United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit
No. 22-1735
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
CARLOS MALDONADO-VARGAS, a/k/a Carlos Maldonado,
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
[Hon. John A. Woodcock, U.S. District Judge] [Hon. Gustavo A. Gelpí, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Rikelman, Lynch, and Howard, Circuit Judges.
Alejandra Bird-López, Assistant Federal Public Defender, with whom Héctor L. Ramos-Vega, Interim Federal Public Defender, District of Puerto Rico, and Franco L. Pérez-Redondo, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Supervisor, Appeals Section, were on brief, for appellant.
Katherine Twomey Allen, with whom W. Stephen Muldrow, United States Attorney, Mariana E. Bauzá-Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate Division, Gregory B. Conner, Assistant United States Attorney, and United States Attorney's Office were on brief, for appellee.
November 14, 2025 RIKELMAN, Circuit Judge. Carlos Maldonado appeals his
securities fraud conviction and sentence. He contends that the
district court improperly admitted at trial "summaries" of his
bank records under Federal Rule of Evidence 1006, even though they
were rife with hearsay, and that insufficient evidence supported
the jury's verdict. He also argues that the court miscalculated
his sentence because it incorrectly determined the number of
victims and their total losses. Finally, he claims that the court
was wrong to order him to pay restitution based on harm to
individuals not identified in the indictment. Our review reveals
no basis for disturbing the jury's verdict, the sentence imposed,
or the restitution order. As a result, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Relevant Facts
In 2005, Maldonado formed a company called Business
Planning Resource International Corporation (BPRIC). BPRIC's
purported mission was to raise money to develop various businesses
and to help individuals "facilitate the resources [they] need to
maximize [their] productive development." Promoters for BPRIC,
some of whom were insurance agents, persuaded clients1 to enter
1 Because Maldonado and the government dispute whether the BPRIC agreements were investment contracts within the meaning of the securities laws, Maldonado describes these individuals as "creditors" whereas the government calls them "investors." We refer to them as "individuals" or "clients."
- 2 - into financial agreements with the company. These agreements were
generally called "Productive Development Contracts." Each client
made an initial monetary contribution and received the promise of
a fixed rate of return. But the size of the initial contributions,
the amount of earnings guaranteed, and the duration of the
agreements varied. For example, one client agreed to give BPRIC
$15,000 in exchange for 17% annual earnings for five years.
Another client agreed to pay BPRIC $50,000 in exchange for 50%
annual earnings for one year.
Ultimately, BPRIC failed to fulfill its contractual
obligations to its clients. In 2016, a grand jury indicted
Maldonado on one count of securities fraud and fifteen counts of
bank fraud. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b), 78ff(a); 18 U.S.C. §§ 2,
1344. The government alleged in the indictment that Maldonado ran
a Ponzi scheme, meaning that he recycled money from later investors
to pay earlier investors, even though BPRIC never turned a profit.
The indictment listed twelve transactions involving eight alleged
clients (some of which were households). Each of these individuals
(or a representative from each household) subsequently testified
at trial. The amounts they invested ranged from $10,000 to
$164,000. The indictment also alleged that, "by depositing the
investors' checks in the bank account for BPRIC," Maldonado
committed bank fraud against the individuals' financial
institutions.
- 3 - B. Procedural History
Maldonado's case proceeded to trial, which lasted nine
days and included twenty-three witnesses for the government. One
of the government's first witnesses was an attorney who testified
generally about Ponzi schemes. He explained that a Ponzi scheme
involves shuffling money from one investor to reimburse another,
instead of conducting profit-generating activity.
The government presented fifteen witnesses who had
provided money to Maldonado.2 It introduced each witness's
Productive Development Contract, checks they issued to and
received from BPRIC, BPRIC promotional materials they obtained,
and their correspondence with BPRIC and Maldonado. Each witness
explained that they believed they were "investing" their money in
BPRIC. Specifically, many witnesses shared an understanding that
BPRIC would use their money to develop other companies. Most
witnesses testified that they received information about specific
companies that BPRIC would invest in or that they could invest in
directly. Those companies included, among others, Datavos, Pet
Card Systems, and Glorimar Fashions and Tailoring LLC. At various
points, Maldonado also touted to prospective and current clients
the potential profits that could be earned through ventures such
as investments in "Chinese bonds" and mining operations in Brazil.
2 Testifying witnesses also included several clients who had not been listed in the indictment.
- 4 - Some witnesses testified that Maldonado told them BPRIC would grow
their money through real property or stock market investments.
Alwin Díaz, one of Maldonado's promoters, also testified
for the government. Díaz said that Maldonado conducted a training
for promoters and claimed to operate "five or six other companies"
"under" BPRIC, including Pet Card Systems and Datavos. According
to Díaz, Maldonado showed the promoters "how each one of those
companies was supposed to operate" so that they could share this
information with potential clients. Specifically, Maldonado
taught promoters to tell prospective clients that BPRIC would
"distribute [their] money among each one of the companies that
were under" BPRIC in order to generate earnings. Díaz also
testified that Maldonado instructed promoters not to use the word
"investment," because "this word would entail other things," and
to use the phrase "capital accumulation" instead.
To demonstrate how Maldonado used the clients' money,
the government introduced the testimony of Mirelis Domínguez, a
forensic accountant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Domínguez analyzed approximately 10,000 transactions in
Maldonado's bank accounts. She used this information to create a
spreadsheet, Exhibit 327, which the district court admitted into
evidence. The spreadsheet included a "general category" column,
in which Domínguez assigned a label to each transaction -- for
example, "Investor," "Promoter," or "Investment." When the
- 5 - government asked Domínguez how she categorized transactions, she
explained that she consulted "supporting documentation," including
"interviews" -- apparently referring to government interviews of
potential victims, which she testified that she "reviewed" and in
some cases "participated in."
