Opinion of the Court
Kilday, Judge:
A general court-martial convened at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, convicted accused for the separate thefts of three wallets, in violation of Article 121, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 921. Accused was sentenced to bad-conduct discharge, total forfeitures, confinement at hard labor for one year, and reduction to the grade of airman basic. The findings and sentence were approved by the officer exercising general court-martial jurisdiction. A board of review, however, ruled that the law officer erred in admitting the three wallets into evidence, as the same had been recovered through an illegal search. Accordingly, the board set aside the findings and sentence, and ordered a rehearing.
Pursuant to the provisions of Article 67(b)(2), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 867, the Acting The Judge Advocate General of the Air Force certified the case to this Court for review, requesting that we resolve the following issue:
“WAS THE BOARD OP REVIEW CORRECT IN ITS DETERMINATION THAT PROSECUTION EXHIBITS 1, 2 AND 3 WERE SEIZED AS THE RESULT OP AN ILLEGAL SEARCH ?”
The record reflects that on separate dates in February 1964, the wallets of two airmen were taken without permission. In June, the wallet of a third man was stolen. These are the wallets that were alleged to have been the res of the thefts with which accused was charged, and they were admitted into evidence as prosecution exhibits 1, 2, and 3.
On August 14, 1964, the commander of accused’s squadron was conducting an inspection of the barracks. He was accompanied by the base commander and by the squadron administrative officer. During the course of that inspection the base commander suggested to the commanding officer [488]*488of the squadron that he conduct periodic “stand-by” or “shake-down” type inspections more frequently than had been the practice, commenting “ ‘You would be surprised at what you might find.’ ” The latter, in turn, immediately told his administrative officer to see that this was done “ ‘when you get an opportunity,’ ” indicating the inspections should be made about once a month.
The squadron administrative officer understood his superior’s order to direct him to conduct such inspections, at his discretion, as a regular future routine. Generally, the purpose of such a “stand-by” or “shake-down” inspection would be “for the health, welfare and morals of the individual, and also to see that his belongings are clean, properly kept and maintained, uniforms are right, and if there’s any property in his possession that does not belong there.” It would entail checking the billets and lockers, and going through personal belongings.
Subsequently, on the first of September, a theft of a watch and money was reported to the squadron administrative officer. He was also aware of other such reports over the past two months, and the most recent theft caused him to remember the order given him by the commanding officer of the squadron as to monthly inspections, for he had not yet taken any such action. Accordingly, he undertook to conduct such an inspection immediately. He tried to apprise the squadron commander of his intended action —for the sole purpose of keeping him informed, he testified — but was unsuccessful in contacting him.
Specifically, the administrative officer testified he undertook to make a thorough check for cleanliness, Government property, and recently stolen property, describing his action as “just an over-all typical shakedown inspection.” In order that the squadron’s operations be disrupted as little as possible during the inspection, the administrative officer determined to call the men back to the barracks in groups of ten. He further testified that he believed the property reported stolen that day, if it were to be recovered, would likely be found in close proximity to the victim’s room. He therefore included in the first group of ten, the men sharing quarters with the victim and those living in adjoining billets. As accused was that victim’s roommate, he was in the first group called to the barracks from their duty stations.1
In the course of checking accused’s room and effects, the three wallets which he was convicted for stealing were found among his possessions. Subsequently, after proper warning of his rights under Article 31, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 831, accused executed a sworn statement confessing the three thefts.
The board of review held that the record fails to establish that the search leading to the seizure of the wallets was legal. Accordingly, the board concluded the law officer erred in overruling defense counsel’s objection to admitting the wallets into evidence.
