USCA4 Appeal: 23-4032 Doc: 54 Filed: 06/14/2024 Pg: 1 of 6
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 23-4032
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
MITCHELL DANYELL BANKS,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Greensboro. William L. Osteen, Jr., District Judge. (1:21-cr-00344-WO-1)
Submitted: May 31, 2024 Decided: June 14, 2024
Before AGEE, WYNN, and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: George E. Crump, III, LAW OFFICE OF GEORGE E. CRUMP, III, Rockingham, North Carolina, for Appellant. Sandra J. Hairston, United States Attorney, Margaret M. Reece, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 23-4032 Doc: 54 Filed: 06/14/2024 Pg: 2 of 6
PER CURIAM:
A jury convicted Mitchell Danyell Banks of conspiracy to distribute cocaine base
and cocaine hydrochloride, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C), 846 (Count 1);
possessing with intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(C) (Counts 2 & 12); possessing with intent to distribute cocaine hydrochloride, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (Counts 3 & 13); maintaining drug involved
premises, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1), (b) (Counts 4, 8, & 14); possessing a
firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (Counts 5 & 9); being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2) (2018) 1 (Counts 6 & 10); possessing with
intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (Count 7);
and possessing with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (Count 11). Banks contends that the district court erred in denying
his motions to suppress and in allowing the Government to present evidence about drugs
destroyed in 2018. Finding no reversible error, we affirm. 2
1 Section 924(a)(2) was amended and no longer provides the penalty for § 922(g) convictions; the new penalty provision in 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(8) sets forth a statutory maximum sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment for a § 922(g) offense. See Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, Pub. L. No. 117-159, § 12004(c), 136 Stat. 1313, 1329 (2022). The 15- year statutory maximum does not apply in this case, however, because Banks committed the offense before the June 25, 2022, amendment of the statute. 2 Banks argues that there would have been insufficient evidence to convict him without the evidence he challenges. Because we reject those challenges on the merits, this argument also fails.
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“When reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we review factual
findings for clear error and legal determinations de novo,” construing “the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prevailing party.” United States v. Lull, 824 F.3d 109, 114-15
(4th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he Fourth Amendment specifically
provides that ‘no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things
to be seized.’” United States v. Jones, 952 F.3d 153, 158 (4th Cir. 2020) (quoting U.S.
Const. amend. IV).
Banks first challenges a search of his residence conducted in February 2020
pursuant to a search warrant, arguing that it is tainted by a prior illegal search. “The
exclusionary rule generally renders inadmissible evidence recovered during an unlawful
search.” United States v. Hill, 776 F.3d 243, 250 (4th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks
omitted). “Derivative evidence, or fruit of the poisonous tree is evidence that has been
come at by exploitation of an illegality instead of means sufficiently distinguishable to be
purged of the primary taint.” United States v. Lentz, 524 F.3d 501, 522 (4th Cir. 2008)
(cleaned up). Conversely, “evidence need not be suppressed if it is somehow attenuated
enough from the violation to dissipate the taint.” Id. (cleaned up).
One way to purge the taint of a prior unlawful search is through the independent
source doctrine. Hill, 776 F.3d at 251. “This doctrine applies when a search pursuant to a
warrant was in fact a genuinely independent source of the information and tangible
evidence that would otherwise be subject to exclusion because they were found during an
earlier unlawful search.” Id. (cleaned up). “To find the search with a warrant genuinely
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independent, the unlawful search must not have affected (1) the officer’s decision to seek
the warrant or (2) the magistrate judge’s decision to issue it.” Id. (cleaned up).
The district court correctly applied the independent source doctrine. The officer’s
decision to seek the warrant was based on the evidence that Banks had committed an
assault—only one paragraph referenced the illegally seen drug evidence. On the second
prong, we follow Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), and “examine[] the search
warrant affidavit absent the illegally-obtained information, to determine whether the
untainted portion of the affidavit set forth probable cause.” United States v. Walton, 56
F.3d 551, 554 (4th Cir. 1995). Excluding the drug evidence and the shell casings, there is
ample evidence remaining in the affidavit to establish probable cause that evidence of the
assault would be found at the residence.