Domínguez then used this spreadsheet to generate several
additional tables and graphs, including pie charts and flow charts.
For example, one table, Exhibit 306, listed each individual whom
Domínguez had categorized as an investor (not just those who had
testified at trial), their cash inflows and outflows, and their
net gains or losses. It also included "comments," such as
"[i]nterviewed by AUSA." A separate pie chart exhibit showed that
93% of the money entering Maldonado's accounts came from clients.
Another pie chart exhibit showed that over half of the money
leaving Maldonado's accounts went to clients and promoters.
Domínguez also examined bank accounts with "just a few
transactions," including accounts for Datavos, Glorimar Fashions,
and Pet Card Systems. For these accounts, Domínguez created
smaller tables summarizing their activity.
The government introduced Domínguez's exhibits under
Rule 1006 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which permits
"summaries" of voluminous evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 1006.
Maldonado objected to several of the exhibits, including Exhibits
306 and 327. He argued that, by relying on interviews with alleged
- 6 - victims, Domínguez impermissibly incorporated hearsay into the
exhibits. Maldonado also contended that several exhibits included
Domínguez's assumptions and embellishments and therefore those
exhibits were not neutral summaries as required under the evidence
rules. The district court overruled the objections.
The jury convicted Maldonado on all counts, and the
parties then prepared for sentencing. Ultimately, the U.S.
Probation Office drafted a Presentence Investigation Report (PSR),
and Maldonado objected to several of its findings. Specifically,
he objected to the probation officer's application of an 18-level
enhancement for "loss exceed[ing] $3,500,000" and to the
application of a six-level enhancement "[b]ecause the offense
resulted in substantial financial hardship to twenty-five or more
victims." According to Maldonado, in calculating the total loss,
the district court could consider only the financial harm to "the
alleged victims that testified at trial." The court rejected this
argument, labeling it a "blanket" objection, and explained that it
determined a "loss amount based on both victims who testified
during trial as well as those others mentioned in the PSR." In
the end, the court sentenced Maldonado to 135 months' imprisonment.
The district court also ordered Maldonado to pay
restitution in the amount provided for by the PSR, which listed
forty-four victims with a collective loss of just over $2.1
million. The court explained that it would require restitution
- 7 - under the Mandatory Victim Restitution Act of 1996 (MVRA), 18
U.S.C. § 3663A, which applies to defendants convicted of certain
crimes, including bank fraud. See id. § 3663A(a)(1). It noted,
however, that the MVRA did not apply to Maldonado's securities
fraud conviction. Accordingly, the court ordered restitution for
the securities fraud conviction as a condition of Maldonado's
supervised release under 18 U.S.C. § 3583. See id. §§ 3583(d),
3563(b)(2).
Maldonado timely appealed. In March 2025, less than two
weeks before we heard oral argument in this case, the government
filed a Rule 28(j) letter indicating that it was no longer pursuing
Maldonado's bank fraud convictions and agreed that we should vacate
those convictions.3
II. DISCUSSION
We now analyze each of Maldonado's legal claims, moving
chronologically through the stages of his prosecution. First,
3 In a responsive 28(j) letter, Maldonado contends that vacating the bank fraud charges in accordance with the government's request "reverberates beyond those convictions." He argues that the bank fraud charges permitted the government to introduce otherwise time-barred evidence and generally "saturated the trial," creating "prejudicial spillover" into his securities fraud conviction. But Maldonado failed to make these arguments in his opening brief. The spillover argument was available to Maldonado at the time he submitted that brief, and we do not accept belated arguments as a matter of course. Thus, we hold that Maldonado's spillover argument was waived. See Stauffer v. IRS, 939 F.3d 1, 9 n.13 (1st Cir. 2019) ("New arguments cannot be raised in a Rule 28(j) letter.").
- 8 - Maldonado argues that the district court improperly admitted
evidence summarizing his bank account activity under Federal Rule
of Evidence 1006. We conclude that any error in admitting this
evidence was harmless. Second, Maldonado challenges the jury's
finding that the Productive Development Contracts were securities,
contending that insufficient evidence supported this conclusion.
We disagree, both because Maldonado misreads our precedent
defining "investment contracts" and because sufficient evidence
supported the jury's verdict. Finally, Maldonado challenges the
district court's loss calculation and its restitution order. We
conclude that the court's loss calculation was fully supported by
reliable evidence, and that Maldonado has failed to show that the
restitution award was legally invalid.
A. Evidence Admitted Under Rule 1006
We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.
See United States v. Burgos-Montes, 786 F.3d 92, 114 (1st Cir.
2015). Under this umbrella standard, we evaluate questions of law
de novo. See id. And if we hold that an abuse of discretion
occurred, we ask whether the court's error was nonetheless
harmless. See United States v. Abdelaziz, 68 F.4th 1, 70 (1st
Cir. 2023).
Maldonado argues that the district court abused its
discretion by improperly admitting certain exhibits and
accompanying testimony into evidence under Federal Rule of
- 9 - Evidence 1006.4 Rule 1006 permits the introduction of "summary"
materials. Generally, "[a]n original writing, recording, or
photograph is required in order to prove its content." Fed. R.
