19-649-cr United States v. Parnell
2 United States Court of Appeals 3 for the Second Circuit 4 5 August Term 2019 6 7 (Submitted: March 6, 2020 Decided: May 19, 2020) 8 9 Docket No. 19-649-cr 10 _____________________________________ 11 12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 13 Appellee, 14 v. 15 16 LINDA SUE PARNELL, 17 Defendant-Appellant. 18 _____________________________________ 19 20 Before: 21 22 HALL, LOHIER, and PARK, Circuit Judges. 23 24 Defendant-Appellant Linda Sue Parnell appeals from the judgment of the 25 United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (Hurd, J.) 26 ordering her to pay restitution in the amount of $72,207.16. Parnell pleaded guilty 27 to four counts of wire fraud in 2018 for submitting false expense-reimbursement 28 forms to the Department of Labor. She contends that the restitution amount 29 should not have included losses from 2010 to 2012, which fell outside the five-year 30 statute of limitations for wire fraud. We hold that the restitution order was proper 31 under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act because all of the losses resulted 32 from the same “scheme,” even though some occurred outside the limitations 33 period for the underlying crime. 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2). For the reasons stated 34 below, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 1 Melissa A. Tuohey, Assistant Federal Public 2 Defender, for Lisa A. Peebles, Federal Public 3 Defender for the Northern District of New 4 York, Syracuse, NY, for Defendant-Appellant. 5 6 Michael F. Perry, Assistant United States 7 Attorney, for Grant C. Jaquith, United States 8 Attorney for the Northern District of New 9 York, Syracuse, NY, for Appellee. 10 11 Park, Circuit Judge:
12 This appeal arises from a long-running scheme to defraud the United States
13 through the submission of false expense-reimbursement forms. Linda Sue Parnell
14 is a former federal employee who received reimbursement for hundreds of fake
15 trips to and from her local YMCA between 2010 and 2016 as part of her federal
16 worker’s compensation benefits. Parnell was indicted for wire fraud in August
17 2017. She pleaded guilty, and the district court ordered her to pay forfeiture and
18 to make restitution for the total amount that she fraudulently claimed for
19 reimbursement between 2010 and 2016.
20 Parnell argues that the five-year statute of limitations for wire fraud bars
21 restitution for losses before August 2012. We hold that the district court properly
22 ordered restitution for losses from Parnell’s wire fraud dating back to 2010. The
23 Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996 (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A, requires
2 1 restitution for all losses, id. § 3664(f)(1)(A), arising from “criminal conduct in the
2 course of [a] scheme” where a scheme is an element of the offense of conviction,
3 id. § 3663A(a)(2), even for losses that occurred outside the limitations period for
4 the underlying crime. We thus AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
5 I. BACKGROUND
6 Parnell, a former nurse at a Veterans Affairs hospital, began receiving
7 federal worker’s compensation benefits through the U.S. Department of Labor
8 Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (“OWCP”) after injuring her back in
9 1995. OWCP authorized Parnell to seek mileage reimbursements for travel to and
10 from certain local YMCAs and covered medical appointments.
11 With each request for travel reimbursement, Parnell had to submit a
12 Medical Travel Refund Request Form to OWCP. Parnell signed each of those
13 forms, providing a Payee’s Certification that stated:
14 I hereby certify that the information given by me on and in connection 15 with this form is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and 16 belief. I am aware that any person who knowingly makes any false 17 statement or misrepresentation to obtain reimbursement from OWCP 18 is subject to civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution.
19 PSR ¶ 2.
20 Between January 2, 2010 and August 30, 2016, Parnell submitted false
21 expense reports to OWCP that inflated or entirely fabricated her travel costs.
3 1 Specifically, Parnell submitted travel-reimbursement forms for 1,771 visits to a
2 YMCA in Fayetteville, New York, when in fact she had visited that YMCA only
3 five times. In total, she received $72,207.16 in improper reimbursements.
4 In 2018, Parnell pleaded guilty to four counts of wire fraud for devising and
5 executing a “scheme to defraud” that lasted from January 2, 2010 to August 30,
6 2016, during which time she submitted hundreds of false reimbursement forms.
7 The counts in the indictment related to four wire transactions totaling $2,269.64,
8 all of which fell within the five-year period preceding Parnell’s indictment in 2017.
