[222]*222Opinion of the Court
DARDEN, Judge:
A general court-martial found the accused guilty of a single specification of larceny and sentenced him to a dishonorable discharge, total forfeitures, reduction to the lowest pay grade, and confinement at hard labor for two years. Intermediate appellate authorities affirmed the conviction. This Court granted the petition of the accused on two issues:
1. Whether the law officer’s instructions on other misconduct were patently erroneous and ambiguous to the substantial prejudice of the accused.
2. Whether that part of the staff judge advocate’s review that contained information regarding seven juvenile arrests of the accused and disposition of these arrests by the juvenile court was highly prejudicial to the substantial rights of the accused.
On the evening of August 8, 1967, each of the victims left his wallet in the pocket of his trousers at the time of retiring in barracks.
The next morning the contents of the wallets were missing. On August 21, 1967, after a full warning in compliance with Article 31 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 831, and about his right to counsel, the accused confessed to entering the barracks and to taking money from about ten wallets. Later he met a female companion and accompanied her to the Duchess Motel where they remained over night. During the two hours before the larceny, the accused had drunk eight to ten shots of whiskey.
At the trial, the accused elected to testify in his own behalf. In general, he acknowledged the truth of his pretrial statement, but he denied any intent to steal. After he took the money, he returned to his room to count it. With a part of the money, he returned to a night club where he met a woman and eventually accompanied her to the Duchess Motel. He testified that the next morning he remembered taking the money and attempted to determine how to return it to the owners. He decided against trying to do so as a result of his belief that an attempted return would be too risky. He decided to keep the rest of the money to pay a debt.
At the trial, the law officer decided to treat testimony about the wallets and the money taken by the accused on the same night and in the same barracks — but which were not the subject of charges or specifications— and evidence that the accused had spent the night with a woman not his wife at the Duchess Motel as uncharged misconduct. Accordingly, he instructed the court as follows:
“Certain evidence has been admitted in the trial of this case which is contrary to the general rule. The general rule is that evidence that the accused committed other offenses or acts of misconduct is not admissible as tending to prove his guilt of the offense charged, for ordinarily such evidence would be useful only for the purpose of raising inferences that the accused has a disposition to do acts of the kind committed or criminal acts in general. However, if evidence of other offenses or other acts of misconduct of the accused has some value as tending to prove something other than the fact to be inferred from the disposition of the accused, the reason for excluding the evidence is not applicable. Consequently, the law officer has permitted the introduction into evidence of evidence tending to show that, as came out in the evidence, perhaps ten wallets had been looked into whereas the accused is only charged in this case with six instances .of larceny; and evidence that the accused had registered at a motel with a woman. The court is instructed that in admitting this evidence the law officer admitted it not for the purpose of showing the bad character of the accused but only for [223]*223the purpose of showing the course of conduct bearing on the question of the intent of the accused, which is a requisite, necessary element in this offense, and the plan, motive or design of the accused, and also upon the question of the credibility of the accused as a witness pertaining to the question of voluntary intoxication. The court will not consider this evidence of other acts of misconduct or other offenses as tending to prove any other fact.”
Before this Court the accused argues that the instructions, supra, were erroneous and ambiguous and that they substantially prejudiced him.
Paragraph 138p of the Manual for Courts-Martial United States, 1951, enunciates a general rule that evidence the accused has committed other offenses or acts of misconduct is not admissible as tending to prove his guilt. Such evidence ordinarily would be useful only to raise an inference that the accused is disposed to commit criminal acts in general and, if the disposition were to be the basis for an inference that the accused committed the act with which he had been charged, the rule forbidding an inference of guilt from the bad moral character of the accused would apply. Certain exceptions to the general rule are described in the Manual. One of these is that evidence of other offenses or acts of misconduct is admissible if it tends to prove a plan or design of the accused. In this case, the accused argues that his spending the night with a woman not his wife is not material, relevant, or competent evidence as to any of the issues of the trial.
Because of decisions in United States v Snyder, 1 USCMA 423, 4 CMR 15, and United States v Dixon, 17 USCMA 423, 38 CMR 221, that spending the night in a motel room with a woman is not a military offense, one could argue that this action of the accused does not constitute “other misconduct” but that such action is only a violation of a moral code held by many in our society as a standard of proper conduct. A continuation of this argument is that such conduct could hardly rise to the level of being inflammatory.
The Court believes that present circumstances obviate any necessity for a decision of whether the action of the accused in this respect was misconduct. From the evidence, the triers of fact could reasonably infer that the thefts were motivated by a desire for a night on the town. It was, therefore, relevant and admissible for the purpose of so proving. United States v Jones, 2 USCMA 80, 6 CMR 80; United States v Pavoni, 5 USCMA 591, 18 CMR 215.
