NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 27 2018 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 16-50093
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 8:14-cr-00014-CJC-1 v.
MICHAEL JAY STEWART, AKA Michael MEMORANDUM* J. Stewart, AKA Mike Stewart,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Cormac J. Carney, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 5, 2018 Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and PRATT,** District Judge.
Defendant Michael Jay Stewart (“Stewart”) appeals from his convictions and
sentences for eleven counts of mail fraud, arguing the district court: (1) failed to
properly instruct the jury, resulting in an unfair trial; (2) erred in interpreting a
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Robert W. Pratt, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation. sentencing enhancement and in determining the amount of loss under the
enhancement; and (3) imposed an unreasonable sentence. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742. Upon review, we affirm.
1. Stewart argues the district court erred in departing from the Ninth Circuit
Model Jury Instructions in instructing the jury as to materiality and the intent
required to convict him of mail fraud under an omissions theory of fraud.
Assuming without deciding that Stewart preserved error with respect to his
challenge to Instruction No. 15, Stewart’s claim must fail even on de novo review.
See United States v. Pineda-Doval, 614 F.3d 1019, 1025 (9th Cir. 2010).
The Government is not required to prove that a “scheme to defraud was
reasonably calculated to deceive persons of ordinary prudence and
comprehension.” United States v. Ciccone, 219 F.3d 1078, 1083 (9th Cir. 2000).
Moreover, Stewart’s assertion that the reasonable-investor standard under the civil
“bespeaks caution” doctrine should apply here is also without merit because that
doctrine is inapplicable in the criminal context as the criminal fraud statutes do not
require the Government to prove reliance. See Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1,
24–25 (1999).
Additionally, Stewart’s challenges to Instructions Nos. 14 and 17 are
waived. See United States v. Kaplan, 836 F.3d 1199, 1217 (9th Cir. 2016); United
States v. Cain, 130 F.3d 381, 383–84 (9th Cir. 1997). However, even if these
2 16-50093 challenges are not waived, his claims fail because the disjunctive formulation of
“intent to defraud” meaning “an intent to deceive or cheat” is included in our
model instruction, which we have repeatedly approved. See, e.g., United States v.
Shipsey, 363 F.3d 962, 967 (9th Cir. 2004).
2. Stewart claims the district court committed plain error in failing to
instruct the jury that it must find Stewart had a fiduciary duty or other similar duty
to disclose in order to convict him on an omissions theory of fraud. We recently
examined a nearly identical claim and held the trial court had erred in failing to
“instruct the jury that it must find a relationship creating a duty to disclose before it
could conclude that a material non-disclosure supports a wire fraud charge.”1
United States v. Shields, 844 F.3d 819, 823 (9th Cir. 2016).
“A trial court commits plain error when (1) there is error, (2) that is plain
[i.e., ‘clear and obvious’], and (3) the error affects substantial rights [i.e., ‘affects
the outcome of the proceedings’].” Shields, 844 F.3d at 823 (alterations in
original) (quoting United States v. Fuchs, 218 F.3d 957, 962 (9th Cir. 2000). The
Court “may exercise [its] discretion to notice such error, but only if the error
seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.” Fuchs, 218 F.3d at 962.
1 “It is well settled that cases construing the mail fraud and wire fraud statutes are applicable to either.” Shipsey, 363 F.3d at 971 n.10.
3 16-50093 Because we evaluate the plainness of an error at the time of review rather
than at the time the error was committed, Henderson v. United States, 568 U.S.
266, 271 (2013), we conclude the trial court clearly and obviously erred in not
instructing the jury on the requirement of a duty to disclose, see Shields, 844 F.3d
at 823. However, because the court’s error did not affect Stewart’s substantial
rights or the outcome of the proceedings, his claim fails. See id. The record shows
that, although the Government relied in part on an omissions theory of fraud, it by
no means relied on that theory exclusively. Stewart made numerous false
statements to investors both directly and indirectly to induce them to invest with
his company Pacific Property Assets (“PPA”). Furthermore, the jury likely would
have determined there was an informal, trusting relationship between Stewart and
investors. See id. at 824.
Moreover, several of Stewart’s representations to potential investors of the
Opportunity Fund can be categorized as “half-truths”—statements that “state the
truth only so far as it goes, while omitting critical qualifying information”—rather
than pure omissions. Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States ex rel.
Escobar, 136 S. Ct. 1989, 2000 (2016). And in a case involving half-truths, the
duty to disclose arises from the truth half-spoken, not from a separate duty. See
United States v. Lloyd, 807 F.3d 1128, 1153 (9th Cir. 2015). Thus, the jury did not
need to find a separate duty to disclose.
4 16-50093 3. Stewart asserts the cumulative effect of the alleged errors discussed
above requires reversal of his conviction. For the reasons stated above, we
conclude the Government’s case against Stewart was not “weak” and there was
overwhelming evidence of Stewart’s guilt. See United States v. Frederick, 78 F.3d
1370, 1381 (9th Cir. 1996).