9 The district court sentenced Parnell to five years of probation and ordered
10 her to pay $72,207.16 in restitution, which was the total amount that Parnell
11 fraudulently claimed for reimbursement between 2010 and 2016. The district court
12 also entered a forfeiture money judgment for the same amount. This appeal
13 followed.
14 II. DISCUSSION
15 This Court reviews restitution orders under the MVRA for “abuse of
16 discretion.” United States v. Gushlak, 728 F.3d 184, 190 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal
17 quotation marks omitted). “A district court abuses its discretion when a
18 challenged ruling rests on an error of law, a clearly erroneous finding of fact, or
4 1 otherwise cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Id.
2 (internal quotation marks omitted). Questions of law raised by challenges to
3 restitution orders are reviewed de novo. Id. at 191.
4 A. Restitution Under the MVRA
5 “As in all statutory construction cases, we begin with the language of the
6 statute. The first step is to determine whether the language at issue has a plain
7 and unambiguous meaning with regard to the particular dispute in the case.”
8 United States v. Am. Soc’y of Composers, Authors & Publishers, 627 F.3d 64, 72 (2d Cir.
9 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). “When the language of a statute is
10 unambiguous, judicial inquiry is complete.” Id. (internal quotation marks
11 omitted).
12 The MVRA provides that a district court “shall order, in addition to . . . any
13 other penalty authorized by law, that the defendant make restitution to the victim
14 of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1). For “an offense that involves as an
15 element a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity,” the MVRA defines
16 a victim entitled to restitution as “any person directly harmed by the defendant’s
17 criminal conduct in the course of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern.” Id.
5 1 § 3663A(a)(2). 1 Wire fraud is such an offense, requiring a “scheme or artifice to
2 defraud” as an element of the crime. Id. § 1343.
3 Based on the plain meaning of the statute, we hold that restitution under the
4 MVRA encompasses losses arising from criminal conduct in the course of a
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19-649-cr United States v. Parnell
2 United States Court of Appeals 3 for the Second Circuit 4 5 August Term 2019 6 7 (Submitted: March 6, 2020 Decided: May 19, 2020) 8 9 Docket No. 19-649-cr 10 _____________________________________ 11 12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 13 Appellee, 14 v. 15 16 LINDA SUE PARNELL, 17 Defendant-Appellant. 18 _____________________________________ 19 20 Before: 21 22 HALL, LOHIER, and PARK, Circuit Judges. 23 24 Defendant-Appellant Linda Sue Parnell appeals from the judgment of the 25 United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (Hurd, J.) 26 ordering her to pay restitution in the amount of $72,207.16. Parnell pleaded guilty 27 to four counts of wire fraud in 2018 for submitting false expense-reimbursement 28 forms to the Department of Labor. She contends that the restitution amount 29 should not have included losses from 2010 to 2012, which fell outside the five-year 30 statute of limitations for wire fraud. We hold that the restitution order was proper 31 under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act because all of the losses resulted 32 from the same “scheme,” even though some occurred outside the limitations 33 period for the underlying crime. 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2). For the reasons stated 34 below, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 1 Melissa A. Tuohey, Assistant Federal Public 2 Defender, for Lisa A. Peebles, Federal Public 3 Defender for the Northern District of New 4 York, Syracuse, NY, for Defendant-Appellant. 5 6 Michael F. Perry, Assistant United States 7 Attorney, for Grant C. Jaquith, United States 8 Attorney for the Northern District of New 9 York, Syracuse, NY, for Appellee. 10 11 Park, Circuit Judge:
12 This appeal arises from a long-running scheme to defraud the United States
13 through the submission of false expense-reimbursement forms. Linda Sue Parnell
14 is a former federal employee who received reimbursement for hundreds of fake
15 trips to and from her local YMCA between 2010 and 2016 as part of her federal
16 worker’s compensation benefits. Parnell was indicted for wire fraud in August
17 2017. She pleaded guilty, and the district court ordered her to pay forfeiture and
18 to make restitution for the total amount that she fraudulently claimed for
19 reimbursement between 2010 and 2016.