Next, Banks argues that the January 2021 search warrant application relied on stale
evidence. However, he does not challenge the district court’s alternative basis for denying
this motion to suppress—that the Leon 3 good-faith exception applied. Thus, Banks has
“waived appellate review of that separate ground for denying his motion” to suppress, and
we may “affirm on that basis.” 4 United States v. Ebert, 61 F.4th 394, 402 (4th Cir.), cert.
denied, 144 S. Ct. 149 (2023).
3 United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).
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USCA4 Appeal: 23-4032 Doc: 54 Filed: 06/14/2024 Pg: 1 of 6
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 23-4032
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
MITCHELL DANYELL BANKS,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Greensboro. William L. Osteen, Jr., District Judge. (1:21-cr-00344-WO-1)
Submitted: May 31, 2024 Decided: June 14, 2024
Before AGEE, WYNN, and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: George E. Crump, III, LAW OFFICE OF GEORGE E. CRUMP, III, Rockingham, North Carolina, for Appellant. Sandra J. Hairston, United States Attorney, Margaret M. Reece, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 23-4032 Doc: 54 Filed: 06/14/2024 Pg: 2 of 6
PER CURIAM:
A jury convicted Mitchell Danyell Banks of conspiracy to distribute cocaine base
and cocaine hydrochloride, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C), 846 (Count 1);
possessing with intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(C) (Counts 2 & 12); possessing with intent to distribute cocaine hydrochloride, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (Counts 3 & 13); maintaining drug involved
premises, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1), (b) (Counts 4, 8, & 14); possessing a
firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (Counts 5 & 9); being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2) (2018) 1 (Counts 6 & 10); possessing with
intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (Count 7);
and possessing with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (Count 11). Banks contends that the district court erred in denying
his motions to suppress and in allowing the Government to present evidence about drugs
destroyed in 2018. Finding no reversible error, we affirm. 2
1 Section 924(a)(2) was amended and no longer provides the penalty for § 922(g) convictions; the new penalty provision in 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(8) sets forth a statutory maximum sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment for a § 922(g) offense. See Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, Pub. L. No. 117-159, § 12004(c), 136 Stat. 1313, 1329 (2022). The 15- year statutory maximum does not apply in this case, however, because Banks committed the offense before the June 25, 2022, amendment of the statute. 2 Banks argues that there would have been insufficient evidence to convict him without the evidence he challenges. Because we reject those challenges on the merits, this argument also fails.
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“When reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we review factual
findings for clear error and legal determinations de novo,” construing “the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prevailing party.” United States v. Lull, 824 F.3d 109, 114-15
(4th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he Fourth Amendment specifically
provides that ‘no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things
to be seized.’” United States v. Jones, 952 F.3d 153, 158 (4th Cir. 2020) (quoting U.S.
Const. amend. IV).
Banks first challenges a search of his residence conducted in February 2020
pursuant to a search warrant, arguing that it is tainted by a prior illegal search. “The
exclusionary rule generally renders inadmissible evidence recovered during an unlawful
search.” United States v. Hill, 776 F.3d 243, 250 (4th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks
omitted). “Derivative evidence, or fruit of the poisonous tree is evidence that has been
come at by exploitation of an illegality instead of means sufficiently distinguishable to be
purged of the primary taint.” United States v. Lentz, 524 F.3d 501, 522 (4th Cir. 2008)
(cleaned up). Conversely, “evidence need not be suppressed if it is somehow attenuated
enough from the violation to dissipate the taint.” Id. (cleaned up).
One way to purge the taint of a prior unlawful search is through the independent
source doctrine. Hill, 776 F.3d at 251. “This doctrine applies when a search pursuant to a
warrant was in fact a genuinely independent source of the information and tangible
evidence that would otherwise be subject to exclusion because they were found during an
earlier unlawful search.” Id. (cleaned up). “To find the search with a warrant genuinely
3 USCA4 Appeal: 23-4032 Doc: 54 Filed: 06/14/2024 Pg: 4 of 6
independent, the unlawful search must not have affected (1) the officer’s decision to seek
the warrant or (2) the magistrate judge’s decision to issue it.” Id. (cleaned up).
