USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 1 of 8
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 25-12115 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus
KEENAN DEVRON HUNTER, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 3:21-cr-00043-BJD-PDB-1 ____________________ ____________________ No. 25-12116 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 25-12115
versus
KEENAN DEVRON HUNTER, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 3:16-cr-00180-BJD-LLL-1 ____________________
Before LAGOA, ABUDU, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: In these consolidated cases, Keenan Hunter appeals his sen- tence of eight months’ imprisonment followed by two years of su- pervised release. He argues that the District Court (1) committed plain error, that affected his substantial rights, by impermissibly considering retribution as a factor when revoking his supervised release and imposing a new sentence and (2) abused its discretion by imposing a substantively unreasonable sentence. We affirm. I. In 2017, Keenan Hunter pled guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). 1 He was ultimately sentenced to sixty months’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised re- lease. Toward the end of his prison sentence, he was moved to a
1 Case No. 3:16-cr-180 USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 3 of 8
25-12115 Opinion of the Court 3
residential reentry center. Two months before his release, he left the center without authorization after refusing to provide a urine sample for a drug test. He was indicted for escape and pled guilty to one count of escape from custody, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 751(a) and 4082(a). 2 He was sentenced to twenty-seven months’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised release. Later, while on release, Hunter tested positive three times for marijuana and once for cocaine. In a joint revocation hearing for the firearm and the escape case, Hunter admitted to violating his supervised release in both cases based on the drug tests. The District Court determined that, for both cases, the Guidelines range was 8 to 14 months’ imprisonment, there was a statutory maximum penalty of two years imprisonment, and there was a statutory maximum term of three years of supervised release after release from prison. In the revocation hearing, the Court stated, among other things, (1) that it was concerned that past penalties “still did not drive home the importance of following the rules that we all share, the laws that govern our collective existence and . . . the orders of this Court”; (2) that Hunter’s “history of compliance with rules” had been “less than sterling”; and (3) that Hunter’s problem was his “history of not following the rules that we share and the rules of this court that are designed to assist [him].” Other statements by the Court included (1) “[t]he criminal justice system is designed to punish”; (2) “[i]f you continue doing
2 Case No. 3:21-cr-43 USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 25-12115
the things that have resulted in you being punished, you’re going to continue to be punished”; (3) “I’m trying to send a signal to you that things are going to continue to get worse if you don’t change your ways”; and (4) “the system is designed to continue to send a message. If you’re not following the rules that we all share, there are going to be consequences.” The Court ultimately sentenced Hunter to eight months’ imprisonment followed by two years of supervised release in both cases, to be served concurrently, and it stated that it imposed the sentence after considering “the factors set forth in Title 18, United States Code, Sections 3553(a)(1) through (7).” Hunter timely ap- peals. II. We review sentencing errors raised for the first time on ap- peal for plain error. United States v. Steiger, 107 F.4th 1315, 1320 (11th Cir. 2024). Under plain-error review, “the district court’s or- der . . . will be affirmed unless it is clear or obvious that the district court actually relied on § 3553(a)(2)(A) . . . either expressly or by unmistakable implication.” Esteras v. United States, 145 S. Ct. 2031, 2045 (2025) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). When a defendant violates conditions of supervised release, the district court has authority to revoke the term of supervised release and impose a term of imprisonment after considering many, but not all, factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3); United States v. Gomez, 955 F.3d 1250, 1257–58 (11th Cir. 2020). The factors permissible for consideration include, USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 5 of 8
25-12115 Opinion of the Court 5
among others, “the nature and circumstances of the offense” and the “history and characteristics of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(e)(3), 3553(a)(1). They also include “the need for the sentence imposed” to deter criminal conduct; protect the public; and pro- vide the defendant necessary training, care, and treatment. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(e)(3), 3553(a)(2)(B)-(D). But, though § 3583(e) al- lows for consideration of most of the § 3553(a) factors, it specifically carves out § 3553(a)(2)(A), the “need for the sentence imposed . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(e)(3), 3553(a)(2)(A). In other words, the “court cannot con- sider the nature and circumstances of the offense as relevant to [ret- ribution],” but the court can consider “the nature and circum- stances of the offense as relevant for . . . deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.” Esteras, 145 S. Ct. at 2043. Here, the District Court repeatedly expressed that its con- cern was with Hunter’s consistent failure to comply with rules and orders of the Court and that it intended to send a message to deter that behavior. While it used the word “punishment,” it was refer- ring to Hunter’s violations of release and the criminal justice sys- tem generally, not to Hunter’s underlying offenses or the purpose for the sentence it was imposing.
