United States v. Otunyo

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: January 4, 2024
• Docket: Criminal No. 2018-0251
• Status: Published

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

v. Criminal Action No. 18-251 (BAH) KELVIN OTUNYO, Judge Beryl A. Howell Defendant.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Defendant Kelvin Otunyo was sentenced, on August 13, 2021, to 66 months’

incarceration on two counts of Bank Fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344(2), and two counts

of Conspiracy to Launder Monetary Instruments, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h), to run

concurrently, and 24 months’ incarceration for one count of Aggravated Identity Theft, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1), to run consecutively to all other counts, for a total of 90

months’ incarceration. See Judgment at 3, ECF No. 111. He now moves, pro se, for a reduction

of his sentence to 82 months, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582, in light of Part A of Amendment

821, enacted on April 27, 2023, and effective November 1, 2023. See Def.’s Mot. for Sentence

Reduction (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 124. The government “does not oppose a three-month

reduction in the defendant’s sentence of imprisonment, from 90 months to 87 months, which

represents the lower bound of the defendant’s amended Guidelines range.” Gov’t’s Resp. to

Def.’s Mot. for Sentence Reduction (“Gov’t’s Resp.”) at 1, ECF No. 125. For the reasons

explained below, defendant’s motion is granted in part, and his sentence is reduced to 87

months’ incarceration.

1 I. BACKGROUND

Defendant was indicted, on August 16, 2018, on two counts of Bank Fraud, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1344(2), and one count of Aggravated Identity Theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1028A(a)(1). See Indictment at 5–6, ECF No. 1. A superseding indictment was filed, on

March 26, 2019, charging defendant, in addition to his two counts of Bank Fraud (Counts 1 and

2) and one count of Aggravated Identity Theft (Count 3), with two counts of Conspiracy to

Launder Monetary Instruments (Counts 4 and 5), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h). See

Superseding Indictment, ECF No. 17.

On April 1, 2021, defendant pled guilty, without a plea agreement, to all five charges in

the superseding indictment. See Min. Entry (Apr. 1, 2021). On August 13, 2021, he was

sentenced, in relevant part, to 66 months’ incarceration on each of Counts 1, 2, 4, and 5 to run

concurrently, and 24 months’ incarceration on Count 3 to run consecutively to all other counts,

for a total of 90 months’ incarceration. See Judgment at 3.

Defendant’s sentence was below the recommended Guidelines range of 94 to 111

months, based on defendant’s criminal history category of II, a total offense level of 26 for

Counts 1, 2, 4, and 5, and a mandatory consecutive 24-month sentence for Count 3. Specifically,

defendant’s criminal history category of II was based on a finding that his criminal history score

was 3, which reflected one point, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(c), for a 2013 New York

conviction for criminal possession of stolen property in the third degree, and two points, pursuant

to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d), for committing the instant offense while on probation from that 2013

conviction pursuant. See Snt’g Tr. at 14–15, ECF No. 116; see also Revised Final Pre-Sentence

Investigation Rep. (“Final PSR”) ¶¶ 97–100, ECF No. 110.

2 To calculate the recommended Guidelines sentencing range, Counts 1, 2, 4, and 5 were

grouped pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(c) and (d), and defendant’s total offense level (“OL”) was

determined based on the “most serious” subgroup—Conspiracy to Launder Monetary

Instruments—pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.3(a). See Snt’g Tr. at 60–61; see also Final PSR ¶ 85.

Defendant’s total offense level was then calculated as follows:

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a)(1) Apply OL for Bank Fraud Conspiracy U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(1) Base OL 7 U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(G) More than $250,000 loss +12 U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C) Sophisticated Means Used +2 U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(2)(B) Convicted Under 18 U.S.C. § 1956 +2 U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3) Sophisticated Laundering Used +2 U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b) Manager/Supervisor Role Adjustment +3 U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a) Acceptance of Responsibility Credit -2 Total Offense Level 26

See Snt’g Tr. at 61–62. The total offense level of 26, combined with a criminal history category

of II, resulted in an advisory Guidelines range of 70 to 87 months’ incarceration for Counts 1, 2,

4, and 5. Id. at 62. The mandatory consecutive 24-month sentence for Aggravated Identity Theft

(Count 3) was added to the Guidelines range pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) and (b)(2),

resulting in a total Guidelines range of 94 to 111 months’ incarceration. Id.; see also Statement

of Reasons at 1, ECF No. 112.

