FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 28 2019 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 15-10526
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:11-cr-00210-JAM-2 v.
NADIA KUZMENKO, AKA Naida MEMORANDUM* Reyes,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Nos. 15-10527 16-10122 Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. v. 2:11-cr-00210-JAM-5
EDWARD SHEVTSOV,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 15-10528
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1 v. 2:11-cr-00210-JAM-6
PETER KUZMENKO,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 15-10536
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:11-cr-00210-JAM-3 v.
AARON NEW,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California John A. Mendez, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 5, 2019 San Francisco, California
Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and PAEZ and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
Nadia Kuzmenko, Peter Kuzmenko, Aaron New, and Edward Shevtsov
appeal their jury convictions for mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering, and
witness tampering. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm
the convictions, but remand to the district court for resentencing of Aaron New and
reconsideration of an order directing Edward Shevtsov to pay $191,570.05 in
2 attorney’s fees. Because the parties are familiar with the facts and the procedural
history, we need not recount it here.
We review the district court’s decision to preclude a defendant’s proffered
defense de novo. United States v. Lindsey, 850 F.3d 1009, 1014 (9th Cir. 2017).
We review the alleged introduction of false evidence and perjured testimony,
unobjected to below, for plain error. United States v. Houston, 648 F.3d 806, 813
(9th Cir. 2011). We review the allegation that the district court constructively
amended the indictment, not raised below, for plain error. United States v. Hartz,
458 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 2006). We review the district court’s method of loss
calculation de novo, and the factual finding on the amount of loss for clear error.
United States v. Blitz, 151 F.3d 1002, 1009 (9th Cir. 1998).
I
The district court did not err when it precluded Appellants from introducing
proffered expert testimony at trial. While “evidence of the lending standards
generally applied in the mortgage industry” remains relevant on the question of
materiality, neither individual victim lender negligence or an individual victim
lender’s intentional disregard of relevant information are defenses to wire fraud.
Lindsey, 850 F.3d at 1015-16. Appellants’ notice of expert testimony and the
supplement filed after the government moved to exclude the testimony reveals that
3 Appellants’ expert intended to testify about the complicity and motives of the
particular victim lenders, not about the general practices of mortgage lenders.
Under these circumstances, the district court did not err in excluding the expert
testimony.
II
The government did not violate Appellants’ due process rights in its tender
of testimony and evidence. To demonstrate a due process violation under Napue v.
Illinois, 360 U.S. 264 (1959), Appellants must demonstrate that the testimony or
evidence presented “was actually false,” that “the prosecution knew or should have
known that the testimony [or evidence] was actually false,” and “that the false
testimony [or evidence] was material.” United States v. Houston, 648 F.3d 806,
814 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). “In assessing materiality under Napue, we
determine whether there is‘any reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could
have affected the judgment of the jury[.]” Id. (quoting Hayes v. Brown, 399 F.3d
972, 984 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc)).
On plain error review, the introduction of the residential loan applications
bearing challenged signatures does not offend due process. Federal Rule of
Evidence 901(b)(3) affords the jury discretion to make handwriting comparisons,
and draw conclusions from those comparisons, “either in the presence or absence
4 of expert opinion.” United States v. Woodson, 526 F.2d 550, 551 (9th Cir. 1975).
The record reflects that the government repeatedly identified the signature on the
forms, but explicitly left the authenticity of the signature for the jury to determine.
United States v. Estrada, 441 F.2d 873, 877 (9th Cir. 1971) does not compel a
different conclusion. Estrada concerned whether the prosecution laid the proper
foundation for introduction of purported signatures, whereas Appellants here
stipulated to the introduction of the loan documents at trial.
Appellants likewise have failed to demonstrate that the testimony of a
government witness was actually false. Witness credibility, including whether the
witness “lied, or erred in their perceptions or recollections” generally represent
questions properly left to the jury. United States v. Zuno-Arce, 44 F.3d 1420, 1422
(9th Cir. 1995). Additionally, it remains unlikely that the testimony could have
affected the judgment of the jury because the witness was adequately cross-
examined by the defense on the allegedly perjurious aspects of her testimony.
Houston, 648 F.3d at 814.
III
The district court did not constructively amend the indictment when it
offered our pattern jury instructions on mail fraud and wire fraud. Actual reliance
is not an element of mail fraud or wire fraud. United States v Blixt, 548 F.3d 882,
5 889 (9th Cir. 2008). “‘We have repeatedly held that language that describes
elements beyond what is required under the statute is surplusage and need not be
proved at trial.’” United States v. Renzi, 769 F.3d 731, 756 (9th Cir. 2014)
(quoting Bargas v. Burns, 179 F.3d 1207, 1216 n.6 (9th Cir. 1999)). Therefore, the
Grand Jury’s singular inclusion of “reliance” in the indictment constituted
surplusage, and the court did not err in providing model instructions that did not
require the jury to find reliance to convict Appellants of mail fraud and wire fraud.