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USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 1 of 8
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 25-12115 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus
KEENAN DEVRON HUNTER, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 3:21-cr-00043-BJD-PDB-1 ____________________ ____________________ No. 25-12116 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 25-12115
versus
KEENAN DEVRON HUNTER, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 3:16-cr-00180-BJD-LLL-1 ____________________
Before LAGOA, ABUDU, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: In these consolidated cases, Keenan Hunter appeals his sen- tence of eight months’ imprisonment followed by two years of su- pervised release. He argues that the District Court (1) committed plain error, that affected his substantial rights, by impermissibly considering retribution as a factor when revoking his supervised release and imposing a new sentence and (2) abused its discretion by imposing a substantively unreasonable sentence. We affirm. I. In 2017, Keenan Hunter pled guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). 1 He was ultimately sentenced to sixty months’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised re- lease. Toward the end of his prison sentence, he was moved to a
1 Case No. 3:16-cr-180 USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 3 of 8
25-12115 Opinion of the Court 3
residential reentry center. Two months before his release, he left the center without authorization after refusing to provide a urine sample for a drug test. He was indicted for escape and pled guilty to one count of escape from custody, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 751(a) and 4082(a). 2 He was sentenced to twenty-seven months’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised release. Later, while on release, Hunter tested positive three times for marijuana and once for cocaine. In a joint revocation hearing for the firearm and the escape case, Hunter admitted to violating his supervised release in both cases based on the drug tests. The District Court determined that, for both cases, the Guidelines range was 8 to 14 months’ imprisonment, there was a statutory maximum penalty of two years imprisonment, and there was a statutory maximum term of three years of supervised release after release from prison. In the revocation hearing, the Court stated, among other things, (1) that it was concerned that past penalties “still did not drive home the importance of following the rules that we all share, the laws that govern our collective existence and . . . the orders of this Court”; (2) that Hunter’s “history of compliance with rules” had been “less than sterling”; and (3) that Hunter’s problem was his “history of not following the rules that we share and the rules of this court that are designed to assist [him].” Other statements by the Court included (1) “[t]he criminal justice system is designed to punish”; (2) “[i]f you continue doing
2 Case No. 3:21-cr-43 USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 25-12115
the things that have resulted in you being punished, you’re going to continue to be punished”; (3) “I’m trying to send a signal to you that things are going to continue to get worse if you don’t change your ways”; and (4) “the system is designed to continue to send a message. If you’re not following the rules that we all share, there are going to be consequences.” The Court ultimately sentenced Hunter to eight months’ imprisonment followed by two years of supervised release in both cases, to be served concurrently, and it stated that it imposed the sentence after considering “the factors set forth in Title 18, United States Code, Sections 3553(a)(1) through (7).” Hunter timely ap- peals. II. We review sentencing errors raised for the first time on ap- peal for plain error. United States v. Steiger, 107 F.4th 1315, 1320 (11th Cir. 2024). Under plain-error review, “the district court’s or- der . . . will be affirmed unless it is clear or obvious that the district court actually relied on § 3553(a)(2)(A) . . . either expressly or by unmistakable implication.” Esteras v. United States, 145 S. Ct. 2031, 2045 (2025) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). When a defendant violates conditions of supervised release, the district court has authority to revoke the term of supervised release and impose a term of imprisonment after considering many, but not all, factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3); United States v. Gomez, 955 F.3d 1250, 1257–58 (11th Cir. 2020). The factors permissible for consideration include, USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 5 of 8
25-12115 Opinion of the Court 5