Evid. 1002. But Rule 1006 provides an exception, allowing a party
to "use a summary, chart, or calculation to prove the content of
voluminous writings . . . that cannot be conveniently examined in
court." Fed. R. Evid. 1006.5 For a summary to be admissible under
Rule 1006, it must meet several criteria. For one, the underlying
source material must be admissible. See United States v. Kumar,
112 F.4th 30, 38 (1st Cir. 2024); United States v. Milkiewicz, 470
F.3d 390, 396 (1st Cir. 2006). And, "[t]he proponent must show
that the voluminous source materials are what the proponent claims
them to be and that the summary accurately summarizes the source
materials." Milkiewicz, 470 F.3d at 396. Maldonado argues that
several of the government's exhibits flunked these requirements
because they were impermissibly based on hearsay and embellished
with inferences and conclusions.
4 The government argues that Maldonado waived his Rule 1006 challenge because he failed to "challenge a specific exhibit or part of Domínguez's testimony." But Maldonado objected to specific exhibits expressly during trial, including specific portions of such exhibits, and referenced these objections again in his opening brief. Thus, the government's waiver argument fails, and we move along to the merits. 5 The text of Rule 1006 was amended in December 2024. We cite the text of the Rule as it existed at the time of Maldonado's 2019 trial.
- 10 - Although the record is not crystal clear on this point,
we agree with Maldonado that inadmissible hearsay may have played
an improper role in the development of the summary exhibits.
Domínguez testified that at least in some instances, she relied on
government interviews to create exhibits:
[Government:] So, you go [through] all 10,000 transactions, how do you categorize each transaction? What documents did you review to satisfy yourself that you're going to categorize each transaction as A instead of B?
[Domínguez:] Okay, so it's multiple transactions. So if it's a deposit a bank will provide you with a deposit slip, a check. Also, when I'm categorizing some transactions, for example related to investors, I would review if there's [an] interview, if there is [a] contract, any other supporting documentation.
Thus, it is not apparent from Domínguez's testimony whether she
relied on the interviews merely to confirm what the admissible
documentary evidence already suggested, or whether she used the
interviews as an independent basis for categorizing some
transactions as involving investors. Nor did Maldonado elicit
this testimony on cross-examination. But if the out-of-court
interviews informed Domínguez's categorizations, then these
categorizations were inadmissible because they amounted to either
single or double hearsay.6 See id.
6 From what we can tell, the interviews involved clients explaining that they provided money to Maldonado, and the
- 11 - Regardless, any error in admitting Domínguez's
categorizations into evidence was harmless. "An error will be
treated as harmless only if it is highly probable that the error
did not contribute to the verdict." Abdelaziz, 68 F.4th at 70
(quoting United States v. Kilmartin, 944 F.3d 315, 338 (1st Cir.
2019)). "Practically speaking, a reviewing court may find an error
harmless when the properly admitted evidence, in and of itself,
furnished overwhelming proof of the defendant's guilt."
Kilmartin, 944 F.3d at 338.
On our review of the record, "we are confident that the
guilty verdict[]" on Maldonado's securities fraud conviction is
fully sustained "by the properly admitted evidence." Id. at 339.
To make this determination, we look at the evidence that Maldonado
does not challenge. Then, we consider whether this evidence
"overwhelmingly" supported the government's theory that Maldonado
recycled money from one client to another instead of engaging in
profitable investment activity. Id. at 338.
Crucially, Maldonado does not challenge the
admissibility of the underlying bank records. Nor did Maldonado
interviews were used in the summary to prove that very point. Thus, the record indicates that the out-of-court statements were admitted for their truth, and the government does not argue otherwise. Cf. United States v. Appolon, 695 F.3d 44, 62 (1st Cir. 2012) (concluding that district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Rule 1006 evidence where underlying statements were not admitted for their truth).
- 12 - challenge during trial the majority of Exhibit 327. To be sure,
Maldonado objected to the "category" columns of the spreadsheet as
"not based on the bank records." But he expressly approved the
remaining columns based on those same underlying records. These
columns included information like the "Payor" and "Payee" for each
transaction, along with a "Description." This data alone supported
Maldonado's conviction because it showed whether each transaction
involved payment to or from an individual or business or investment
activity. For example, one transaction in the spreadsheet was a
wire payment listing "Scottrade Inc." -- a brokerage company -- as
the "Payor." It was clear from the face of the transaction, then,
that it represented an inflow from an investment rather than a
payment to or from a client. Other transactions in the
spreadsheet, by contrast, listed the names of individuals as
"Payor" or "Payee." Still others listed neither Payor nor Payee
but included a "Description" (also not a challenged column) that
clearly evidenced non-business activity -- for example, one $23.54
outflow to "Burger King 3987 Rio Piedra."
The government charged Maldonado with operating a Ponzi
scheme. What mattered to its case was showing that returns to
earlier investors were paid from contributions by later investors,
rather than from legitimate business profits. The government
relied on the properly admitted portions of Exhibit 327 to
demonstrate that Maldonado, while touting that he would create
- 13 - profits through various forms of business activity, overwhelmingly
recycled funds from initial investors to pay off subsequent
investors. And it also relied on this evidence to show that hardly
any transactions indicated income-generating business activity.
Even if Exhibit 327 were excluded, then, other
unchallenged summary exhibits would overwhelmingly support the
jury's verdict. For one, Maldonado does not argue that Exhibit
328 was inadmissible. That exhibit excerpted portions of Exhibit
327 and did not include a "Category" or a "General Category"
column. It presented snapshots of the times immediately preceding
and following deposits from the testifying witnesses. In its
closing argument, the government walked the jury through Exhibit
328. And it pointed out that, for example, on May 21, 2009,
BPRIC's bank account had a negative balance of $3,084.09. Then,
the exhibit documented that Maldonado accepted a $15,000 check
from Sonia Delgado, bringing the balance to $11,915.91, even though
BPRIC had yet to turn a profit. The exhibit also showed that,
over the next month, Maldonado spent money at several retail stores
and on transfers to various individuals until his remaining balance
was just $11.99. None of those transactions involved "invest[ment]
in different companies," which is what Delgado testified Maldonado
sold to her.