20 Parnell argues that the five-year statute of limitations for wire fraud bars
21 restitution for losses before August 2012. We hold that the district court properly
22 ordered restitution for losses from Parnell’s wire fraud dating back to 2010. The
23 Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996 (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A, requires
2 1 restitution for all losses, id. § 3664(f)(1)(A), arising from “criminal conduct in the
2 course of [a] scheme” where a scheme is an element of the offense of conviction,
3 id. § 3663A(a)(2), even for losses that occurred outside the limitations period for
4 the underlying crime. We thus AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
5 I. BACKGROUND
6 Parnell, a former nurse at a Veterans Affairs hospital, began receiving
7 federal worker’s compensation benefits through the U.S. Department of Labor
8 Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (“OWCP”) after injuring her back in
9 1995. OWCP authorized Parnell to seek mileage reimbursements for travel to and
10 from certain local YMCAs and covered medical appointments.
11 With each request for travel reimbursement, Parnell had to submit a
12 Medical Travel Refund Request Form to OWCP. Parnell signed each of those
13 forms, providing a Payee’s Certification that stated:
14 I hereby certify that the information given by me on and in connection 15 with this form is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and 16 belief. I am aware that any person who knowingly makes any false 17 statement or misrepresentation to obtain reimbursement from OWCP 18 is subject to civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution.
19 PSR ¶ 2.
20 Between January 2, 2010 and August 30, 2016, Parnell submitted false
21 expense reports to OWCP that inflated or entirely fabricated her travel costs.
3 1 Specifically, Parnell submitted travel-reimbursement forms for 1,771 visits to a
2 YMCA in Fayetteville, New York, when in fact she had visited that YMCA only
3 five times. In total, she received $72,207.16 in improper reimbursements.
4 In 2018, Parnell pleaded guilty to four counts of wire fraud for devising and
5 executing a “scheme to defraud” that lasted from January 2, 2010 to August 30,
6 2016, during which time she submitted hundreds of false reimbursement forms.
7 The counts in the indictment related to four wire transactions totaling $2,269.64,
8 all of which fell within the five-year period preceding Parnell’s indictment in 2017.
9 The district court sentenced Parnell to five years of probation and ordered
10 her to pay $72,207.16 in restitution, which was the total amount that Parnell
11 fraudulently claimed for reimbursement between 2010 and 2016. The district court
12 also entered a forfeiture money judgment for the same amount. This appeal
13 followed.
14 II. DISCUSSION
15 This Court reviews restitution orders under the MVRA for “abuse of
16 discretion.” United States v. Gushlak, 728 F.3d 184, 190 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal
17 quotation marks omitted). “A district court abuses its discretion when a
18 challenged ruling rests on an error of law, a clearly erroneous finding of fact, or
4 1 otherwise cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Id.
2 (internal quotation marks omitted). Questions of law raised by challenges to
3 restitution orders are reviewed de novo. Id. at 191.
4 A. Restitution Under the MVRA
5 “As in all statutory construction cases, we begin with the language of the
6 statute. The first step is to determine whether the language at issue has a plain
7 and unambiguous meaning with regard to the particular dispute in the case.”
8 United States v. Am. Soc’y of Composers, Authors & Publishers, 627 F.3d 64, 72 (2d Cir.
9 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). “When the language of a statute is
10 unambiguous, judicial inquiry is complete.” Id. (internal quotation marks
11 omitted).
12 The MVRA provides that a district court “shall order, in addition to . . . any
13 other penalty authorized by law, that the defendant make restitution to the victim
14 of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1). For “an offense that involves as an
15 element a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity,” the MVRA defines
16 a victim entitled to restitution as “any person directly harmed by the defendant’s
17 criminal conduct in the course of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern.” Id.
5 1 § 3663A(a)(2). 1 Wire fraud is such an offense, requiring a “scheme or artifice to
2 defraud” as an element of the crime. Id. § 1343.
3 Based on the plain meaning of the statute, we hold that restitution under the
4 MVRA encompasses losses arising from criminal conduct in the course of a
5 scheme, including acts outside the statute-of-limitations period, as long as those
6 losses are attributable to the same underlying scheme, and as long as some part of
7 that scheme for which the defendant was convicted occurred within the statute of
8 limitations. 2 See 18 U.S.C. § 3663A. Three of our sister circuits to consider this
9 question have reached the same conclusion. The Sixth, Ninth, and Eleventh
10 Circuits have held that restitution under the MVRA can extend to losses caused by
11 conduct outside the statute of limitations. 3 See United States v. Ellis, 938 F.3d 757,
12 763–65 (6th Cir. 2019); United States v. Anieze-Smith, 923 F.3d 565, 573–75 (9th Cir.