IV
The district court did not employ an erroneous method to calculate loss for
purposes of calculating the Sentencing Guidelines. In mortgage fraud cases, loss is
calculated by deducting “any amount recovered or recoverable by the creditor from
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 28 2019 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 15-10526
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:11-cr-00210-JAM-2 v.
NADIA KUZMENKO, AKA Naida MEMORANDUM* Reyes,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Nos. 15-10527 16-10122 Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. v. 2:11-cr-00210-JAM-5
EDWARD SHEVTSOV,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 15-10528
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1 v. 2:11-cr-00210-JAM-6
PETER KUZMENKO,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 15-10536
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:11-cr-00210-JAM-3 v.
AARON NEW,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California John A. Mendez, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 5, 2019 San Francisco, California
Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and PAEZ and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
Nadia Kuzmenko, Peter Kuzmenko, Aaron New, and Edward Shevtsov
appeal their jury convictions for mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering, and
witness tampering. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm
the convictions, but remand to the district court for resentencing of Aaron New and
reconsideration of an order directing Edward Shevtsov to pay $191,570.05 in
2 attorney’s fees. Because the parties are familiar with the facts and the procedural
history, we need not recount it here.
We review the district court’s decision to preclude a defendant’s proffered
defense de novo. United States v. Lindsey, 850 F.3d 1009, 1014 (9th Cir. 2017).
We review the alleged introduction of false evidence and perjured testimony,
unobjected to below, for plain error. United States v. Houston, 648 F.3d 806, 813
(9th Cir. 2011). We review the allegation that the district court constructively
amended the indictment, not raised below, for plain error. United States v. Hartz,
458 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 2006). We review the district court’s method of loss
calculation de novo, and the factual finding on the amount of loss for clear error.
United States v. Blitz, 151 F.3d 1002, 1009 (9th Cir. 1998).
I
The district court did not err when it precluded Appellants from introducing
proffered expert testimony at trial. While “evidence of the lending standards
generally applied in the mortgage industry” remains relevant on the question of
materiality, neither individual victim lender negligence or an individual victim
lender’s intentional disregard of relevant information are defenses to wire fraud.
Lindsey, 850 F.3d at 1015-16. Appellants’ notice of expert testimony and the
supplement filed after the government moved to exclude the testimony reveals that
3 Appellants’ expert intended to testify about the complicity and motives of the
particular victim lenders, not about the general practices of mortgage lenders.
Under these circumstances, the district court did not err in excluding the expert
testimony.
II
The government did not violate Appellants’ due process rights in its tender
of testimony and evidence. To demonstrate a due process violation under Napue v.
Illinois, 360 U.S. 264 (1959), Appellants must demonstrate that the testimony or
evidence presented “was actually false,” that “the prosecution knew or should have
known that the testimony [or evidence] was actually false,” and “that the false
testimony [or evidence] was material.” United States v. Houston, 648 F.3d 806,
814 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). “In assessing materiality under Napue, we
determine whether there is‘any reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could
have affected the judgment of the jury[.]” Id. (quoting Hayes v. Brown, 399 F.3d
972, 984 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc)).
On plain error review, the introduction of the residential loan applications
bearing challenged signatures does not offend due process. Federal Rule of
Evidence 901(b)(3) affords the jury discretion to make handwriting comparisons,
and draw conclusions from those comparisons, “either in the presence or absence
4 of expert opinion.” United States v. Woodson, 526 F.2d 550, 551 (9th Cir. 1975).
The record reflects that the government repeatedly identified the signature on the
forms, but explicitly left the authenticity of the signature for the jury to determine.
United States v. Estrada, 441 F.2d 873, 877 (9th Cir. 1971) does not compel a
different conclusion. Estrada concerned whether the prosecution laid the proper
foundation for introduction of purported signatures, whereas Appellants here
stipulated to the introduction of the loan documents at trial.
Appellants likewise have failed to demonstrate that the testimony of a
government witness was actually false. Witness credibility, including whether the
witness “lied, or erred in their perceptions or recollections” generally represent
questions properly left to the jury. United States v. Zuno-Arce, 44 F.3d 1420, 1422
(9th Cir. 1995). Additionally, it remains unlikely that the testimony could have
affected the judgment of the jury because the witness was adequately cross-
examined by the defense on the allegedly perjurious aspects of her testimony.
Houston, 648 F.3d at 814.
