United States v. Paris

Opinion

FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT June 25, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee, Nos. 18-6216 and 18-6217 v. (D.C. Nos. 5:18-CR-00034-SLP-1 and 5:18-CR-00108-SLP-1) MARTIN LEE PARIS, (W.D. Oklahoma)

Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, McHUGH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________

Martin Lee Paris appeals from a decision of the district court sentencing him to

a term of 188 months’ imprisonment for robbing a bank in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2113(a). He argues the district court erred by classifying him as a career offender

within the meaning of USSG § 4B1.1(a) and that the sentence imposed, despite being

within the Guidelines range, was substantively unreasonable. Exercising jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. I. BACKGROUND

On April 9, 2018, Mr. Paris entered a bank in Kansas and handed the teller a

note stating, “This is a Robbery. Just be Calm Everything will be alright. No die

packs, start w/100’s. Thank you and have a nice day.” 18-6217 ROA, Vol. 2 at 29.

Mr. Paris left the bank with $5,200 in cash. He evaded arrest until April 13, 2018, by,

among other things, leading police on a high-speed chase and dyeing his hair black to

change his appearance. Mr. Paris subsequently pleaded guilty to unarmed bank

robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a).

Prior to sentencing, Mr. Paris’s probation officer prepared a presentence

investigation report (“PSR”). The PSR calculated Mr. Paris’s base offense level as

20, see USSG § 2B3.1, adjusted to 24 because Mr. Paris had taken the property of a

financial institution, see USSG § 2B3.1(b)(1), and recklessly created a substantial

risk of death or serious bodily injury to another person in the course of fleeing from a

law enforcement officer, see USSG § 3C1.2.

The PSR also recommended an enhancement to an offense level of 32 because

Mr. Paris “has at least two prior felony convictions of . . . a crime of violence” and is

therefore a career offender. USSG § 4B1.1(a). Specifically, Mr. Paris committed two

additional bank robberies in 1994, for which he received a sentence of seventy-eight

months’ custody followed by three years’ supervised release. In 2002, less than two

months after beginning that period of supervised release, Mr. Paris committed

another bank robbery, resulting in the revocation of his supervised release. For the

2002 robbery, Mr. Paris received a sentence of 180 months’ imprisonment, again to

2 be followed by three years’ supervised release. Mr. Paris began this second term of

supervised release in December 2017 and, in April 2018, committed the instant

offense.

Because Mr. Paris clearly demonstrated acceptance of responsibility for the

offense and timely notified authorities of his intention to enter a guilty plea, the PSR

recommended a three-point reduction of the offense level to 29. Based on this total

offense level, and Mr. Paris’s criminal history category of VI, see USSG § 4B1.1(b)

(assigning career offenders a criminal history category of VI), the PSR calculated a

Guidelines range of 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment.

Mr. Paris filed a sentencing memorandum, objecting to his classification as a

career offender on the grounds that (1) bank robbery does not have the required

element of “force” under USSG § 4B1.2(a), and (2) his 1994 conviction occurred too

many years prior to the instant offense to satisfy § 4B1.1(a)’s requirement of “two

prior felony convictions.” Mr. Paris requested that the court impose a sentence below

the Guidelines range or that his sentence for bank robbery run concurrently with the

sentence imposed with the revocation of his supervised release. To support this

request, Mr. Paris noted that he had not used violence or specifically threatened bank

employees and that he had quickly taken responsibility for the bank robbery and

consented to a transfer of venue sought by the prosecution. He also discussed his

difficult childhood and gambling addiction, which contributed to his decision to rob

the bank.

3 At a combined sentencing and revocation hearing, the district court overruled

Mr. Paris’s objections to his classification as a career offender and sentenced Mr.

Paris to 188 months’ imprisonment. In reaching this sentence, the district court was

“mindful of [its] statutory duty” to “impose a sentence that is sufficient but no greater

than necessary to fulfill the objectives of sentencing under the Sentencing Reform

Act.” 18-6217 ROA, Vol. 3 at 40. The district court considered each of the 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553 factors, noting in particular that Mr. Paris committed a serious offense and

has an extensive criminal history, including other bank robberies committed while on

supervised release for bank robbery. And although the district court recognized that

the instant offense “could have been worse,” 18-6217 ROA, Vol. 3 at 42, that Mr.

Paris had swiftly accepted responsibility, and that Mr. Paris’s unstable childhood and

gambling addiction contributed to his criminal conduct, the court ultimately

determined these considerations did not warrant a downward variance and sentenced

Mr. Paris to a term of imprisonment within the Guidelines range.

Mr. Paris timely appealed.

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, Mr. Paris raises the same objections to his classification as a career

offender he raised below—that bank robbery does not include the requisite “force” to

constitute a crime of violence under § 4B1.2 and that his 1994 conviction is simply

too old to be used as a predicate offense. He also challenges his sentence as

substantively unreasonable. We consider each argument in turn.

4 1. Career Offender

We review de novo each of Mr. Paris’s objections to career-offender status.

