines § 2K2.1(a)(4).... The Defendant, Merton Reynolds, is a hardworking man.

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Bluebook (online)
27 F. App'x 60, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-reynolds-ca2-2001.