4. Stewart claims the district court incorrectly interpreted U.S.S.G.
§ 2B1.1(b)(2) when it failed to read a reasonable foreseeability requirement into
the provision, which applies if the offense “resulted in substantial financial
hardship to five or more victims.” (Emphasis added.) Assuming without deciding
that Stewart has preserved error with respect to this claim, we conclude that, even
on de novo review, see United States v. Carper, 659 F.3d 923, 924 (9th Cir. 2011),
the district court correctly interpreted and applied the four-level enhancement. At
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 27 2018 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 16-50093
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 8:14-cr-00014-CJC-1 v.
MICHAEL JAY STEWART, AKA Michael MEMORANDUM* J. Stewart, AKA Mike Stewart,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Cormac J. Carney, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 5, 2018 Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and PRATT,** District Judge.
Defendant Michael Jay Stewart (“Stewart”) appeals from his convictions and
sentences for eleven counts of mail fraud, arguing the district court: (1) failed to
properly instruct the jury, resulting in an unfair trial; (2) erred in interpreting a
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Robert W. Pratt, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation. sentencing enhancement and in determining the amount of loss under the
enhancement; and (3) imposed an unreasonable sentence. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742. Upon review, we affirm.
1. Stewart argues the district court erred in departing from the Ninth Circuit
Model Jury Instructions in instructing the jury as to materiality and the intent
required to convict him of mail fraud under an omissions theory of fraud.
Assuming without deciding that Stewart preserved error with respect to his
challenge to Instruction No. 15, Stewart’s claim must fail even on de novo review.
See United States v. Pineda-Doval, 614 F.3d 1019, 1025 (9th Cir. 2010).
The Government is not required to prove that a “scheme to defraud was
reasonably calculated to deceive persons of ordinary prudence and
comprehension.” United States v. Ciccone, 219 F.3d 1078, 1083 (9th Cir. 2000).
Moreover, Stewart’s assertion that the reasonable-investor standard under the civil
“bespeaks caution” doctrine should apply here is also without merit because that
doctrine is inapplicable in the criminal context as the criminal fraud statutes do not
require the Government to prove reliance. See Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1,
24–25 (1999).
Additionally, Stewart’s challenges to Instructions Nos. 14 and 17 are
waived. See United States v. Kaplan, 836 F.3d 1199, 1217 (9th Cir. 2016); United
States v. Cain, 130 F.3d 381, 383–84 (9th Cir. 1997). However, even if these
2 16-50093 challenges are not waived, his claims fail because the disjunctive formulation of
“intent to defraud” meaning “an intent to deceive or cheat” is included in our
model instruction, which we have repeatedly approved. See, e.g., United States v.
Shipsey, 363 F.3d 962, 967 (9th Cir. 2004).
2. Stewart claims the district court committed plain error in failing to
instruct the jury that it must find Stewart had a fiduciary duty or other similar duty
to disclose in order to convict him on an omissions theory of fraud. We recently
examined a nearly identical claim and held the trial court had erred in failing to
“instruct the jury that it must find a relationship creating a duty to disclose before it
could conclude that a material non-disclosure supports a wire fraud charge.”1
United States v. Shields, 844 F.3d 819, 823 (9th Cir. 2016).
“A trial court commits plain error when (1) there is error, (2) that is plain
[i.e., ‘clear and obvious’], and (3) the error affects substantial rights [i.e., ‘affects
the outcome of the proceedings’].” Shields, 844 F.3d at 823 (alterations in
original) (quoting United States v. Fuchs, 218 F.3d 957, 962 (9th Cir. 2000). The
Court “may exercise [its] discretion to notice such error, but only if the error
seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.” Fuchs, 218 F.3d at 962.
1 “It is well settled that cases construing the mail fraud and wire fraud statutes are applicable to either.” Shipsey, 363 F.3d at 971 n.10.
3 16-50093 Because we evaluate the plainness of an error at the time of review rather
than at the time the error was committed, Henderson v. United States, 568 U.S.
266, 271 (2013), we conclude the trial court clearly and obviously erred in not
instructing the jury on the requirement of a duty to disclose, see Shields, 844 F.3d
at 823. However, because the court’s error did not affect Stewart’s substantial
rights or the outcome of the proceedings, his claim fails. See id. The record shows
that, although the Government relied in part on an omissions theory of fraud, it by
no means relied on that theory exclusively. Stewart made numerous false
statements to investors both directly and indirectly to induce them to invest with
his company Pacific Property Assets (“PPA”). Furthermore, the jury likely would
have determined there was an informal, trusting relationship between Stewart and
investors. See id. at 824.
Moreover, several of Stewart’s representations to potential investors of the
Opportunity Fund can be categorized as “half-truths”—statements that “state the
truth only so far as it goes, while omitting critical qualifying information”—rather
than pure omissions. Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States ex rel.
