NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 21 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-50292
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:15-cr-00407-TJH-3 v.
LEPRINCETON DEWON BURKS, AKA P, MEMORANDUM* AKA Dapper P, AKA Pete Williams,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Terry J. Hatter, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted October 7, 2024 Pasadena, California
Before: PAEZ, NGUYEN, and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.
LePrinceton Burks appeals his convictions and sentence for conspiring to
produce, producing, and possessing child pornography in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a), 2251(e), and 2252A(a)(5)(B). We have jurisdiction under
8 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm Burks’s convictions, reverse the
district court’s application of the obstruction of justice enhancement, vacate the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. sentence, and remand for resentencing.
1. The district court did not err in denying Burks’s motion to suppress
evidence found in the hotel room. In finding that “it is fairly clear that” Burks “did
not have a Fourth Amendment interest,” the district court implicitly rejected
Burks’s testimony and declaration—the only evidence he provided to establish a
reasonable expectation of privacy—as either not credible or mere “bald
assertions.” United States v. Armenta, 69 F.3d 304, 308 (9th Cir. 1995). We agree
that, on this record, Burks failed to demonstrate a reasonable expectation of
privacy in the hotel room. But even assuming otherwise, exigent circumstances
justified the officers’ warrantless entry. See United States v. Reyes-Bosque, 596
F.3d 1017, 1029–1030 (9th Cir. 2010). The officers reasonably believed that a
young woman, reported kidnapped and held by pimps, was potentially in danger.
See, e.g., United States v. Brooks, 367 F.3d 1128, 1135 (9th Cir. 2004). Their
ensuing search was also reasonable in its scope and manner. See Reyes-Bosque,
596 F.3d at 1029–1030. As such, no constitutional violation occurred, and a
remand to conduct further factual findings is unnecessary. See United States v.
Magdirila, 962 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Where the district court does not
make a finding on a precise factual issue relevant to the Fourth Amendment
analysis, we uphold a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress if there was a
reasonable view to support it.” (cleaned up)).
2 2. The district court did not violate Burks’s Sixth Amendment right to self-
representation. “To invoke the right,” a defendant “must make a timely
unequivocal, voluntary and intelligent request.” United States v. Telles, 18 F.4th
290, 302 (9th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up); see also Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806,
834 (1975). “[V]iolation of a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to choose his or
her defense is a structural error, and the proper remedy is a new trial.” United
States v. Read, 918 F.3d 712, 715 (9th Cir. 2019). “Because a defendant normally
gives up more than he gains when he elects self-representation, we must be
reasonably certain that he in fact wishes to represent himself.” Adams v. Caroll,
875 F.2d 1441, 1444 (9th Cir. 1989); see also Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387,
404 (1977) (“[C]ourts indulge in every reasonable presumption against waiver.”).
On this record and viewed in context, Burks’s remark on the first day of trial
that “I might as well represent myself” was neither clear nor unequivocal. See
Clark v. Broomfield, 83 F.4th 1141, 1150 (9th Cir. 2023) (“Emotional or impulsive
requests for self-representation are . . . considered to be equivocal.”); Jackson v.
Ylst, 921 F.2d 882, 888–89 (9th Cir. 1990) (“[T]he trial court properly may deny a
request for self-representation that is ‘a momentary caprice or the result of thinking
out loud.’” (quoting Adams, 875 F.2d at 1445)). Burks made the statement after a
lengthy, animated exchange with the court, during which he expressed frustrations
about an unavailable witness and the court’s denial of his request to continue trial
3 so he could try and locate the witness. See Jackson, 921 F.2d at 888–89; Clark, 83
F.4th at 1151 (finding defendant’s request was “part of an emotional outburst . . .in
response to a” denial of a motion and therefore equivocal).
3. The district court did not plainly err in conducting the first day of trial in
Burks’s absence. See United States v. Yijun Zhou, 838 F.3d 1007, 1010–11 (9th
Cir. 2016) (“Because Defendant did not raise the issue before the district court, we
review for plain error.”); Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). While a “defendant has the right
to be present at every stage of the trial,” United States v. Rosales-Rodriguez, 289
F.3d 1106, 1109 (9th Cir. 2002), the right may be waived, “provided such waiver is
voluntary, knowing, and intelligent,” Campbell v. Wood, 18 F.3d 662, 671 (9th Cir.
1994). See also Taylor v. United States, 414 U.S. 17, 20 (1973) (finding valid
waiver where defendant voluntarily absented himself from trial).
Consistent with his stated intent to do so, Burks willfully refused to
participate in the proceedings. Both counsel and the district court advised Burks of
his right to be present and the risks of waiver. The district court also made a
“robust inquiry” and set forth detailed factual findings that Burks voluntarily,
knowingly, and intelligently absented himself from the proceedings. See Fed. R.