In the course of its opinion, the board of review recognized the necessity to determine whether the actions of the squadron administrative officer constituted an inspection, or whether he in fact performed a search. With regard to the former, the board stated its satisfaction:
“. . . that a commander has the inherent power (and continuing duty) to inspect his organization, in the strict sense of the word, formally or informally, at any time, to determine its ability to perform its mission. We are equally satisfied that he possesses broad discretion in the exercise of this responsibility. He may inspect in person or direct a subordinate to do so. Evidence of criminal activity discovered during the inspection would ordinarily be admissible in a court-martial. The discovery of the evidence during an inspection would not taint a statement, made pursu[489]*489ant to a confrontation with the evidence, as ‘the fruit of the poison tree’, for the simple reason there would be no poison tree.”
The board distinguished such an inspection from both particularized or generalized searches, in the following language:
“Comparing ‘search’ with ‘inspection’, we find that a search is made with a view toward discovering contraband or other evidence to be used in the prosecution of a criminal action. In other words, it is made in anticipation of prosecution.2 On the other hand, an inspection is an official examination to determine the fitness or readiness of the person, organization, or equipment, and, though criminal proceedings may result from matters uncovered thereby, it is not made with a view to any criminal action. It may be a routine matter or special, dictated by events, or any number of other things, including merely the passage of time. There is no requirement for ‘probable cause’, as that term is used in the law, but it may result from a desire of the commander to know the status of his organization or any part of it, including its arms, equipment, billets, etc.
In that connection, the board of review referred to Chief Judge Quinn’s opinion in United States v Gebhart, 10 USCMA 606, 28 CMR 172. His language there, at page 610, on this subject is illuminating :
“While it is difficult to lay down a general rule applicable to every conceivable situation, it can be said with assurance that the exercise of the authority to search must be founded upon probable cause, whether the search be general in that it includes all personnel of the command or subdivision, or limited only to persons specifically suspected of an offense. United States v Doyle, supra; United States v Brown, 10 USCMA 482, 28 CMR 48. A search founded upon mere suspicion is illegal and the fruits thereof inadmissible.
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Opinion of the Court
Kilday, Judge:
A general court-martial convened at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, convicted accused for the separate thefts of three wallets, in violation of Article 121, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 921. Accused was sentenced to bad-conduct discharge, total forfeitures, confinement at hard labor for one year, and reduction to the grade of airman basic. The findings and sentence were approved by the officer exercising general court-martial jurisdiction. A board of review, however, ruled that the law officer erred in admitting the three wallets into evidence, as the same had been recovered through an illegal search. Accordingly, the board set aside the findings and sentence, and ordered a rehearing.
Pursuant to the provisions of Article 67(b)(2), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 867, the Acting The Judge Advocate General of the Air Force certified the case to this Court for review, requesting that we resolve the following issue:
“WAS THE BOARD OP REVIEW CORRECT IN ITS DETERMINATION THAT PROSECUTION EXHIBITS 1, 2 AND 3 WERE SEIZED AS THE RESULT OP AN ILLEGAL SEARCH ?”
The record reflects that on separate dates in February 1964, the wallets of two airmen were taken without permission. In June, the wallet of a third man was stolen. These are the wallets that were alleged to have been the res of the thefts with which accused was charged, and they were admitted into evidence as prosecution exhibits 1, 2, and 3.
On August 14, 1964, the commander of accused’s squadron was conducting an inspection of the barracks. He was accompanied by the base commander and by the squadron administrative officer. During the course of that inspection the base commander suggested to the commanding officer [488]*488of the squadron that he conduct periodic “stand-by” or “shake-down” type inspections more frequently than had been the practice, commenting “ ‘You would be surprised at what you might find.’ ” The latter, in turn, immediately told his administrative officer to see that this was done “ ‘when you get an opportunity,’ ” indicating the inspections should be made about once a month.
The squadron administrative officer understood his superior’s order to direct him to conduct such inspections, at his discretion, as a regular future routine. Generally, the purpose of such a “stand-by” or “shake-down” inspection would be “for the health, welfare and morals of the individual, and also to see that his belongings are clean, properly kept and maintained, uniforms are right, and if there’s any property in his possession that does not belong there.” It would entail checking the billets and lockers, and going through personal belongings.