among others, “the nature and circumstances of the offense” and the “history and characteristics of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(e)(3), 3553(a)(1). They also include “the need for the sentence imposed” to deter criminal conduct; protect the public; and pro- vide the defendant necessary training, care, and treatment. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(e)(3), 3553(a)(2)(B)-(D). But, though § 3583(e) al- lows for consideration of most of the § 3553(a) factors, it specifically carves out § 3553(a)(2)(A), the “need for the sentence imposed . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(e)(3), 3553(a)(2)(A). In other words, the “court cannot con- sider the nature and circumstances of the offense as relevant to [ret- ribution],” but the court can consider “the nature and circum- stances of the offense as relevant for . . . deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.” Esteras, 145 S. Ct. at 2043. Here, the District Court repeatedly expressed that its con- cern was with Hunter’s consistent failure to comply with rules and orders of the Court and that it intended to send a message to deter that behavior. While it used the word “punishment,” it was refer- ring to Hunter’s violations of release and the criminal justice sys- tem generally, not to Hunter’s underlying offenses or the purpose for the sentence it was imposing. Though the Court stated that it considered “the factors set forth in Title 18, United States Code, Sections 3553(a)(1) through (7),” it made no specific references to 3553(a)(2)(A) or the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, or provide just punishment for the underlying offenses. Throughout the hearing, the Court made USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 6 of 8
6 Opinion of the Court 25-12115
clear that its concerns were not rooted in punishing the underlying offenses but were instead rooted in Hunter’s history of violating rules and deterring that behavior, which were valid considerations. Thus, it is neither “clear [nor] obvious that the district court actually relied on § 3553(a)(2)(A),” whether “expressly or by unmis- takable implication,” in revoking Hunter’s supervised release and deciding his sentence. Id. at 2045 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). There was no plain error. III. We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence im- posed upon revocation of supervised release for abuse of discre- tion. United States v. King, 57 F.4th 1334, 1337 (11th Cir. 2023). This is a deferential standard that considers the totality of the circum- stances. Id. A district court abuses its considerable discretion and imposes a substantively unreasonable sentence only when it “(1) fails to afford consideration to relevant § 3553(a) factors that were due significant weight, (2) gives significant weight to an im- proper or irrelevant factor, or (3) commits a clear error of judg- ment in considering the proper factors.” Id. at 1338 (alterations adopted). We give due deference to the district court’s considera- tion and weighing of the relevant sentencing factors, United States v. Butler, 39 F.4th 1349, 1355 (11th Cir. 2022), and reverse the sen- tence imposed only if we are left with a definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the factors. United States v. Moore, 22 F.4th 1258, 1269 (11th Cir. 2022). USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 7 of 8
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Though a district court commits such clear error “when it weighs the § 3553(a) sentencing factors unreasonably,” United States v. Butler, 39 F.4th 1349, 1355 (11th Cir. 2022), it does not have to give all the factors equal weight, and it is given discretion to at- tach great weight to one factor over another. United States v. Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d 1249, 1254 (11th Cir. 2015). Further, “[t]he district court is not required to explicitly address each of the § 3553(a) factors or all of the mitigating evidence.” United States v. Al Jaberi, 97 F.4th 1310, 1330 (11th Cir. 2024) (citation internal quota- tion marks omitted). “Instead, an acknowledgment the district court has considered the defendant’s arguments and the § 3553(a) factors will suffice.” Id. (alterations adopted) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The District Court here correctly considered and weighed the relevant factors and did not abuse its discretion in imposing its sentence. The Court discussed Hunter’s history of crime and not following rules. It also acknowledged Hunter’s drug addiction, the presence of his family and friends, and a letter of support filed with the Court on his behalf. It then weighed everything together and arrived at a sentence of eight months’ imprisonment followed by two years of supervised release. This sentence is not unreasonable simply because the Court gave less weight than Hunter wanted to the mitigating evidence he presented. Indeed, “[t]he decision about how much weight to assign a particular sentencing factor is com- mitted to the sound discretion of the district court.” Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d at 1254 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The fact that the sentence falls well below the maximum penalty USCA11 Case: 25-12115 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 10/14/2025 Page: 8 of 8
8 Opinion of the Court 25-12115
available further supports its reasonableness. See United States v. Gomez, 955 F.3d 1250, 1260 (11th Cir. 2020). The District Court did not abuse its discretion, and it imposed a substantively reasonable sentence. IV. The District Court did not commit plain error in revoking Hunter’s supervised release and imposing a new sentence, and it did not abuse its discretion in the sentence it imposed. We affirm. AFFIRMED.