Additionally, the unchallenged evidence showed that
Maldonado did not engage in meaningful business activity with
- 14 - Datavos, Glorimar Fashions, or Pet Card Systems. Take Exhibit
313, which Maldonado does not challenge, and which summarized the
activity in those accounts until they closed. It indicated that
BPRIC deposited $50,000 in the Datavos account but withdrew $49,000
less than one month later. Similarly, it indicated a cash deposit
of $4,000 into that account in September 2009, followed by a $3,500
check to BPRIC less than two weeks later. Other than
administrative charges and fees "and a few debits to restaurants
and gasoline," there was no other significant activity in the
Datavos account. Similarly, Exhibit 313 showed no significant
transactions in the Glorimar Fashions account, other than a $299.60
deposit in September 2010, a $229.60 check paid from the account
in April 2011, and bank charges. And in the Pet Card Systems
account, Exhibit 313 showed just five small deposits totaling $950,
one cash deposit of $4,000, one check to BPRIC in the amount of
$3,500, and administrative fees.
Several witnesses testified that Maldonado told them
their money would be spent developing these businesses, and Díaz
testified that promoters were instructed to make that exact pitch.
But this unchallenged summary evidence demonstrated that the
so-called business activity was minimal at best. In its closing
argument, the government made much of Exhibit 313, pointing out
that the limited transactions in these accounts showed that when
Maldonado received money from clients, "it [went] out to pay other
- 15 - investors" rather than "to Datavos," for example. Even without
Exhibit 327, then, we conclude that it is highly probable that the
jury would have convicted Maldonado of securities fraud based on
this unchallenged evidence.
Maldonado also contends that the "investor" label that
Domínguez assigned and used in her spreadsheet invaded the province
of the jury to decide ultimate issues in the case, and the district
court should have excluded the exhibit for that reason. According
to Maldonado, Domínguez should not have been permitted to label
any category of individuals as "investors" rather than "creditors"
because the parties disputed whether the contracts at issue were
investment contracts or merely credit agreements. But, as we have
explained, any evidentiary error related to this spreadsheet would
be harmless. The jury had ample evidence in other exhibits and in
witness testimony to support its verdict that Maldonado touted his
business ventures to potential clients as investments. And the
properly admitted evidence overwhelmingly showed that Maldonado
shuffled funds from one client to another without generating a
profit, thus supporting the government's theory that he had
operated a Ponzi scheme.
B. Securities Fraud
Next, Maldonado argues that the government failed to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the Productive Development
Contracts were securities. We review a preserved challenge to the
- 16 - sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict. See United States v.
Falcón-Nieves, 79 F.4th 116, 123-24 (1st Cir. 2023). "[T]he
relevant question is whether . . . any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt." Id. at 123 (quoting United States v. Woodward,
149 F.3d 46, 56 (1st Cir. 1998)). Based on the record as a whole,
we reject Maldonado's sufficiency challenge.
We begin by setting out the applicable legal framework.
The Securities Act of 1933 defines a "security" as "any note,
stock, . . . investment contract, . . . or any certificate of
interest or participation in . . . any of the foregoing." 15
U.S.C. § 77b(a)(1) (emphasis added). In turn, the U.S. Supreme
Court has held that "an investment contract for purposes of the
Securities Act means a contract, transaction or scheme whereby a
person invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to
expect profits solely from the efforts of the promoter or a third
party . . . ." SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293, 298-99 (1946).
Thus, an investment contract comprises (1) an investment of money
(2) in a common enterprise (3) with an expectation of profits to
be derived solely from the efforts of others. See SEC v. SG Ltd.,
265 F.3d 42, 46 (1st Cir. 2001). The Supreme Court went on to
emphasize in Howey that the definition of an investment contract
"embodies a flexible rather than a static principle, one that is
- 17 - capable of adaptation to meet the countless and variable schemes
devised by those who seek the use of the money of others on the
promise of profits." 328 U.S. at 299.
Elaborating on the "common enterprise" prong, we have
held that a common enterprise can be shown through horizontal
commonality, defined as "the pooling of assets from multiple
investors in such a manner that all share in the profits and risks
of the enterprise." SG Ltd., 265 F.3d at 50. Contrary to
Maldonado's assumption, however, we have not held that horizontal
commonality is necessary to establish the existence of an
"investment contract."7 But, because the government chose to
prosecute this case under the horizontal commonality theory, our
analysis focuses on that theory of liability.
Maldonado contends that the evidence was insufficient to
show that the clients' money was pooled in common or put towards
a single business enterprise. He also notes that the Productive
Development Contracts did not use the words "security" or
"investment," and he points out that the clients did not have
proportional shares in BPRIC. Finally, he insists that, even if
the Productive Development Contracts were securities, the
7Given the government's theory of the case, we, like the Third Circuit in SEC v. Infinity Group Co., 212 F.3d 180, 187 n.8 (3d Cir. 2000), need not address at this time whether "vertical commonality" suffices to satisfy the "common enterprise" prong.
- 18 - government did not meet its burden to show that Maldonado knew
that the agreements were securities.
We conclude that each of Maldonado's arguments is either
unsupported by the record or legally incorrect. To begin, we have
held that "Ponzi schemes typically satisfy the horizontal
commonality standard," and Maldonado was convicted on a Ponzi
scheme theory. Id. at 51. Thus, Maldonado faces an uphill battle
to show that the government failed to prove a common enterprise.