Crim. P. 43(c)(1)-(2); Taylor, 414 U.S. at 18–19. Moreover, the district court
provided defense counsel the opportunity to periodically consult with Burks during
jury selection and the trial proceedings. It also provided Burks with a live audio
4 feed of the proceedings. And, the district court admonished the jury from
considering or drawing any adverse inferences about Burks’s absence—which was
only on one day of the four-day trial. His presence thus would not “conceivably
have changed the result” of the proceedings, especially in light of overwhelming
evidence of guilt. See Hovey v.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 21 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-50292
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:15-cr-00407-TJH-3 v.
LEPRINCETON DEWON BURKS, AKA P, MEMORANDUM* AKA Dapper P, AKA Pete Williams,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Terry J. Hatter, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted October 7, 2024 Pasadena, California
Before: PAEZ, NGUYEN, and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.
LePrinceton Burks appeals his convictions and sentence for conspiring to
produce, producing, and possessing child pornography in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a), 2251(e), and 2252A(a)(5)(B). We have jurisdiction under
8 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm Burks’s convictions, reverse the
district court’s application of the obstruction of justice enhancement, vacate the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. sentence, and remand for resentencing.
1. The district court did not err in denying Burks’s motion to suppress
evidence found in the hotel room. In finding that “it is fairly clear that” Burks “did
not have a Fourth Amendment interest,” the district court implicitly rejected
Burks’s testimony and declaration—the only evidence he provided to establish a
reasonable expectation of privacy—as either not credible or mere “bald
assertions.” United States v. Armenta, 69 F.3d 304, 308 (9th Cir. 1995). We agree
that, on this record, Burks failed to demonstrate a reasonable expectation of
privacy in the hotel room. But even assuming otherwise, exigent circumstances
justified the officers’ warrantless entry. See United States v. Reyes-Bosque, 596
F.3d 1017, 1029–1030 (9th Cir. 2010). The officers reasonably believed that a
young woman, reported kidnapped and held by pimps, was potentially in danger.
See, e.g., United States v. Brooks, 367 F.3d 1128, 1135 (9th Cir. 2004). Their
ensuing search was also reasonable in its scope and manner. See Reyes-Bosque,
596 F.3d at 1029–1030. As such, no constitutional violation occurred, and a
remand to conduct further factual findings is unnecessary. See United States v.
Magdirila, 962 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Where the district court does not
make a finding on a precise factual issue relevant to the Fourth Amendment
analysis, we uphold a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress if there was a
reasonable view to support it.” (cleaned up)).
2 2. The district court did not violate Burks’s Sixth Amendment right to self-
representation. “To invoke the right,” a defendant “must make a timely
unequivocal, voluntary and intelligent request.” United States v. Telles, 18 F.4th
290, 302 (9th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up); see also Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806,
834 (1975). “[V]iolation of a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to choose his or
her defense is a structural error, and the proper remedy is a new trial.” United
States v. Read, 918 F.3d 712, 715 (9th Cir. 2019). “Because a defendant normally
gives up more than he gains when he elects self-representation, we must be
reasonably certain that he in fact wishes to represent himself.” Adams v. Caroll,
875 F.2d 1441, 1444 (9th Cir. 1989); see also Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387,
404 (1977) (“[C]ourts indulge in every reasonable presumption against waiver.”).
On this record and viewed in context, Burks’s remark on the first day of trial
that “I might as well represent myself” was neither clear nor unequivocal. See
Clark v. Broomfield, 83 F.4th 1141, 1150 (9th Cir. 2023) (“Emotional or impulsive
requests for self-representation are . . . considered to be equivocal.”); Jackson v.
Ylst, 921 F.2d 882, 888–89 (9th Cir. 1990) (“[T]he trial court properly may deny a
request for self-representation that is ‘a momentary caprice or the result of thinking
out loud.’” (quoting Adams, 875 F.2d at 1445)). Burks made the statement after a
lengthy, animated exchange with the court, during which he expressed frustrations
about an unavailable witness and the court’s denial of his request to continue trial
3 so he could try and locate the witness. See Jackson, 921 F.2d at 888–89; Clark, 83
F.4th at 1151 (finding defendant’s request was “part of an emotional outburst . . .in
response to a” denial of a motion and therefore equivocal).
3. The district court did not plainly err in conducting the first day of trial in
Burks’s absence. See United States v. Yijun Zhou, 838 F.3d 1007, 1010–11 (9th
Cir. 2016) (“Because Defendant did not raise the issue before the district court, we
review for plain error.”); Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). While a “defendant has the right
to be present at every stage of the trial,” United States v. Rosales-Rodriguez, 289
F.3d 1106, 1109 (9th Cir. 2002), the right may be waived, “provided such waiver is
voluntary, knowing, and intelligent,” Campbell v. Wood, 18 F.3d 662, 671 (9th Cir.
1994). See also Taylor v. United States, 414 U.S. 17, 20 (1973) (finding valid
waiver where defendant voluntarily absented himself from trial).