13 2019); United States v. Dickerson, 370 F.3d 1330, 1341–42 (11th Cir. 2004).
1 The MVRA’s definition of “victim” applies to the government here. See United States v. Ekanem, 383 F.3d 40, 44 (2d Cir. 2004) (holding “that the Government fits within the meaning of ‘victim’ under the MVRA”).
2 This interpretation “is consistent with the intent and purpose of the MVRA to expand, rather than limit, the restitution remedy.” Ekanem, 383 F.3d at 44; see also 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(A) (requiring restitution “to each victim in the full amount of each victim’s losses”).
3 The Tenth Circuit has reached the same conclusion, albeit in a non-precedential order. See United States v. Williams, 356 F. App’x 167, 170 (10th Cir. 2009).
6 1 B. Application
2 Here, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by
3 ordering Parnell to pay $72,207.16 in restitution. The district court ordered
4 restitution for the total losses from Parnell’s scheme, which began in January 2010,
5 including losses incurred outside the five-year statute of limitations for wire fraud.
6 This was proper because the losses resulted from a single scheme comprised of a
7 repeated pattern of conduct. 4
8 First, when Parnell knowingly and voluntarily pleaded guilty to wire fraud,
9 she admitted to “fill[ing] out paperwork for travel expenses wrongly” since 2010.
10 App’x 33. As noted above, wire fraud is a crime that includes as an element “a
11 scheme to defraud.” 18 U.S.C § 1343. And Parnell’s guilty plea to wire fraud,
12 which she does not challenge, was the basis on which the district court necessarily
13 found that Parnell engaged in a scheme to defraud. The MVRA thus requires
14 restitution for Parnell’s “criminal conduct in the course of the scheme.” Id.
15 § 3663A(a)(2). Second, the four counts of wire fraud to which Parnell pleaded
4 Although the district court imposed the restitution order based on its determination that wire fraud constitutes a continuing offense, we can affirm on any ground for which there is a sufficient record. See Olsen v. Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, Div. of United Techs. Corp., 136 F.3d 273, 275 (2d Cir. 1998). We conclude that the restitution order was properly imposed under the MVRA, and we do not address here whether wire fraud is a continuing offense.
7 1 guilty all fell within the five-year statute of limitations. These four counts
2 encompassed conduct that was part of Parnell’s scheme to defraud the
3 government—the victim of this crime. See id. The amount of restitution ordered—
4 $72,207.16—is the total amount of the losses suffered by the government over the
5 course of Parnell’s fraudulent-reimbursement scheme. The $72,207.16 is all
6 attributable to the same underlying scheme, and the four counts of wire fraud on
7 which Parnell was convicted were a part of that scheme and occurred within the
8 statute of limitations period. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion
9 by ordering restitution under the MVRA for the total losses caused by the scheme,
10 including losses from the 2010–2012 period outside the statute of limitations.
11 Parnell relies on Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112 (1970), and United States
12 v. Green, 897 F.3d 443 (2d Cir. 2018), to argue that restitution can reach transactions
13 outside a limitations period only when the crime at issue is a “continuing offense.”
14 Toussie, however, did not address restitution at all and was decided long before
15 Congress enacted the MVRA. See 397 U.S. at 114. And Green involved individual
16 violations of a statute prohibiting embezzlement of government money for which
17 a “scheme” is not an element of the crime. See 897 F.3d at 448 (citing 18 U.S.C.
8 1 § 641). There, we concluded that each of the defendant’s acts was a separate
2 offense and not part of a single scheme to defraud. Id.
3 We thus reject Parnell’s arguments and affirm the district court’s order of
4 restitution. 5
5 III. CONCLUSION
6 For the reasons above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
5 We lack jurisdiction to consider Parnell’s argument that the district court erred by entering a forfeiture order in the amount of $72,207.16 because Parnell’s notice of appeal challenged “THE AMOUNT OF RESTITUTION ONLY.” App’x 102. And “our jurisdiction is limited by the wording of the notice.” New Phone Co. v. City of New York, 498 F.3d 127, 130 (2d Cir. 2007).