As to Maldonado's first argument, the record belies his
claim that no evidence demonstrated that the clients' money was
"pooled in common." Maldonado's counsel specifically asked
Domínguez if deposits from each client were "mixed up with the
moneys" already in Maldonado's accounts, and Domínguez confirmed
that they were. And Maldonado's bank records corroborated this
testimony.8 As a result, Maldonado's failure to turn a profit
affected his clients collectively. Thus, the government did
present evidence of pooling.
Next, Maldonado asserts that he did not put clients'
money toward "a single business and common enterprise." Instead,
he contends, "a variety of businesses were discussed with no
specific representation that any one person's money would be used
As we explained above, Maldonado does not object to the 8
admission of the underlying bank records that were used to create the Rule 1006 summaries.
- 19 - in a specific way." We reject Maldonado's assumption that under
the common pooling theory, there must be only a single common pool.
But regardless, his argument fails because the government
presented evidence that each client gave money to BPRIC. The fact
that this enterprise promised to make money through various
businesses and investments does not mean that the clients'
investments in BPRIC were not investments in a common venture.
Maldonado then turns to the text of the Productive
Development Contracts, noting that they identified participants as
"creditors" and disclaimed any "promise of return by way of
investment." But we have emphasized that the test for determining
whether an agreement is an investment contract "must be
administered without regard to nomenclature." SG Ltd., 265 F.3d
at 47. Thus, the labels in the agreements do not control.
With his last argument on this issue, Maldonado contends
that the record does not show "that payments received were made
according to any pro rata or uniform system." But we have never
held that a pro rata share or uniform system of profits is required
to demonstrate a common enterprise.9 Instead, even if each
9To the extent that Maldonado suggests that individuals must share in the profits and risks of an enterprise on a pro rata basis for an agreement to be an investment contract, he relies on cases from the Seventh and Third Circuits. See Goldberg v. 401 N. Wabash Venture LLC, 755 F.3d 456, 465 (7th Cir. 2014); Infinity Grp., 212 F.3d at 187 n.8. These cases do not govern in our circuit and are inconsistent with our precedent. And Maldonado mischaracterizes
- 20 - instrument has a different value, we have observed that when "most
of the potential gain" depends on the "development" of the
instruments collectively, a security can exist.10 Rodriguez v.
Banco Cent. Corp., 990 F.2d 7, 11 (1st Cir. 1993).
Maldonado argues in the alternative that even if the
BPRIC contracts qualify as securities, that was news to him. Thus,
Maldonado contends, the government failed to prove that he knew
that the contracts were securities, meaning that he could not have
acted "willfully." See 15 U.S.C. § 78ff(a) (requiring securities
violations to be "willful[]" to subject the violator to fines or
imprisonment). The government responds that it was not required
to prove that Maldonado knew the contracts were securities, and in
any case, the evidence demonstrated that he was in the know.
We see no basis for Maldonado's alternative argument.
To act "willfully" means to act "voluntarily and intentionally,
and with the specific intent to do something which the law
our holding in SG Ltd. Although the profits were distributed on a pro rata basis in that case, we held only that a common enterprise is established when "investors share in the profits and risks of the enterprise," and we "endorse[d] the SEC's suggestion that Ponzi schemes typically satisfy the horizontal commonality standard." SG Ltd., 265 F.3d at 50-51. But it is not necessary to a Ponzi scheme that distribution be on a pro rata basis.
The government argues that even if the agreements were not 10
investment contracts, they were "note[s]," which are a separate category of security under 15 U.S.C. § 77b(a)(1). Because we conclude that sufficient evidence supported the jury's finding that the agreements were investment contracts, we do not reach this argument.
- 21 - forbids . . . ; that is to say, with a bad purpose either to
disobey or to disregard the law." United States v. Bailey, 405
F.3d 102, 111 n.4 (1st Cir. 2005); see also Rehaif v. United
States, 588 U.S. 225, 232 (2019) (stating that the "purpose of
scienter" in criminal statutes is "to separate wrongful from
innocent acts"). But Maldonado cites no authority interpreting
§ 78ff(a) to require that a defendant know that the agreements at
issue were securities in order to have a "bad purpose" to "disobey
or disregard the law." For example, he does not cite to any
precedent suggesting that specific intent to defraud his clients
would not be enough to qualify as willful conduct under § 78ff(a).
In any event, the evidence at trial demonstrated that
Maldonado knew the contracts were securities. As explained above,
Maldonado attacks the "common enterprise" prong of the test for
investment contracts. But the evidence at trial fully supported
a finding that he knew that BPRIC was a common enterprise. Recall,
a common enterprise may involve "the pooling of assets from
multiple investors in such a manner that all share in the profits
and risks of the enterprise." SG Ltd., 265 F.3d at 50. The
evidence unequivocally demonstrated that Maldonado managed BPRIC's
money, and that he ran the enterprise through his own accounts.
Thus, a rational jury could conclude that Maldonado was well aware
that the money was pooled and that BPRIC's profits and risks were
- 22 - shared among clients. As a result, we reject Maldonado's
sufficiency challenge.
C. The District Court's Sentencing Calculations
Maldonado also argues that the district court made
mathematical and factual errors in calculating his sentence, but
we disagree.11 We generally review preserved procedural sentencing
challenges for abuse of discretion. See United States v.