Subsequently, on the first of September, a theft of a watch and money was reported to the squadron administrative officer. He was also aware of other such reports over the past two months, and the most recent theft caused him to remember the order given him by the commanding officer of the squadron as to monthly inspections, for he had not yet taken any such action. Accordingly, he undertook to conduct such an inspection immediately. He tried to apprise the squadron commander of his intended action —for the sole purpose of keeping him informed, he testified — but was unsuccessful in contacting him.
Specifically, the administrative officer testified he undertook to make a thorough check for cleanliness, Government property, and recently stolen property, describing his action as “just an over-all typical shakedown inspection.” In order that the squadron’s operations be disrupted as little as possible during the inspection, the administrative officer determined to call the men back to the barracks in groups of ten. He further testified that he believed the property reported stolen that day, if it were to be recovered, would likely be found in close proximity to the victim’s room. He therefore included in the first group of ten, the men sharing quarters with the victim and those living in adjoining billets. As accused was that victim’s roommate, he was in the first group called to the barracks from their duty stations.1
In the course of checking accused’s room and effects, the three wallets which he was convicted for stealing were found among his possessions. Subsequently, after proper warning of his rights under Article 31, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 831, accused executed a sworn statement confessing the three thefts.
The board of review held that the record fails to establish that the search leading to the seizure of the wallets was legal. Accordingly, the board concluded the law officer erred in overruling defense counsel’s objection to admitting the wallets into evidence.
In the course of its opinion, the board of review recognized the necessity to determine whether the actions of the squadron administrative officer constituted an inspection, or whether he in fact performed a search. With regard to the former, the board stated its satisfaction:
“. . . that a commander has the inherent power (and continuing duty) to inspect his organization, in the strict sense of the word, formally or informally, at any time, to determine its ability to perform its mission. We are equally satisfied that he possesses broad discretion in the exercise of this responsibility. He may inspect in person or direct a subordinate to do so. Evidence of criminal activity discovered during the inspection would ordinarily be admissible in a court-martial. The discovery of the evidence during an inspection would not taint a statement, made pursu[489]*489ant to a confrontation with the evidence, as ‘the fruit of the poison tree’, for the simple reason there would be no poison tree.”
The board distinguished such an inspection from both particularized or generalized searches, in the following language:
“Comparing ‘search’ with ‘inspection’, we find that a search is made with a view toward discovering contraband or other evidence to be used in the prosecution of a criminal action. In other words, it is made in anticipation of prosecution.2 On the other hand, an inspection is an official examination to determine the fitness or readiness of the person, organization, or equipment, and, though criminal proceedings may result from matters uncovered thereby, it is not made with a view to any criminal action. It may be a routine matter or special, dictated by events, or any number of other things, including merely the passage of time. There is no requirement for ‘probable cause’, as that term is used in the law, but it may result from a desire of the commander to know the status of his organization or any part of it, including its arms, equipment, billets, etc.
In that connection, the board of review referred to Chief Judge Quinn’s opinion in United States v Gebhart, 10 USCMA 606, 28 CMR 172. His language there, at page 610, on this subject is illuminating :
“While it is difficult to lay down a general rule applicable to every conceivable situation, it can be said with assurance that the exercise of the authority to search must be founded upon probable cause, whether the search be general in that it includes all personnel of the command or subdivision, or limited only to persons specifically suspected of an offense. United States v Doyle, supra; United States v Brown, 10 USCMA 482, 28 CMR 48. A search founded upon mere suspicion is illegal and the fruits thereof inadmissible. United States v Brown, supra.2 To hold otherwise would require us to deny to military personnel the full protections of the United States Constitution itself. This, neither we, nor the Congress, nor the Executive, nor any individual can do.