III
The district court did not constructively amend the indictment when it
offered our pattern jury instructions on mail fraud and wire fraud. Actual reliance
is not an element of mail fraud or wire fraud. United States v Blixt, 548 F.3d 882,
5 889 (9th Cir. 2008). “‘We have repeatedly held that language that describes
elements beyond what is required under the statute is surplusage and need not be
proved at trial.’” United States v. Renzi, 769 F.3d 731, 756 (9th Cir. 2014)
(quoting Bargas v. Burns, 179 F.3d 1207, 1216 n.6 (9th Cir. 1999)). Therefore, the
Grand Jury’s singular inclusion of “reliance” in the indictment constituted
surplusage, and the court did not err in providing model instructions that did not
require the jury to find reliance to convict Appellants of mail fraud and wire fraud.
IV
The district court did not employ an erroneous method to calculate loss for
purposes of calculating the Sentencing Guidelines. In mortgage fraud cases, loss is
calculated by deducting “any amount recovered or recoverable by the creditor from
the sale of the collateral” from “the greater of actual or intended loss, where actual
loss is the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm from the fraud.” United States v.
Morris, 744 F.3d 1373, 1375 (9th Cir. 2014). This approach “ensure[s] that
defendants who fraudulently induce financial institutions to assume the risk of
lending to an unqualified borrower are responsible for the natural consequences of
their fraudulent conduct.” Id. (quoting United States v. Mallory, 709 F.Supp.2d
455, 459 (E.D. Va. 2010)). “The court need only make a reasonable estimate of
the loss. . . based on available information[.]” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(C). The
6 district court’s calculation subtracted the amounts recovered in foreclosure sales
from the amounts originally borrowed. This calculation reflects a reasonable
estimate of the natural consequences of Appellants’ fraudulent conduct.
V
Because we affirm the district court on the issues above, we need not reach
the issue of prejudicial spillover with regard to Nadia Kuzmenko’s witness
tampering conviction.
VI
The government concedes error where the district court assessed Edward
Shevtsov $191,570.05 in legal fees without a contemporaneous finding on
Shevtsov’s ability to pay. We vacate the order and remand to the district court for
consideration of Shevtsov’s current ability to pay.
The government also concedes error where the district court used Aaron
New’s testimony against him to impose a two-level obstruction of justice
enhancement based on perjury, without finding that each of the elements of perjury
were met. We vacate New’s sentence and remand to the district court for
resentencing.
AFFIRMED in part, VACATED in part, and REMANDED.
7 FILED MAY 28 2019 United States v. Kuzmenko, No. 15-10526+ MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS BERZON, Circuit Judge, concurring in part, and concurring in judgment:
I concur in the memorandum disposition except with regard to one issue: In
my view, appellants should have been able to introduce their proffered expert at
trial. Denying them the opportunity to do so was, however, harmless error.
United States v. Lindsey holds that the materiality of false statements should
be proved or disproved using “evidence of the lending standards generally applied
in the mortgage industry” at the time of the alleged wire fraud, not the practices of
the specific lenders named as the victims of the alleged scheme. 850 F.3d 1009,
1016 (9th Cir. 2017); see also id. at 1017. Although appellants’ proffer indicated
that their expert would have opined in large part on the practices of First Franklin
Financial, the specific lender in the named indictment, the proffer also indicates
that their expert would to a degree have opined on “the lending standards generally
applied in the mortgage industry.” Id. at 1016.
I nonetheless agree with the majority that the judgment should be affirmed,
but for a different reason—the exclusion of the defendants’ expert was harmless.
There was overwhelming evidence that the defendants made material
misrepresentations when they sought to obtain mortgages from First Franklin. The
defendants lied about almost everything on their mortgage applications, including
the core information in a mortgage application: the borrower’s assets, income, and intent to occupy the mortgaged property as a primary residence. They also
attached forged and doctored documents in support of their applications.
The proffered expert testimony would do nothing to negate the impact of
this evidence on the materiality issue. The defendants clearly understood that to
get the loans they needed to misrepresent the core mortgage information and
submit false documents. And, although the defendant’s expert could have testified
that mortgage lenders did not care whether the information in loan applications
was accurate, nothing in the proffer suggests that he would have testified that
mortgage lenders were not influenced by the inclusion of the core mortgage
statements, accurate or false, in a loan application and attached documents.
Take, as one example, the testimony elicited by the government that First
Franklin would only issue a loan for 100 percent of the value of the property if a
borrower represented that she would live in that property. The defendants’ expert
may have testified that First Franklin and other lenders did not care whether a
borrower’s representation that she would live in the property was truthful. But
nothing in the proffer suggests that he would have testified that First Franklin
would issue a loan for 100 percent of the property’s value if the borrower did not
represent that she would live at the property.
Thus, even if the proffered testimony had been admitted, no jury could
reasonably have found that the defendants did not make material
2 misrepresentations as part of their scheme to defraud. See Neder v. United States,
527 U.S. 1, 16 (1999).