United States v. Michael Partee
Opinion
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSTION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued April 20, 2010 Decided May 26, 2010
Before
JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge
DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge
TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge
No. 09‐2548 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Illinois, Eastern Division.
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v. No. 1:03‐cr‐00725‐1
MICHAEL PARTEE, John W. Darrah, Defendant‐Appellant. Judge.
O R D E R
This is the second effort by Michael Partee to obtain relief from his sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and distribution of a controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Previously, in a nonprecedential order, we affirmed Partee’s conviction but vacated his sentence and remanded the case for resentencing. See United States v. Partee, 273 F. App’x 529 (7th Cir. 2008). We also
No. 09‐2548 Page 2
specifically held that Partee’s new sentence needed to reflect, among other things, our determination that his prior conviction in Georgia was a “controlled substance offense” for guidelines calculations. (This, along with other qualifications, made Partee a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1.) Since that time, the Supreme Court has decided United States v. Begay, 553 U.S. 137 (2008), and United States v. Chambers, 129 S. Ct. 687 (2009). Partee now argues that those decisions require us to reconsider our earlier determination regarding the Georgia conviction, which the district court dutifully applied on remand.1 The government, on the other hand, contends that, because our previous analysis did not violate Begay and Chambers, the “law of the case” doctrine precludes considering Partee’s challenge a second time.
In the first appeal, we rejected Partee’s argument that, “although he was charged in Georgia with selling cocaine, the sentence he received was necessarily only for possession, which is not a controlled substance offense for guideline calculations.” Partee, 273 F. App’x at 532 (emphasis added). We agreed, however, that it was “somewhat mysterious” that Partee received a sentence of only two years, which was below Georgia’s mandatory minimum of five years for selling cocaine. Because there was no explanation in the record, we found that the district court could “examine the charging papers and the plea colloquy to determine what the offense was.” Id. at 533 (citing United States v. Sperberg, 432 F.3d 706 (7th Cir. 2005)).2 Applying de novo review, we agreed with the district judge in Partee’s case that the indictment, transcript of the plea hearing, and judgment of conviction all “substantiate that he was convicted of selling cocaine.” Id. (emphasis added). As for the light sentence, we thought it was reasonable to conclude that Partee “caught a break.”
On remand, the district judge applied our ruling concerning the Georgia conviction (over defense counsel’s objection) and consequently sentenced Partee as a career offender. The judge ultimately imposed a term of 120 months on the gun count and 262 months on the distribution count, the terms to run concurrently. Partee now appeals, urging us to revisit our determination regarding the Georgia conviction in light of intervening Supreme Court precedent. This is a question of law, which we review de novo. See Moore v. Anderson, 222 F.3d 280, 283 (7th Cir. 2000).
1 Although Partee introduced two other issues on appeal, at oral argument, his counsel agreed that disposition of the Georgia conviction issue requires us to either affirm the judgment in full or vacate the sentence and remand the case for resentencing. Thus, it is unnecessary for us to address the remaining issues.
2 The specific holding of Sperberg—that the felony crime of driving while intoxicated (Sperberg had eight DUI convictions) was a “violent felony” within the meaning of the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA)—was overruled by Begay. See United States v. Jackson, 549 F.3d 1115, 1117‐18 (7th Cir. 2008). We did not, however, cite Sperberg for that point of law.
No. 09‐2548 Page 3
The “law of the case” doctrine would ordinarily prevent us from reconsidering our earlier determination regarding the Georgia conviction. See Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203, 236 (1997); Starcon Int’l, Inc. v. Int’l Bhd. of Boilermakers, 450 F.3d 276, 278 (7th Cir. 2006). It is not improper to depart from a prior holding, however, if we are “convinced that it is clearly erroneous and would work a manifest injustice.” Arizona v. California, 460 U.S. 605, 618 n.8 (1983); see also Davis v. United States, 417 U.S. 333, 342 (1974) (holding that the court of appeals erred in adhering to the doctrine despite an intervening change in law). Partee argues that his case fits the bill because our previous analysis ran afoul of Begay and Chambers, as well as our interpretation of those opinions in United States v. Woods, 576 F.3d 400 (7th Cir. 2009). Accordingly, we begin by briefly reviewing the relevant decisions.
In Begay, the Court held that New Mexico’s crime of driving under the influence of alcohol is not a “violent felony” within the meaning of the ACCA. In so holding, the Court reiterated that, when determining whether a crime is a violent felony, a categorical approach should be used. This means that judges should “consider the offense generically, that is to say, [they] examine it in terms of how the law defines the offense and not in terms of how an individual offender might have committed it on a particular occasion.” Begay, 553 U.S. at 141 (citing Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602 (1990), and James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 208‐09 (2007)).
In Chambers, the Court held that Illinois’s crime of failure to report for penal confinement is not a “violent felony” within the meaning of the ACCA. Like Begay, Chambers reaffirmed the categorical approach described in Taylor and James. Importantly, the Court also looked to the state court record—that is, to the “charging document, plea agreement, jury instructions, or transcript of plea colloquy”—to determine the precise crime at issue. Chambers, 129 S. Ct. at 691 (citing Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 25 (2005)).
In Woods, we held that Illinois’s crime of involuntary manslaughter was not a “crime of violence” for purposes of career offender guidelines. Because the categorical approach also applies to the guidelines’ career offender provisions, see United States v. Templeton, 543 F.3d 378, 380 (7th Cir. 2008), we based our decision there on the Taylor/James line of cases.3 We also discussed the proper analysis when the statute at issue is divisible, meaning that it covers more than one offense. In that situation, we found, pursuant to Shepard, that courts may consult the charging document, the plea agreement or transcript of the plea colloquy, or some comparable judicial record. We emphasized, however, that “the additional
3 Although the issue here specifically concerns whether a prior conviction qualifies as a “controlled substance offense” as opposed a “crime of violence,” neither party has argued that the categorical approach does not apply. Indeed, our sister circuits have expressly held the opposite. See, e.g., United States v. Bryant, 571 F.3d 147, 157 n.7 (1st Cir. 2009); United States v. Savage, 542 F.3d 959, 964 (2d Cir. 2008).
No. 09‐2548 Page 4
materials permitted by Shepard may be used only to determine which crime within a statute the defendant committed, now how he committed that crime.” Woods, 576 F.3d at 405. We highlighted the latter point because language in our previous opinions (specifically, Templeton) could be read to the contrary.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
United States v. Michael Partee (United States v. Michael Partee) — published by Counsel Stack Legal Research, free access to 12M+ legal documents.