Viloria-Sepulveda, 921 F.3d 5, 8 (1st Cir. 2019). When a defendant
"challenges the factual predicate supporting the district court's
application of a sentencing enhancement, 'we ask only whether the
court clearly erred in finding that the government proved the
disputed fact by a preponderance of the evidence.'" United States
v. Cannon, 589 F.3d 514, 517 (1st Cir. 2009) (quoting United States
v. Luciano, 414 F.3d 174, 180 (1st Cir. 2005)).
As we have explained, the district court applied an
18-level enhancement because it concluded that Maldonado caused
over $3.5 million of losses and a six-level enhancement because
11 The government argues that Maldonado waived his challenge to the number of victims because this argument appeared for the first time in his amended opening brief. But the government never opposed Maldonado's motion for leave to amend his opening brief, and it addressed this argument in its response. To be sure, it is a "familiar rule" that "issues not advanced in an appellant's opening brief are deemed waived." United States v. DiTomasso, 621 F.3d 17, 26 n.7 (1st Cir. 2010), vacated on other grounds, 565 U.S. 1189 (2012). But under these circumstances, we see no reason to apply this rule to an argument raised in Maldonado's amended opening brief.
- 23 - the offense resulted in substantial financial hardship to
twenty-five or more victims. "In a fraud case resulting in
financial loss, the defendant's guideline sentencing range is
determined in part by calculating the greater of either the
intended loss or the actual loss." United States v. Naphaeng, 906
F.3d 173, 179 (1st Cir. 2018); see also U.S. Sent'g Guidelines
Manual § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(A)(i)-(ii) [hereinafter "U.S.S.G."]. The
court may consider "both losses stemming directly from the conduct
underlying the offenses of conviction and losses stemming from any
relevant conduct (including uncharged conduct)." United States v.
Flete-Garcia, 925 F.3d 17, 28 (1st Cir. 2019). Further, the
sentencing court has "considerable discretion in determining what
evidence" it regards as reliable for the loss calculation, and the
"loss calculation need not be precise." Id.
Maldonado presents two challenges to the district
court's calculations of loss and the number of victims, which in
turn determined his sentence. First, he argues that the district
court made mathematical errors in calculating the loss amount.
Second, he argues that the district court lacked sufficient
evidence to consider any purported losses by individuals who did
not testify at trial. We reject both arguments as inconsistent
with our case law and the record.
As to the loss calculation itself, Maldonado contends
that the district court's methodology did not support the number
- 24 - it reached. The court stated that it would "consider loss
amount[s] based on both victims who testified during trial as well
as those others mentioned in the PSR." Because the sum of the
loss amounts for the named victims in the PSR is just over $2.1
million, Maldonado insists that the district court committed a
reversible mathematical error by concluding that the loss amount
exceeded $3.5 million.
We discern no mathematical error by the district court.
In addition to listing the restitution victims, the PSR stated
that "[a]s evidenced by financial analysis and documentation in
support for the number of victims and restitution provided by the
[g]overnment, restitution was conservatively estimated at
$3,786,270. According to the [g]overnment, this represents the
amount of financial loss to the victims, including others not
listed in the [i]ndictment."12 When the court explained that it
relied on the PSR, then, we understand it to have relied on this
$3.7 million figure.
Maldonado next points to a separate alleged mathematical
error. He argues that, even assuming that the court relied on the
PSR's $3.7 million number, which was based on the government's
financial analysis that Domínguez presented at trial, this
As the record shows and Maldonado admits, this $3.7 million 12
figure came from the government's financial analysis that Domínguez presented at trial, specifically Exhibit 306.
- 25 - evidence does not add up to a loss of over $3.5 million. Maldonado
notes that Exhibit 306 computes a net loss for all confirmed
investors of only $3.2 million. But Maldonado misunderstands the
court's loss calculation. As the government points out, the U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines instruct how courts should calculate loss
resulting from a Ponzi scheme. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, cmt.
n.3(F)(iv). As the relevant application note explains, in a Ponzi
scheme, "the gain to an individual investor in the scheme shall
not be used to offset the loss to another individual investor in
the scheme." Id. When the investors who received payments from
the recycled funds of other investors are removed from the exhibit,
the resulting net loss is over $3.5 million.13
We turn next to Maldonado's argument that the district
court was not permitted to calculate loss or the number of victims
13 Maldonado replies that these gains should not be eliminated from the net loss calculation. He argues that subtracting "the 'net gains' of the so-called 'confirmed investors' is not appropriate here because some of these [individuals] did not disburse money to BPRIC in the first place, and therefore cannot be considered investors, creditors, or victims." But this argument misunderstands the government's math. Exhibit 306 already includes the "net gains" of some clients, including those that did not disburse money to BPRIC. To conform Exhibit 306 to the Sentencing Guidelines, then, the court correctly subtracted these gains from the exhibit's calculation. To the extent that Maldonado asserts instead that certain individuals who received disbursements were not in fact BPRIC clients and thus should have been excluded from the loss calculation altogether, his argument, even if correct, would not impact the final calculation. Removing those individuals (and their gains) from the loss calculation at the outset would have the same effect as deducting their gains on the back end, just as the court did here.
- 26 - based on individuals who did not testify at trial. Maldonado
contends that the court lacked evidence that any of these
individuals were victims of criminal conduct. He insists that the
record "did not unambiguously establish fraudulent
representations" to non-testifying individuals, nor did it show
Maldonado's "criminal fraudulent intent" as to non-testifying
individuals. According to Maldonado, even if he entered into
contracts with these individuals and then failed to repay them,
these facts do not show that he criminally defrauded them.
