United States v. Partee, Michael
Opinion
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued February 15, 2008 Decided April 4, 2008
Before
JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge
DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge
TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge
No. 07‐1331
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,, Appeal from the United States Plaintiff‐Appellee, District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
v.
No. 03 CR 725
MICHAEL PARTEE, Defendant‐Appellant. John W. Darrah, Judge.
O R D E R
Unaware that he was being watched by a van full of federal agents and City of Chicago police officers, Michael Partee, a felon, sold drugs to a government informant, in exchange for both money and guns (a Mac machine gun and two 9 mm Beretta pistols). Partee was charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and with distribution of a controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). After a trial to the court, he was convicted on both counts. The judge sentenced him to a term of 120 months in prison on the gun count and 323
months on the distribution count, the terms to run concurrently. Partee appeals both his conviction and his sentence.
The problem Partee sees with his conviction is that the indictment alleges that he distributed crack, whereas the district judge found that the government had not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the substance was, in fact, crack. Partee had stipulated that the substance was “cocaine base,” and the judge found that Partee was guilty of possession with the intent to distribute a schedule II controlled substance. By that finding, which did not say, as did the indictment, that he distributed crack, Partee says that the judge impermissibly amended the indictment, broadening the charge against him. There is a significant question whether this issue was preserved for appeal. Partee raised it in a pro se motion during the time he was represented by counsel. Nevertheless, we will proceed as if it were preserved.
In any case, the claim must fail. Drug type and quantity are not elements of a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), which prohibits the distribution of a “controlled substance.” We recently confronted an almost identical issue in United States v. Kelly, ___ F.3d ___, 2008 WL 623779 (7th Cir. Mar. 10, 2008). Kelly contended that the evidence was insufficient to prove that the cocaine he possessed was crack cocaine. We said:
The particular type and amount of cocaine that a defendant possesses are not elements of the section 841 offense. See, e.g., United States v. Gougis, 432 F.3d 735, 745 (7th Cir. 2005); Knox v. United States, 400 F 3d 519, 523 (7th Cir. 2005). So long as Kelly possessed, with the appropriate mental state, a detectable amount of a substance or mixture containing cocaine base‐and Kelly does not dispute that he possessed some form of cocaine base‐then he is guilty of violating section 841.
We pointed out that the relevance of the drug type and quantity determinations is in their effect on the sentence. For purposes of the conviction, there is no dispute that the substance Partee traded for guns was a schedule II controlled substance.
That the judge found that the government had not proved that the substance was crack brings us to another of Partee’s arguments. Partee says it was error for the court
to grant the government’s request to present evidence at sentencing that the controlled substance was crack. The government wanted Partee sentenced for the distribution of cocaine base, which might seem to be no problem because, as we said, at trial he conceded that the substance was cocaine base. The problem is that, while crack is cocaine base, chemically other substances are also cocaine base. Kelly; United States v. Edwards, 397 F.3d 570 (7th Cir. 2005). But the sentencing guideline for cocaine base applies only to crack, not to other substances: “‘Cocaine base,’ for the purposes of this guideline, means ‘crack’” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c), Note (D) (2003). So at sentencing the government wanted to pin down that the cocaine base involved in this case was crack.
The evidence in the trial record, in addition to the stipulation that the substance was cocaine base, was the testimony from an agent that he recovered an ounce of an off‐ white, chunky substance wrapped in a small plastic bag and that, based on his education and experience, crack cocaine is a rocky, chunky, off‐white substance. After trial, the government had the substance tested by a forensic chemist, who concluded that it was, in fact, crack. The government argued that the opinion of the chemist was admissible at sentencing for the purpose of imposing the statutory minimum sentence and applying the proper base offense. We agree. The evidence was properly admitted. A sentencing judge has discretion to look at a wide variety of information when imposing a sentence. The determination of just what type of drug is involved is a particularly important issue at sentencing. And, of course, facts relevant to sentencing can be determined by the judge by a preponderance standard. Harris v. United States, 536 U.S. 545 (2002); United States v. Hernandez, 330 F.3d 964 (7th Cir. 2003).
Partee also raises a number of other sentencing issues, involving whether his possession of guns on a prior occasion constitutes relevant conduct and whether or not he has two prior felony convictions for either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense. The latter issue is relevant to both counts of conviction. For the § 922(g)(1) firearms conviction, the offense level is directly affected by such convictions under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a). On the narcotics count, Partee can be a “career offender” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b) if he has two relevant prior convictions. It may also affect his statutory maximum sentence.
The conviction at issue is a conviction in Georgia for narcotics offenses. Partee contends it does not qualify as a controlled substance offense under the guidelines. Partee says that although he was charged in Georgia with selling cocaine, the sentence
he received was necessarily only for possession, which is not a controlled substance offense for guideline calculations.
For both U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 and § 4B1.1, a controlled substance is defined in § 4B1.2(b) as follows:
The term “controlled substance offense” means an offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense.
It is clear that in Georgia Partee was charged with possessing and selling cocaine.
But he was sentenced to two years imprisonment, which was below the 1996 mandatory minimum of five years for sale of cocaine. For simple possession, the sentence should have been “not less than two years nor more than 15 years.” O.G.C.A. § 16‐13‐30.
It is somewhat mysterious that Partee’s sentence was so light. There is no explanation in the record. In this situation, to try to determine what was going on, the court may examine the charging papers and the plea colloquy to determine what the offense was. United States v. Sperberg, 432 F.3d 706 (7th Cir. 2005). That is what Judge Darrah did in Partee’s case.
The judge explicitly stated that he considered papers submitted in connection with the Georgia conviction. Information in those papers showed that count two of the indictment alleged that Partee sold cocaine. Further, the transcript of the plea hearing and the judgment of conviction substantiate that he was convicted of selling cocaine. The judge found that the government had met its burden in establishing that the Georgia conviction was a conviction for a controlled substance offense under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2.
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