The Government does not quarrel with that portion of the board’s opinion. Indeed, quite to the contrary, appellate Government counsel endorse the board’s analysis in that respect as “eminently correct.” But, the Government contends, a bona fide inspection of the sort above described, does not lose its character as such and become an illegal search merely because the officer conducting the inspection has been apprised of larcenies from squadron members.
Briefly, the thrust of the Government’s position is that the squadron commanding officer had undisputedly ordered his administrative officer to conduct what may be termed an inspection in the strict sense. He did so legitimately it is asserted; in good faith and wholly without any suspicion of crime or specific wrongdoing by anyone. The administrative officer, in turn, they argue, was merely complying with his commander’s order— as he was obliged to do — and the fact that he had been apprised of stealing in the squadron neither relieved him of complying with the commanding officer’s direction, nor changed the basic nature of his action.
[490]*490[489]*489We cannot accede to appellate Gov[490]*490ernment counsel's importunity to adopt this approach. To do so would require that we ignore the uncontested evidence that, although the squadron commander, on August 14th, authorized his administrative officer to conduct an inspection, seventeen days had passed without any action by the latter. He had neither complied with his superior’s directive, nor had he scheduled any inspection for a future time. It was not until September 1st, when a theft was brought to his attention, that the administrative officer determined to check the billets, lockers, and effects of the squadron. Significantly, he frankly conceded that he intended to look for recently stolen property, among other things. And manifestly this part of his quest was dictated by the theft report he had just received, as he determined to check first those persons and that area, where he believed the property recently stolen would most likely be found.
In short, all the evidence points to what the board concluded was a search, and we agree. Over two weeks had passed without any action whatever taken to conduct an inspection; the administrative officer did not determine to conduct a “shake-down” until he learned of a recent theft; he admittedly was seeking to recover the property reported stolen; and he undertook to look first where he believed that property was likely to be.
We are not here concerned with an inspection that had been held earlier, and the wallets thereby recovered; or with an inspection that had been already scheduled at the time the administrative officer received the report of the larceny, where the situation conceivably would be different. However, an “inspection” cannot be used as a pretext to cover up unlawful invasions of the personal rights of members of the armed services. True it is that the administrative officer steadfastly maintained he was acting in good faith to comply with the commanding officer’s order, and was not guilty of such an abuse. Indeed, we do not in anywise intend to impugn or reflect on his honesty. His integrity and good faith, however, cannot change the character of what he actually did. It is clear from the evidence of record, as the board of review held, that what was conducted in the present case was in fact a search.
As such, as the board pointed out, it is clear on this record that it was not made pursuant to a warrant or incident to lawful apprehension. Nor can accused be said to have consented' to the search of his effects. To the contrary, his action was manifestly mere peaceful acquiescence in the face of authority. See United States v Westmore, 14 USCMA 474, 34 CMR 254; United States v Justice, 13 USCMA 31, 32 CMR 31; and cases therein collated. Likewise, the board held, and we agree, that the record does not establish that immediate action was necessary to prevent removal or disposition of stolen property. See United States v Swanson, 3 USCMA 671, 14 CMR 89; United States v Davis, 4 USCMA 577, 16 CMR 151.
Left then, is the question whether the administrative officer was permitted to order a search by virtue of a commander’s authority. Regardless of whether he had the requisite probable cause to order this generalized search2 — a question with which we need not concern ourselves in the present case — there is no showing that the administrative officer was the senior officer present in the organization. ' Nor can it be contended, in the posture of this record, that his commander delegated to him the power to authorize searches. See United States v Drew, 15 USCMA 449, 35 CMR 421. To the contrary, his superior’s earlier direction to him was, as the Government concedes, limited strictly to inspections, and he received no subsequent authorization.
Accordingly, the board of review correctly held the wallets inadmis[491]*491sible, as the record fails to establish they were seized in the course of a legal search. The certified question, therefore, is answered in the affirmative.
The decision of the board of review is affirmed.
Judge FERGUSON concurs.