With this Guidelines range in mind, the Court concluded that a sentence of 78 months’

incarceration, in the middle of the applicable Guidelines range for the conspiracy and Bank

Fraud counts, was appropriate. See Snt’g Tr. at 100–01. It then applied a six-month downward

departure to account for defendant’s mandatory post-incarceration deportation from the United

States pursuant to United States v. Smith, 27 F.3d 649 (D.C. Cir. 1994), and a six-month

downward departure to account for the severity of the conditions of confinement during the

COVID-19 pandemic. See id. Based on these findings, defendant was sentenced to 90 months’

incarceration, i.e., 78 – 6 – 6 + 24 = 90. 3 The Court of Appeals affirmed both the calculation of the applicable Guidelines range

and defendant’s sentence. See United States v. Otunyo, 63 F.4th 948, 956–961 (D.C. Cir. 2023).

II. DISCUSSION

Part A of Amendment 821 amended U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1, which governs the calculation of a

defendant’s Criminal History Category, by striking subsection (d), which read “[a]dd 2 points if

the defendant committed the instant offense while under any criminal justice sentence, including

probation, parole, supervised release, imprisonment, work release, or escape status,”

redesignating subsection (e) as subsection (d), and inserting a new subsection (e). See

Amendment 821, U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, https://www.ussc.gov/guidelines/amendment/821.

The new subsection (e) provides:

Add 1 point if the defendant (1) receives 7 or more points under subsections (a) through (d), and (2) committed the instant offense while under any criminal justice sentence, including probation, parole, supervised release, imprisonment, work release, or escape status.

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(e). Put differently, before Amendment 821, a defendant with six or fewer

criminal history points who committed the offense while under a criminal justice sentence, like

any other defendant, would have received two extra criminal history points. After Amendment

821, the same defendant would receive no extra points. The Sentencing Commission announced,

on August 24, 2023, that Amendment 821 applies retroactively and further directed that no

defendant could be ordered released based on this amendment prior to February 1, 2024. See

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(e)(2).

When the Sentencing Commission makes a Guidelines amendment retroactive, 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(2) provides that “in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of

imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered” by this

amendment, “the court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set

4 forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent

with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(2). “The relevant policy statement, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, instructs courts proceeding

under § 3582(c)(2) to substitute the amended guidelines range while ‘leaving all other guideline

application decisions unaffected.’” Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S. 817, 821 (2010) (alteration

in original accepted) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)(1)). “Except in limited circumstances,

however, [U.S.S.G.] § 1B1.10(b)(2)(A) forecloses a court acting under § 3582(c)(2) from

reducing a sentence ‘to a term of imprisonment that is less than the minimum of the amended

guideline range.’” Id. at 822 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)(2)(A)).

When implementing § 3582(c)(2) in practice, district courts are instructed to follow a

two-step approach: First, a court “determin[es] the amended guideline range that would have

been applicable to defendant had the relevant amendment been in effect at the time of the initial

sentencing” by substituting only the amendments covered by U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 and “leav[ing]

all other guideline application decisions unaffected.” Id. at 827 (quoting U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.10(b)(1)). Second, a court “consider[s] any applicable § 3553(a) factors and determine[s]

whether, in its discretion, the reduction authorized by reference to the policies relevant at step

one is warranted in whole or in part under the particular circumstances of the case.” Id.

Reference to § 3553(a) “cannot serve to transform” the “circumscribed” § 3582(c)(2)

proceedings into “plenary resentencing proceedings.” Id.