Since the evidence of the taking of other wallets at nearly the same time and nearly the same place tended to show the design and intent of the accused as to the charged offenses, the Court considers that this evidence was also properly admissible. United States v Johnson, 3 USCMA 447, 13 CMR 3; United States v Petty, 3 USCMA 87, 11 CMR 87.
The instructions quoted, supra, make clear that these facts were not admitted because they tended only to show the accused’s bad character. Instead, they were offered to prove guilt in the manner discussed above.
The second complaint about the admission of evidence of misconduct not charged and the related instruction is that some of the former was used to attack the credibility of the accused on cross-examination. In United States v Krokroskia, 13 USCMA 371, 32 CMR 371, this Court restated the doctrine that misconduct involving moral turpitude or affecting credibility may be shown on cross-examination without regard to proof of conviction. We then suggested that the rule applied only to witnesses other than an accused. Cf. United States v Britt, 10 USCMA 557, 28 CMR 123; United States v Hubbard, 5 USCMA 525, 18 CMR 149.
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[222]*222Opinion of the Court
DARDEN, Judge:
A general court-martial found the accused guilty of a single specification of larceny and sentenced him to a dishonorable discharge, total forfeitures, reduction to the lowest pay grade, and confinement at hard labor for two years. Intermediate appellate authorities affirmed the conviction. This Court granted the petition of the accused on two issues:
1. Whether the law officer’s instructions on other misconduct were patently erroneous and ambiguous to the substantial prejudice of the accused.
2. Whether that part of the staff judge advocate’s review that contained information regarding seven juvenile arrests of the accused and disposition of these arrests by the juvenile court was highly prejudicial to the substantial rights of the accused.
On the evening of August 8, 1967, each of the victims left his wallet in the pocket of his trousers at the time of retiring in barracks.
The next morning the contents of the wallets were missing. On August 21, 1967, after a full warning in compliance with Article 31 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 831, and about his right to counsel, the accused confessed to entering the barracks and to taking money from about ten wallets. Later he met a female companion and accompanied her to the Duchess Motel where they remained over night. During the two hours before the larceny, the accused had drunk eight to ten shots of whiskey.
At the trial, the accused elected to testify in his own behalf. In general, he acknowledged the truth of his pretrial statement, but he denied any intent to steal. After he took the money, he returned to his room to count it. With a part of the money, he returned to a night club where he met a woman and eventually accompanied her to the Duchess Motel. He testified that the next morning he remembered taking the money and attempted to determine how to return it to the owners. He decided against trying to do so as a result of his belief that an attempted return would be too risky. He decided to keep the rest of the money to pay a debt.
At the trial, the law officer decided to treat testimony about the wallets and the money taken by the accused on the same night and in the same barracks — but which were not the subject of charges or specifications— and evidence that the accused had spent the night with a woman not his wife at the Duchess Motel as uncharged misconduct. Accordingly, he instructed the court as follows:
“Certain evidence has been admitted in the trial of this case which is contrary to the general rule. The general rule is that evidence that the accused committed other offenses or acts of misconduct is not admissible as tending to prove his guilt of the offense charged, for ordinarily such evidence would be useful only for the purpose of raising inferences that the accused has a disposition to do acts of the kind committed or criminal acts in general. However, if evidence of other offenses or other acts of misconduct of the accused has some value as tending to prove something other than the fact to be inferred from the disposition of the accused, the reason for excluding the evidence is not applicable. Consequently, the law officer has permitted the introduction into evidence of evidence tending to show that, as came out in the evidence, perhaps ten wallets had been looked into whereas the accused is only charged in this case with six instances .of larceny; and evidence that the accused had registered at a motel with a woman. The court is instructed that in admitting this evidence the law officer admitted it not for the purpose of showing the bad character of the accused but only for [223]*223the purpose of showing the course of conduct bearing on the question of the intent of the accused, which is a requisite, necessary element in this offense, and the plan, motive or design of the accused, and also upon the question of the credibility of the accused as a witness pertaining to the question of voluntary intoxication. The court will not consider this evidence of other acts of misconduct or other offenses as tending to prove any other fact.”
Before this Court the accused argues that the instructions, supra, were erroneous and ambiguous and that they substantially prejudiced him.
Paragraph 138p of the Manual for Courts-Martial United States, 1951, enunciates a general rule that evidence the accused has committed other offenses or acts of misconduct is not admissible as tending to prove his guilt. Such evidence ordinarily would be useful only to raise an inference that the accused is disposed to commit criminal acts in general and, if the disposition were to be the basis for an inference that the accused committed the act with which he had been charged, the rule forbidding an inference of guilt from the bad moral character of the accused would apply. Certain exceptions to the general rule are described in the Manual. One of these is that evidence of other offenses or acts of misconduct is admissible if it tends to prove a plan or design of the accused. In this case, the accused argues that his spending the night with a woman not his wife is not material, relevant, or competent evidence as to any of the issues of the trial.