We conclude that the district court did not err in
considering the loss suffered by non-testifying witnesses as set
forth in Exhibit 306. Again, sentencing courts have considerable
discretion in determining what sources are reliable, and they may
even consider uncharged conduct. See Flete-Garcia, 925 F.3d at
28. In this case, the government conducted an extensive financial
analysis, spending more than a year examining thousands of pages
of transactions from Maldonado's bank accounts. We see no clear
error in the district court's decision to credit this analysis.
And the fact that Maldonado objected at trial to the admissibility
of Exhibit 306 under Federal Rule of Evidence 1006 does not change
our conclusion. At sentencing, "the court can consider all kinds
of relevant information regardless of admissibility at trial
(including hearsay that has never been tested by
cross-examination), provided it has 'sufficient indicia of
- 27 - reliability to support its probable accuracy.'" United States v.
Mills, 710 F.3d 5, 15 (1st Cir. 2013) (citations omitted) (quoting
U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a)). Finally, Maldonado presented only general
objections to these factual findings during his sentencing
proceedings. He argued that the government's assessment "d[id]
not encompass all the information that would be relevant to make
a proper and complete forensic accounting analysis" and that it
did not include at least one of Maldonado's accounts. But he
failed to introduce contrary evidence. See United States v.
Flores-Seda, 423 F.3d 17, 21 (1st Cir. 2005) (concluding that the
district court's loss calculation was reasonable in part because
the defendant offered no "evidence to the contrary").
Further, we have approved district courts' decisions to
consider losses suffered by non-testifying witnesses when they
have found that those losses were part of the defendant's "scheme."
See, e.g., United States v. Curran, 525 F.3d 74, 78 (1st Cir.
2008). Here, Maldonado contends that "while the government
presented evidence of what witness[es] 'believed' . . . about
their money when they handed over checks and at other points, it
proffered no commensurate evidence as to the non-testifying"
individuals. But the evidence showed that Maldonado
systematically used the same deceptive tactics to draw in clients.
For example, Díaz explained that Maldonado instructed promoters
that BPRIC invested in several specific companies and provided
- 28 - materials for them to distribute to prospective clients describing
these companies. In turn, Domínguez's unchallenged testimony
showed that BPRIC did not provide sufficient funds to those
entities to make them viable businesses. Thus, BPRIC failed to
turn a profit, all while it continued to accept checks from more
and more unsuspecting people. In light of this evidence, it was
reasonable for the district court to consider the losses of the
non-testifying victims in its calculation. See id. at 81 (holding
that, in light of patterns evidencing defendant's "scam," it was
reasonable for the district court to conclude that payments to the
defendant "were actual losses resulting from the offense").
D. The District Court's Restitution Calculation
Finally, Maldonado brings two challenges to the district
court's restitution award. First, he contends that the district
court was "limited to the specific transactions listed in Count
[One] of the indictment" and therefore could not order restitution
to the other victims included in the PSR. Second, he argues that
the district court lacked sufficient evidence to conclude that the
non-testifying individuals identified in the PSR were victims of
criminal conduct. But for the reasons explained below, Maldonado
has at least forfeited these objections. Because the district
court did not plainly err in entering its restitution order, we
affirm it. See United States v. Sansone, 90 F.4th 1, 6 (1st Cir.
- 29 - 2024) ("Unpreserved claims of error, if not deemed waived, are
reviewed only for plain error.").
The district court ordered restitution for Maldonado's
securities fraud conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d) as a
condition of his supervised release.14 Section 3583(d) allows a
district court to impose as part of a defendant's supervised
release sentence "any condition set forth as a discretionary
condition of probation in section 3563(b) and any other condition
it considers to be appropriate." 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(3).
Section 3563(b), in turn, permits a court to require the defendant
to "make restitution to a victim of the offense . . . ." Id.
§ 3563(b)(2); see also United States v. Bok, 156 F.3d 157, 166 (2d
Cir. 1998). In this context, a "victim" includes:
[I]n the case of an offense that involves as an element a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity, any person directly harmed by the defendant's criminal conduct in the course of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern.
18 U.S.C. § 3663(a)(2) (emphasis added).15
14 As we have explained, the district court ordered restitution under the MVRA (for Maldonado's bank fraud convictions) or, in the alternative, as a condition of supervised release. Because the government has asked us to vacate Maldonado's bank fraud convictions, we consider only whether the district court plainly erred in ordering restitution for Maldonado's securities fraud conviction as a condition of his supervised release. 15Section 3663, also known as the Victim and Witness Protection Act, sets forth the operative definition of "victim" for restitution orders entered under § 3583(d). See 18 U.S.C. §§ 3563(b)(2), 3556, 3663.
- 30 - The district court concluded that Maldonado's securities
fraud charge, as set forth in the indictment, constituted a
"scheme." The court therefore reasoned that, as part of
Maldonado's conditions of supervised release, it could order
restitution to individuals "directly harmed" by his criminal
activity, including those not identified in the indictment.
Although Maldonado now contends that the individuals
listed in the PSR but not the indictment were not "victim[s] of
the offense" within the meaning of § 3563(b), he failed to properly
raise this objection below. Indeed, at Maldonado's sentencing,
the district court asked whether there were "[a]ny objection[s] on
the terms of supervised release," and defense counsel replied
"[n]o."
By failing to object to the terms of his supervised
release, Maldonado has forfeited his challenges to the restitution
order. See United States v. Walker, 538 F.3d 21, 23 (1st Cir.
2008) (noting that forfeiture occurs when "a party fails to make
a timely assertion of a right" (internal quotation marks omitted)).
We therefore review Maldonado's forfeited arguments only for plain
error.16 See Sansone, 90 F.4th at 6.