The district court correctly applied the independent source doctrine. The officer’s
decision to seek the warrant was based on the evidence that Banks had committed an
assault—only one paragraph referenced the illegally seen drug evidence. On the second
prong, we follow Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), and “examine[] the search
warrant affidavit absent the illegally-obtained information, to determine whether the
untainted portion of the affidavit set forth probable cause.” United States v. Walton, 56
F.3d 551, 554 (4th Cir. 1995). Excluding the drug evidence and the shell casings, there is
ample evidence remaining in the affidavit to establish probable cause that evidence of the
assault would be found at the residence.
Next, Banks argues that the January 2021 search warrant application relied on stale
evidence. However, he does not challenge the district court’s alternative basis for denying
this motion to suppress—that the Leon 3 good-faith exception applied. Thus, Banks has
“waived appellate review of that separate ground for denying his motion” to suppress, and
we may “affirm on that basis.” 4 United States v. Ebert, 61 F.4th 394, 402 (4th Cir.), cert.
denied, 144 S. Ct. 149 (2023).
3 United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984). 4 Banks does take a passing shot at challenging the application of the good-faith exception in one sentence of his reply brief. Reply Br. at 10. But because the argument was not raised in his opening brief, see United States v. Winfield, 665 F.3d 107, 117 n.4 (4th Cir. 2012) (concluding that appellant’s failure to raise argument in opening brief waived the argument), and because even if this sentence had been included in his opening brief it would have been insufficient to preserve the issue for appellate review, see Grayson
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Finally, as for the September 2021 search, Banks concedes that probable cause was
established because the officers smelled the odor of marijuana coming from his residence.
“[W]e have repeatedly held that the odor of marijuana alone can provide probable cause to
believe that marijuana is present in a particular place.” Jones, 952 F.3d at 158 (internal
quotation marks omitted). While Banks asks us to reconsider this precedent, “one panel
cannot overrule another.” United States v. Runyon, 994 F.3d 192, 201 (4th Cir. 2021)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Banks also argues that the district court erred in allowing the Government to
introduce testimony about drugs destroyed in 2018, before he was indicted. A defendant
may establish “a due process violation based on the prosecution’s failure to preserve
evidence if the evidence possesses an exculpatory value that was apparent before the
evidence was destroyed and if it is of such a nature that the defendant would be unable to
obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably available means.” United States v.
Johnson, 996 F.3d 200, 206 (4th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up). But “when the lost evidence can
only be said to be ‘potentially useful’ to the defendant because the contents of the evidence
are unknown,” “[a] showing of bad faith is required.” Id. (quoting Arizona v. Youngblood,
488 U.S. 51, 57-58 (1988) (holding “that unless a criminal defendant can show bad faith
on the part of the police, failure to preserve potentially useful evidence does not constitute
a denial of due process of law”)).
O Co. v. Agadir Int’l LLC, 856 F.3d 307, 316 (4th Cir. 2017) (providing that a party must develop an argument to avoid waiver, not merely take a passing shot at the issue), we nonetheless conclude the argument was waived.
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Bad faith “requires that the officer have intentionally withheld the evidence for the
purpose of depriving the [accused] of the use of that evidence during his criminal trial.”
Jean v. Collins, 221 F.3d 656, 663 (4th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (Wilkinson, J., concurring in
the judgment). The negligent destruction of evidence, without more, is not bad faith. See
Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 58 (finding no due process violation where failure of police to
preserve evidence “can at worst be described as negligent”).
The district court correctly found that there was no bad faith. The evidence was
available for use in Banks’s prior state criminal trial. After he entered an Alford 5 plea to
resolve that case, a state judge then ordered the evidence destroyed. And this occurred
before the federal indictment was filed and before the first search tied to the substantive
counts. 6
Accordingly, we affirm Banks’s convictions. We dispense with oral argument
because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this
court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
5 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).
To the extent Banks challenges the admission of testimony regarding the destroyed 6
evidence as irrelevant and unduly prejudicial, such challenges are similarly without merit. Testimony that drugs were seized from Banks in 2017 is plainly relevant to establishing Banks’s involvement in a years-long drug conspiracy. We also disagree with Banks that the Government’s failure to present the physical drug evidence alongside this testimony somehow rendered the testimony as unduly prejudicial.