United States v. Quashie
This text of United States v. Quashie (United States v. Quashie) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Opinion
17‐552‐cr United States v. Quashie
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 24th day of April, two thousand eighteen.
PRESENT: RICHARD C. WESLEY, DENNY CHIN, Circuit Judges, JESSE M. FURMAN, District Judge.* ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, 17‐552‐cr v.
DIEGO ERCOLI, Defendant,
and
RYAN QUASHIE, Defendant‐Appellant.
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* Jesse M. Furman, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: PETER J. TOMAO, Garden City, New York.
FOR APPELLEE: JO ANN M. NAVICKAS, Assistant United States Attorney (Julia Nestor, Erik D. Paulsen, Assistant United States Attorneys, on the brief), for Richard P. Donoghue, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Cogan, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant‐appellant Ryan Quashie appeals from a judgment of the
district court imposed February 10, 2017, after a jury convicted him of one count of
Hobbs Act Robbery Conspiracy and one count of attempted Hobbs Act Robbery, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). Quashie was sentenced principally to 54 monthsʹ
imprisonment on each count to run concurrently, to be followed by three yearsʹ
supervised release.
On appeal, Quashie argues that the district court erred (1) when it
permitted the government to introduce evidence of his prior bad acts at trial, and (2) in
applying certain sentencing enhancements based on its findings that Quashie had
perjured himself at trial and that the use of a firearm was foreseeable in the commission
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of his crimes. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural
history, and issues on appeal.
1. Prior Bad Acts
We afford district courts wide latitude in determining whether evidence is
admissible. United States v. Miller, 626 F.3d 682, 687‐88 (2d Cir. 2010). We therefore
review the evidentiary rulings of a district court for abuse of discretion and reverse only
in cases involving ʺmanifest error.ʺ Id. at 688 (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted).
We are not persuaded that the district court erred in admitting evidence of
Quashieʹs prior bad acts at trial, including testimony related to Quashieʹs involvement
in uncharged robberies. The evidence was admissible for the purposes outlined by the
district court, including (1) to complete the story of the charged conspiracy at issue, and
(2) under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b), to provide context for the relationship among
Quashie, the co‐conspirators, and the accomplices, and to establish the modus operandi of
the robbery crew.
The district court also provided a sufficient limiting instruction as to the
permissible uses and purpose of the evidence, and made clear that it was not to be
substituted as proof that Quashie had committed the charged crimes or of criminal
propensity. See United States v. Snype, 441 F.3d 119, 129‐30 (2d Cir. 2006) (explaining
that ʺthe law recognizes a strong presumption that juries follow limiting instructionsʺ).
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Accordingly, to the extent there was any risk of unfair prejudice, we conclude that it did
not ʺsubstantially outweigh[ ]ʺ the probative value of the evidence. Fed. R. Evid. 403.
2. Guidelines Calculation
We review the procedural and substantive reasonableness of a sentence
under a ʺdeferential abuse‐of‐discretion standard.ʺ United States v. Aldeen, 792 F.3d 247,
251 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007)).
We are not persuaded that the district court procedurally erred in
applying (1) a two‐level sentencing enhancement based on its finding that Quashie had
perjured himself at trial; and (2) a five‐level sentencing enhancement for the
brandishing of firearms during the attempted robbery of which Quashie was convicted.
As to the perjury enhancement, the district court found that Quashie had
perjured himself at trial in at least two ways: his testimony regarding his lack of
involvement in the robbery conspiracy and his testimony about his relationship with his
co‐conspirator, and lead witness, Harry Pacheco. See United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S.
87, 94, 97 (2003) (a ʺtrial court must make findings to support all the elements of a
perjury violation,ʺ that is, the court must find that the defendant gave ʺfalse testimony
concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimonyʺ).
We agree with the district court that the two‐level obstruction
enhancement was merited in light of the evidence of Quashieʹs guilt and his deliberate
mischaracterization of his relationship with Pacheco. The district courtʹs finding that
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Quashieʹs false statements were a ʺdeliberate fabricationʺ is supported by the record.
App. 72. See id. (perjurious testimony requires the ʺwillful intent to provide false
testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memoryʺ); see also
United States v. Thompson, 808 F.3d 190, 195 (2d Cir. 2015).
As to the brandishing of firearms enhancement, we conclude that the
district court did not err, much less plainly err, in including the five‐level firearms
enhancement in its Guidelines calculation.* Given the evidence of the robbery crewʹs
advance preparation for the attempted robbery ‐‐ which included outfitting the crew
with weapons ‐‐ as well as the actual use of firearms in the commission of the attempted
robbery, we agree with the district court that it was foreseeable to Quashie that firearms
would be brandished in carrying out the attempted robbery. See United States v. Medina,
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