Applying the two-step framework here: Step one results in an amended Guidelines range

of 87–102 months’ incarceration. If Amendment 821 had been applicable at the time of

defendant’s sentencing, defendant would still receive one criminal history point, pursuant to

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(c), for his 2013 New York conviction but would not receive any points,

5 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(e), for committing the instant offense while under a criminal

justice sentence because he has six or fewer criminal history points. One criminal history point

results in a criminal history category of I, which, coupled with a total offense level of 26, results

in an advisory range of 63–78 months for Counts 1, 2, 4, and 5. U.S.S.G. Ch. 5 Pt. A; see also

Def.’s Mot. at 2 (agreeing with Guidelines range); Gov’t’s Resp. at 4 (same). Adding the 24-

month mandatory consecutive sentence for Count 3, the total advisory range is 87–102 months.1

Turning to step two, the § 3553(a) factors are considered, with particular attention to “the

nature and seriousness of the danger to any person or the community that may be posed by a

reduction in the defendant’s term of imprisonment.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 Application Note

1(B)(ii). A defendant’s post-sentencing conduct may also be considered. Id. at 1(B)(iii). A

court has broad discretion in deciding whether and to what extent to reduce a sentence. See

Dillon, 560 U.S. at 827–29.

Both parties favor the approach the Court took in its original sentencing: a sentence at the

middle of the Guidelines range with a six-month Smith departure and a six-month downward

departure to account for conditions of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic. See Def.’s

Mot. at 2; Gov’t’s Resp. at 7. The middle of the new Guidelines range is 94.5 months, and

subtracting twelve months results in 82.5 months. Defendant thus asks for an amended sentence

of 82 months’ incarceration. Def.’s Mot. at 2. The government, in turn, argues that “the Court is

limited by § 1B1.10(b)(2) and can only reduce the defendant’s sentence to 87 months.” Gov’t’s

Resp. at 7. The government is correct.

1 Defendant incorrectly applies the two six-month downward departures before adding the 24-month mandatory consecutive sentence for Count 3. See Def.’s Mot. at 2. The applicable Guidelines range, however, is determined before considering any departure provision in the Guidelines when evaluating a motion for sentence reduction 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 Application Note 1(A).

6 U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 provides only one exception to the general rule that a court “shall not

reduce the defendant’s term of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and this policy

statement to a term that is less than the minimum of the amended guideline range.” U.S.S.G

§ 1B1.10(b)(2)(A). This exception is for substantial assistance; that is, for when “the term of

imprisonment imposed was less than the term of imprisonment provided by the guideline range

applicable to the defendant at the time of the sentencing pursuant to a government motion to

reflect the defendant’s substantial assistance to authorities.” Id. § 1B.10(b)(2)(B).2 This

exception is not triggered here. Defendant’s sentence may thus not be reduced below 87 months.

The relevant § 3553(a) factors support a reduction in sentence to 87 months, and the

discussion of the § 3553(a) factors at defendant’s sentencing hearing are incorporated herein by

reference. See Snt’g Tr. at 92–101. To summarize, the offense involved a series of complex and

sophisticated bank fraud and money laundering schemes significantly affecting multiple victims

located across the country over a relatively short period of only one year. Defendant’s

involvement in these schemes began after his associate Michael Orji was sentenced to ten years’

imprisonment and while defendant was on probation, demonstrating a lack of respect for the law,

a need for deterrence, a likelihood of recidivism, and a danger to the community. The Court is

unaware of any relevant post-sentencing conduct or disciplinary concerns and agrees with the

government that a three-month reduction in sentence would not “tip the balance against an

otherwise appropriate reduction in this case.” Gov’t’s Resp. at 7. Accordingly, defendant’s

sentence is reduced from 90 to 87 months.

2 Dillon states that one exception to this general rule is when “the sentencing court originally imposed a term of imprisonment below the Guidelines range,” 560 U.S. at 827, which the Court did here. While true under the version of the Sentencing Guidelines in effect during Dillon, this exception has since been amended, however, to require that a defendant also have provided substantial assistance.

7 III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s Motion for a Sentence Reduction, ECF No. 124, is

GRANTED IN PART. An amended judgment will be filed separately.

SO ORDERED.

Date: January 4, 2024

__________________________ BERYL A. HOWELL United States District Judge