Because of decisions in United States v Snyder, 1 USCMA 423, 4 CMR 15, and United States v Dixon, 17 USCMA 423, 38 CMR 221, that spending the night in a motel room with a woman is not a military offense, one could argue that this action of the accused does not constitute “other misconduct” but that such action is only a violation of a moral code held by many in our society as a standard of proper conduct. A continuation of this argument is that such conduct could hardly rise to the level of being inflammatory.
The Court believes that present circumstances obviate any necessity for a decision of whether the action of the accused in this respect was misconduct. From the evidence, the triers of fact could reasonably infer that the thefts were motivated by a desire for a night on the town. It was, therefore, relevant and admissible for the purpose of so proving. United States v Jones, 2 USCMA 80, 6 CMR 80; United States v Pavoni, 5 USCMA 591, 18 CMR 215.
Since the evidence of the taking of other wallets at nearly the same time and nearly the same place tended to show the design and intent of the accused as to the charged offenses, the Court considers that this evidence was also properly admissible. United States v Johnson, 3 USCMA 447, 13 CMR 3; United States v Petty, 3 USCMA 87, 11 CMR 87.
The instructions quoted, supra, make clear that these facts were not admitted because they tended only to show the accused’s bad character. Instead, they were offered to prove guilt in the manner discussed above.
The second complaint about the admission of evidence of misconduct not charged and the related instruction is that some of the former was used to attack the credibility of the accused on cross-examination. In United States v Krokroskia, 13 USCMA 371, 32 CMR 371, this Court restated the doctrine that misconduct involving moral turpitude or affecting credibility may be shown on cross-examination without regard to proof of conviction. We then suggested that the rule applied only to witnesses other than an accused. Cf. United States v Britt, 10 USCMA 557, 28 CMR 123; United States v Hubbard, 5 USCMA 525, 18 CMR 149. Later, in United States v Robertson, 14 USCMA 328, 34 CMR 108, and in United States v Russell, 15 USCMA 76, 35 CMR 48, this Court held that the credibility of an accused [224]*224could not be tested on cross-examination by evidence of other misconduct not resulting in a conviction of a felony or crime of moral turpitude.
In Robertson and Russell, it is important to note that the acts of misconduct used to impeach were acts having no relevancy to the crimes charged. Here, as we have shown, they do. This same misconduct, however, also rebuts the appellant’s claim of drunkenness. The accused testified with some precision to the circumstances of his having gone to the motel and to his having made the arrangements for the room but he also attempted to convince the court that he was so intoxicated before the larcenies that he did not know what he was doing.
That there is a major distinction in these circumstances compared to those set out in Robertson and Russell is seemingly made apparent by a portion of Lovely v United States, 169 F2d 386, 389 (CA 4th Cir) (1948), quoted in Robertson, at page 334. It reads:
“ ‘The rule which thus forbids the introduction of evidence of other offenses having no reasonable tendency to prove the crime charged, except in so far as they may establish a criminal tendency on the part of the accused, is not a mere technical rule of law.’ ” [Emphasis supplied.]
Certainly this suggests propriety in concluding that the law officer properly permitted the use of this evidence. It may well be, however, that he erred in instructing that it could also be used in the matter of credibility.
But whatever our conclusion, accused suffers no harm from the introduction of the material, for in this case the other evidence of accused’s guilt is overwhelming. He voluntarily gave a pretrial confession. At the trial, he denied the intent to steal at the time of the takings but admitted spending a portion of his ill-gotten gain and then forming the intent the next morning to keep the remainder in order to pay debts. Against this, any evidence of the motel escapade is reduced to insignificance. United States v Britt, supra.
The second issue on which this Court granted review is whether that part of the staff judge advocate’s review which contained information on seven arrests of the accused as a juvenile and disposition of these arrests by the juvenile court was prejudicial to the substantial rights of the accused.
In United States v Roark, 8 USCMA 279, 24 CMR 89, this Court held that a law officer erred in permitting cross-examination into earlier acts of misconduct that might have involved moral turpitude by an accused during his minority and into accused’s committal to a training school by a state juvenile court. For minors, this Court said that opinion, the policy of protecting the infant outweighs the necessity of impeaching his veracity.