Consistent with his stated intent to do so, Burks willfully refused to
participate in the proceedings. Both counsel and the district court advised Burks of
his right to be present and the risks of waiver. The district court also made a
“robust inquiry” and set forth detailed factual findings that Burks voluntarily,
knowingly, and intelligently absented himself from the proceedings. See Fed. R.
Crim. P. 43(c)(1)-(2); Taylor, 414 U.S. at 18–19. Moreover, the district court
provided defense counsel the opportunity to periodically consult with Burks during
jury selection and the trial proceedings. It also provided Burks with a live audio
4 feed of the proceedings. And, the district court admonished the jury from
considering or drawing any adverse inferences about Burks’s absence—which was
only on one day of the four-day trial. His presence thus would not “conceivably
have changed the result” of the proceedings, especially in light of overwhelming
evidence of guilt. See Hovey v. Ayers, 458 F.3d 892, 902–03 (9th Cir. 2006);
United States v. Reyes, 764 F.3d 1184, 1193 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding defendant’s
absence from voir dire harmless in light of overwhelming evidence of guilt).
4. Any purported vouching did not render Burks’s trial unfair. “[V]ouching
may occur” when the prosecution “place[s] the prestige of the government behind
the witness or . . . indicate[s] that information not presented to the jury supports the
witness’s testimony.” United States v. Roberts, 618 F.2d 530, 533 (9th Cir. 1980).
“Because” Burks “failed to object to the vouching, we review for plain error.”
United States v. Brooks, 508 F.3d 1205, 1209 (9th Cir. 2007). Even assuming the
prosecution vouched for two witnesses by asking whether they won an award for
their investigation of Burks’s case and whether the awards would affect their
testimony, no plain error occurred. See United States v. Harrison, 585 F.3d 1155,
1158–59 (9th Cir. 2009). The brief, isolated exchanges, “in the context of the
entire record,” neither materially affected the jury’s ability to weigh the evidence
impartially nor otherwise amounted to a miscarriage of justice. United States v.
Williams, 989 F.2d 1061, 1072 (9th Cir. 1993).
5 5. The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting select clips of
the child pornography at issue, as opposed to the entirety of the videos. See United
States v. Preston, 873 F.3d 829, 835 (9th Cir. 2017) (“This Court reviews
challenged evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.”). The district court
reasonably excluded the entire videos to prevent undue prejudice, confusion, or
wasted time. See Fed. R. Evid. 403; cf. Preston, 873 F.3d at 842 (finding undue
prejudice in trial court’s admission of a similar, sexually explicit video given that
“the visceral impact” of the evidence “far exceed[ed] its probative value.”
(cleaned up)); United States v. Ono, 918 F.2d 1462, 1466 (9th Cir. 1990) (“We do
not think it necessary to require a mechanical recitation of Rule 403 to conclude
that the district court performed the required balancing where the issue has been
clearly put before the court.”). Furthermore, any error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. United States v. Haischer, 780 F.3d 1277, 1281 (9th Cir. 2015).
Beyond the videos, the evidence against Burks was overwhelming.
6. The district court erred when it applied the obstruction of justice
enhancement to Burks’s sentence. See United States v. Gasca-Ruiz, 852 F.3d 1167
1170 (en banc) (explaining standard of review). The two-level obstruction of
justice enhancement applies when a “defendant willfully obstructed or impeded . . .
the administration of justice,” and his “obstructive conduct related to the . . .
offense of conviction.” See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. “[F]light by itself” or
6 “disappear[ing] from the jurisdiction and not disclos[ing] one’s whereabouts to the
government does not warrant [this] enhanced punishment.” United States v. Stites,
56 F.3d 1020, 1026 (9th Cir. 1995); U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, application note 5 (noting
same). Although Burks relocated to another local jurisdiction, nothing in the
record suggests that he willfully obstructed or impeded the administration of
justice beyond avoiding initial arrest. See United States v. Madera-Gallegos, 945
F.2d 264, 266 (9th Cir. 1991) (holding nine-month escape to Mexico as insufficient
ground for obstruction of justice enhancement); Stites, 56 F.3d at 1026 (holding
flight from jurisdiction and use of aliases while hiding insufficient ground for
enhancement); cf. United States v. Mondello, 927 F.2d 1463, 1466-67 (9th Cir.
1991) (finding enhancement proper where defendant, post-arrest, “played a cat-
and-mouse game of avoiding the authorities”). We therefore reverse the
application of the enhancement, vacate Burks’s sentence, and remand for
resentencing. See, e.g., United States v. Herrera-Rivera, 832 F.3d 1166, 1175 (9th
Cir. 2016) (requiring resentencing “[w]hen a defendant is sentenced under an
incorrect Guidelines range—whether or not the defendant’s ultimate sentence falls
within the correct range” (quoting Molina-Martinez v. United States, 578 U.S. 189,
198 (2016))).
AFFIRMED in part, VACATED and REMANDED in part for
proceedings consistent with this memorandum.