16Maldonado did not engage with the plain-error standard in his appellate briefs. Typically, we deem a forfeited argument waived when an appellant fails to cite the plain-error standard on appeal. See United States v. Colón-De Jesús, 85 F.4th 15, 25 (1st Cir. 2023). But the government "fail[ed] to request plain error
- 31 - To prevail under the plain-error standard, an appellant
must show that "(1) the district court committed an error; (2)
that error was 'plain -- that is to say, clear or obvious,' (3)
the error affected his substantial rights, and (4) leaving the
error uncorrected would 'seriously affect[] the fairness,
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.'" United
States v. Langston, 110 F.4th 408, 419 (1st Cir. 2024), cert.
denied, 145 S. Ct. 581 (2024) (quoting United States v.
Ortíz-Mercado, 919 F.3d 686, 689 (1st Cir. 2019)). The four prongs
may be evaluated in any order. See id.
We start with the second prong, which requires us to
decide whether the error -- to the extent there was one -- was
"plain." See id. "[A] plain error must be 'indisputable.'" Id.
(quoting United States v. Correa-Osorio, 784 F.3d 11, 22 (1st Cir.
2015)). Thus, Maldonado must show that the district court
"obviously" exceeded its authority under §§ 3583 and 3563(b) to
review" on this issue, cutting against waiver. Cf. United States v. Huertas, 148 F.4th 1, 36 (1st Cir. 2025) (deeming the appellant's argument waived because he failed to engage in "any plain error analysis" despite having "the benefit of knowing that the government argued [that such a] standard applie[d]"); United States v. Encarnacion-Ruiz, 787 F.3d 581, 586 (1st Cir. 2015) (applying de novo review because "the government fail[ed] to request plain error review"). Ultimately, because review for plain error lies "within the sound discretion of the court of appeals," we give Maldonado the benefit of that standard in evaluating his challenges to the restitution order. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993); see also United States v. Leffler, 942 F.3d 1192, 1198 (10th Cir. 2019).
- 32 - enter the restitution order at issue here. See id. He can do so
by "point[ing] either to binding on-point precedent or show[ing]
that [his] theory is compelled by constitutional law, statute,
regulation, or other legal mandate." Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Maldonado cannot demonstrate clear or obvious error
because he has cited neither binding on-point precedent nor
compelling authority that would foreclose the district court's
ruling. Specifically, he has not pointed to any controlling or
compelling authority that would have prohibited the court from
determining that the victims identified in the PSR were "person[s]
directly harmed" by the scheme charged in the indictment.17 See
18 U.S.C. § 3663(a)(2).
To challenge the scope of the restitution order,
Maldonado principally relies on the Supreme Court's decision in
Hughey v. United States, 495 U.S. 411 (1990). But that case does
not require a different result. In Hughey, the Supreme Court held
that restitution orders entered under § 3663(a), which defines the
"victims" eligible for restitution, are limited to "the loss caused
by the specific conduct that is the basis of the offense of
conviction." Id. at 413. However, subsequent amendments to
17 There is no doubt that Maldonado's criminal conduct involved a scheme. Indeed, the indictment setting forth the securities fraud charge accuses Maldonado of conducting a "scheme and artifice to defraud."
- 33 - § 3663(a) created an exception to Hughey when the crime of
conviction includes as an element a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern
of criminal activity. See United States v. Acosta, 303 F.3d 78,
87 (1st Cir. 2002) ("Under 18 U.S.C. § 3663(a)(2), any conduct
that is in the course of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern may be
considered in calculating restitution."); see also United States
v. Batson, 608 F.3d 630, 636-37 (9th Cir. 2010) (noting that Hughey
applies "so long as th[e] offense does not involve an element of
scheme, conspiracy[,] or pattern of criminal activity" (emphasis
added)). At trial, Maldonado himself asserted that "securities
fraud is the willful participation in a scheme to defraud."
(Emphasis added.) Thus, although we do not resolve today whether
15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78ff(a), as a categorical matter, include
as an element a "scheme" -- or whether such a categorical
interpretation of the statutes is necessary to permit restitution
for all "person[s] directly harmed" by securities fraud that
amounts to a scheme -- the district court did not "obviously" err
in concluding that the offense of conviction here involved a
scheme.18 See Langston, 110 F.4th at 419. For that reason, its
decision to order restitution to victims directly harmed by
18Maldonado asserts that the Supreme Court re-affirmed the Hughey principle in its decision in Paroline v. United States, 572 U.S. 434, 454 (2014). That case, however, involved a restitution order entered pursuant to a different statutory scheme with different governing language and is therefore not on point here. See Langston, 110 F.4th at 419.
- 34 - Maldonado's conduct, but not identified in the indictment, is not
obviously wrong.
Further, Maldonado has not cited any authority to
suggest that the district court's reliance on the PSR to determine
the number of victims constituted "indisputable" error. See id.
Indeed, "[a] PSR generally bears 'sufficient indicia of
reliability to permit the district court to rely on it at
sentencing.'" United States v. Prochner, 417 F.3d 54, 65-66 (1st
Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Cyr, 337 F.3d 96, 100 (1st
Cir. 2003)). As a result, the district court did not plainly err
in concluding that the individuals listed in the PSR were, by a
preponderance of the evidence, victims of Maldonado's securities
fraud crime. See United States v. Vaknin, 112 F.3d 579, 582-83
(1st Cir. 1997). Accordingly, we affirm the restitution order.
III. CONCLUSION
For all these reasons, we vacate Maldonado's bank fraud
convictions and affirm his securities fraud conviction and
sentence, including the district court's restitution order.
- 35 -