But in United States v Barrow, 9 USCMA 343, 26 CMR 123, this Court held that a staff judge advocate may properly refer in his post-trial review to juvenile misdeeds and convictions of the accused and that it is permissible for a reviewing authority to consider any past misconduct of an accused in assessing the appropriateness of the sentence, regardless of the age of the accused at the time of commission “unless too remote to be of any significance.” Id., at page 346. The Court’s opinion in that case stated that, “There is no irreconcilable conflict in concepts which prevent the use of juvenile misdeeds before findings of guilt and innocence, and then permit their consideration by the reviewing authority on the punishment he deems appropriate.” Id., at page 344. The Barrow opinion compares the practice it permits with the practice in civilian courts where judges use probation reports that cover comprehensively a defendant’s early environment, family background, character, and behavior to guide them in arriving at an appropriate sentence. The opinion also points out that these reports may not [225]*225be used by the jury before conviction but they afford a sound basis for the imposition of a proper punishment. In military practice, sentence has been imposed before preparation of the staff judge advocate review for the convening authority who may change the sentence only in favor of the accused. It indicates that a record of juvenile misconduct, if used, can result only to diminish the possibility that the accused may be awarded a lesser sentence than the one imposed by the court.
The following quotation from Barrow is an apt expression of the reasons for permitting consideration of juvenile offenses in staff judge advocate reviews, reasons we consider equally cogent today:
“A convening authority has unlimited power to help an accused, but he also has a duty.to consider the rights of the Government. If we are to permit post-trial interviews to work to the mutual benefit of both, we must not say to convening authorities that they may consider a good youthful record but must close their eyes if the past is bad. The services invariably contain some bad character risks, and we would hide ourselves from reality if we did not notice the crimes of violence committed by minors. Too many youthful gangs bent on murdering, raping, yoking, stealing, and assaulting are roaming the city streets for us not to know that youthful incorrigibles are difficult to reform. To make an intelligent estimate, in performing his statutory duty to affirm so much of the sentence as he deems appropriate, a convening authority should know his subject well and, if the accused’s life history shows he is a juvenile gangster, that should not be concealed from the evaluator. Surely we would make a farce out of proceedings founded on wisdom and experience if we required the convening authority to govern his vistas of inquiry by the calendar.” {Id,., at page 345.]
We are not unmindful that United States v Lanford, 6 USCMA 371, 20 CMR 87; United States v Griffin, 8 USCMA 206, 24 CMR 16; and United States v Jackson, 9 USCMA 298, 26 CMR 78, have been cited as authority for the proposition that if the staff judge advocate directs the attention of the convening authority to matters affecting the sentence that are detrimental to the accused which are not found in the record, the accused must be given a fair and reasonable opportunity to rebut such information or to explain any matter that may be detrimental to him. In the instant case, the record shows that in a post-trial interview, the accused discussed his military and civilian background, including the juvenile offenses and that he stated the offenses “were committed when he was associated with a gang of juveniles, and it was his misfortune to get caught.”
In United States v Wilson, 9 USCMA 223, 26 CMR 3, this Court reversed a finding of guilty because the staff judge advocate had conducted a post-trial interview with an accomplice and included in his review for the convening authority a statement of the staff judge advocate’s being so impressed by the spontaneous and candid account of the incident by the accomplice that the staff judge advocate no longer retained any doubt in his mind of the guilt of the accused. The Court’s opinion in that case reflected its realization that the result “may be termed a ‘one-way street’ in an accused’s favor in which he can only win, and never lose. . . . It is while the case is at the convening authority level that the accused stands the greatest chance of being relieved from the consequences of a harsh finding or a severe sentence. To permit consideration by the convening authority of matters falling outside the record to bolster a conviction strikes us as an unwholesome deviation from basic concepts of fair play. The Government’s omissions in court cannot be cured by ex parte proceedings out of court.” Id., at page 226.
We have no difficulty in harmonizing the result in that case with the [226]*226decision of the Court today. In Wilson, the staff judge advocate had conducted a post-trial interview with an accomplice of the accused to resolve doubts that had arisen about the guilt of the accused. Here, the information used in the review of the staff judge advocate was available in the personnel records of the accused and was known to him. It was set forth to give the convening authority full information on which to base a discretionary decision whether to approve any or all of the sentence.
One other subject requires attention. In United States v Barrow, supra, this Court approved the use of evidence of juvenile offenses in the staff judge advocate’s review “regardless of . . . age at the time of commission unless too remote to be of any significance.” (Emphasis supplied.) 9 USCMA, at page 346. Seven juvenile offenses were shown in the review of the instant case. For the first of these offenses, the age of the accused was eleven; for the next two, his age was fourteen; and for the last four, he was fifteen years old. One might argue persuasively that the first of these seven offenses was too remote to be of any significance, but we believe that as a group the offenses constituted significant information that the convening authority properly considered and that it was not error for him to do so.
The decision of the board of review is affirmed.
Chief Judge Quinn concurs.