Escobar, 136 S. Ct. 1989, 2000 (2016). And in a case involving half-truths, the
duty to disclose arises from the truth half-spoken, not from a separate duty. See
United States v. Lloyd, 807 F.3d 1128, 1153 (9th Cir. 2015). Thus, the jury did not
need to find a separate duty to disclose.
4 16-50093 3. Stewart asserts the cumulative effect of the alleged errors discussed
above requires reversal of his conviction. For the reasons stated above, we
conclude the Government’s case against Stewart was not “weak” and there was
overwhelming evidence of Stewart’s guilt. See United States v. Frederick, 78 F.3d
1370, 1381 (9th Cir. 1996).
4. Stewart claims the district court incorrectly interpreted U.S.S.G.
§ 2B1.1(b)(2) when it failed to read a reasonable foreseeability requirement into
the provision, which applies if the offense “resulted in substantial financial
hardship to five or more victims.” (Emphasis added.) Assuming without deciding
that Stewart has preserved error with respect to this claim, we conclude that, even
on de novo review, see United States v. Carper, 659 F.3d 923, 924 (9th Cir. 2011),
the district court correctly interpreted and applied the four-level enhancement. At
least five victims stated that they had lost either all or a large portion of their
retirement funds or savings accounts or that the loss caused them to make
substantial changes to their employment or living arrangements. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2B1.1 cmt. 4(F)(iii)–(v). Nothing in the plain language of either § 2B1.1(b)(2)
itself or the accompanying commentary requires a district court to make a finding
that the loss must be reasonably foreseeable. If the Sentencing Commission had
intended for this to be a requirement, it would have said so explicitly. See
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. 3(A)(i) (defining “[a]ctual loss” as “the reasonably
5 16-50093 foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense”). Nor can Stewart point
to any case law that requires such a reading of the Guidelines provision.
5. We review de novo Stewart’s claim that the district court incorrectly
determined the amount of loss under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1) by including loss
incurred beyond the statute of limitations. Stewart does not dispute that his
conduct with regard to the prior offerings constitutes “relevant conduct.” See
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1). “[A] district court may consider as relevant conduct for
sentencing purposes actions which may be barred from prosecution by the
applicable statute of limitations.” United States v. Williams, 217 F.3d 751, 754
(9th Cir. 2000). Thus, Stewart’s claim fails.
Stewart also contends the district court applied the wrong standard of proof
at the sentencing hearing2 and relied on insufficient evidence to sustain its loss
calculation. Because Stewart was not convicted of committing fraud with respect
to any of PPA’s prior offerings beyond a reasonable doubt, the district court should
have employed a clear and convincing standard of proof in calculating the losses
from those other offerings. See United States v. Hymas, 780 F.3d 1285, 1291 (9th
Cir. 2015). But even assuming the court committed an error, any such error did
2 It is unclear from the record what standard of proof the district court actually applied in calculating the loss amount. It is clear, however, that Stewart did not object to the standard of proof; therefore, our review of this claim is for plain error. See United States v. Armstead, 552 F.3d 769, 776 (9th Cir. 2008).
6 16-50093 not affect Stewart’s substantial rights or seriously affect the outcome of the
proceedings. Fuchs, 218 F.3d at 962. The record shows over $9 million in loss
stems from the Opportunity Fund offering, of which Stewart was clearly convicted.
The PSR calculated the total losses from the prior offerings, which also included
the false balance sheet in their solicitation materials, at almost $4 million. Stewart
did not dispute any of these amounts in the district court. These combined losses,
totaling over $13 million, obviously exceeded the $9.5 million threshold for a
twenty-level increase. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K). Furthermore, based on the
evidence presented at trial, it was not clear error, see United States v. Stargell, 738
F.3d 1018, 1024 (9th Cir. 2013), for the district court to find that all of these losses
were “reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense,”
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. 3(A)(i).
6. Finally, Stewart argues the district court imposed a procedurally and
substantively unreasonable sentence. We review reasonableness claims for abuse
of discretion, United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d 984, 993 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc);
however, to the extent Stewart alleges constitutional violations, we review de
novo, United States v. Guillen-Cervantes, 748 F.3d 870, 872 (9th Cir. 2014).
Upon examination of the record, we conclude any alleged inconsistent
statements made by the Government at Stewart’s and his co-defendant’s
sentencing hearings regarding their respective culpability do not violate Stewart’s
7 16-50093 due process rights or otherwise render his sentence procedurally unreasonable. See
Carty, 520 F.3d at 993; Thompson v. Calderon, 120 F.3d 1045, 1056 (9th Cir.
1997) (en banc), rev’d on other grounds by Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538
(1998). Furthermore, the disparity between Stewart’s and his co-defendant’s
sentences was warranted, and Stewart’s sentence was not substantively
unreasonable. See United States v. Carter, 560 F.3d 1107, 1121 (9th Cir. 2009);
United States v. Marcial-Santiago, 447 F.3d 715, 719 (9th Cir. 2006); United
States v. Whitecotton, 142 F.3d 1194, 1200 (9th Cir. 1998).
AFFIRMED.
8 16-50093