See United States v. Abeyta, 877 F.3d 935, 939 (10th Cir. 2017) (“We review the

district court’s interpretation and application of the Sentencing Guidelines de

novo.”); see also United States v. Wray, 776 F.3d 1182, 1184 (10th Cir. 2015) (“Our

review of whether a defendant's prior conviction constitutes a crime of violence

under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 is de novo.”).

With respect to Mr. Paris’s first objection to career-offender status, a crime of

violence must have “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of

physical force against the person of another.” USSG § 4B1.2(a). As Mr. Paris

acknowledges, our court has already decided that federal bank robbery under 18

U.S.C. § 2113(a) includes the requisite element of force and constitutes a crime of

violence. See United States v. McCranie, 889 F.3d 677, 681 (10th Cir. 2018). Our

precedent thus forecloses Mr. Paris’s first objection to career-offender status.

With respect to Mr. Paris’s second objection, a prior conviction can be

considered for career-offender status if it led to “any prior sentence of imprisonment

exceeding one year and one month, whenever imposed, that resulted in the defendant

being incarcerated during any part of [the] fifteen-year period” prior to “the

defendant’s commencement of the instant offense.” USSG § 4A1.2(e)(1); see United

States v. Patillar, 595 F.3d 1138, 1140–41 (10th Cir. 2010). Mr. Paris objects to the

use of his 1994 bank robbery conviction as a predicate offense, as it is “nearly 24

years old.” Aplt. Br. at 13. But as Mr. Paris concedes, the “strict operation of the

5 guidelines . . . permit[s] this conviction to qualify as a predicate offense.” Id.

Mr. Paris began his three-year term of supervised release for the 1994 bank-robbery

conviction on September 24, 2002. His supervised release was revoked on July 15,

2004, after he pleaded guilty to the 2002 bank robbery, and the district court

sentenced him to twenty-four months’ imprisonment. USSG § 4A1.2(k)(2) allows

that “revocation of . . . supervised release . . . may affect the time period under which

certain sentences are counted as provided in § 4A1.2(d)(2) and (e),” and directs the

sentencing judge to determine the applicable time period using “the date of last

release from incarceration on such sentence.” Mr. Paris was confined on revocation

of supervised release related to the 1994 bank robbery beginning in July 2004, less

than 15 years prior to the instant offense committed in April 2018. Accordingly, the

district court did not err in considering this conviction to be a prior conviction for

purposes of career-offender status under § 4B1.1(a).

2. Substantive Reasonableness

We review sentences imposed by the district court for an abuse of discretion.

Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). This review “includes both a

procedural component, encompassing the method by which a sentence was

calculated, as well as a substantive component, which relates to the length of the

resulting sentence.” United States v. Smart, 518 F.3d 800, 803 (10th Cir. 2008).

When the district court “properly considers the relevant Guidelines range and

sentences the defendant within that range, the sentence is presumptively reasonable.”

United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1055 (10th Cir. 2006). Mr. Paris may rebut

6 this presumption “by demonstrating that the sentence is unreasonable in light of the

other sentencing factors laid out in § 3553(a).” Id.

Mr. Paris submits his within-Guidelines sentence is substantively unreasonable

primarily based on (1) his gambling and substance abuse problems; (2) the manner in

which he robbed the bank, without overtly threatening the teller or using a weapon;

and (3) his difficult childhood. These assertions cannot overcome the presumptive

reasonableness of the district court’s within-Guidelines 188-month sentence. Indeed,

the district court expressly considered each of these arguments when explaining its

sentence in light of the § 3553(a) factors. The court stated that it considered

Mr. Paris’s difficult upbringing and understood that Mr. Paris’s struggles with

addiction and unstable childhood were “adverse influences . . . that impact[ed] [his]

decision making.” 18-6217 ROA, Vol. 3 at 44. It also acknowledged Mr. Paris’s

argument that his bank robberies “could have been worse” but maintained that bank

robbery is a serious offense that could “terrify” bank employees despite being

committed in an ostensibly non-violent manner. 18-6217 ROA, Vol. 3 at 40–44.

Nevertheless, the court declined to grant a downward variance based largely on Mr.

Paris’s extensive criminal history and pattern of committing bank robberies while on

supervised release. 18-6217 ROA, Vol. 3 at 44–45.

In short, the district court gave careful consideration to the Guidelines range

and to Mr. Paris’s arguments, but concluded that the § 3553(a) factors—most

significantly promoting respect for the law, affording adequate deterrence, and

protecting the public from Mr. Paris’s further crimes—did not warrant a downward

7 variance. See United States v. Barnes, 890 F.3d 910, 917 (10th Cir. 2018) (“A

sentence is more likely to be within the bounds of reasonable choice when the court

has provided a cogent and reasonable explanation for it.”). Given the “substantial

deference” we afford to the district court’s sentencing decisions, United States v.

Balbin-Mesa, 643 F.3d 783, 788 (10th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted), we

cannot say a within-Guidelines 188-month sentence is unreasonable in this case.

III. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision to sentence

Mr. Paris to 188 months’ imprisonment to be served concurrently to the revocation

sentence imposed for Mr. Paris’s violation of supervised release.

Entered for the Court

Carolyn B. McHugh Circuit Judge