PELL, Circuit Judge.
Defendant Joseph R. Johnson, Jr. was found guilty by a jury of robbing a United States post office and of placing the life of a mail custodian in jeopardy by use of a dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2114.
Johnson was given the statutorily mandated sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment.
The evidence indicated that on July 10, 1973, the Brunswick Postal Service in Gary, Indiana, was robbed of four money orders. During the robbery, Susan Hudak, the postal clerk from whom the money orders were taken, was shot in the hand by the robber.
Johnson raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether the district court erred in permitting certain evidence to be introduced by the Government; (2) whether the evidence was sufficient to prove that Johnson had placed Susan Hudak’s life in jeopardy; (3) whether the jury should have been informed that the defendant, if convicted, would receive a sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment.
I
Prior to Johnson's arrest, Susan Hu-dak and another postal clerk present during the robbery, Shellena Evans, made photographic identifications of the
defendant. A lineup was conducted, with the same witnesses present, after Johnson was ai-rested. The police records did not indicate that a positive identification had been made by either witness at the lineup.
The district court, in a pretrial order, granted the defendant’s motion to suppress the photographic identifications.
The defense made no motion to suppress the lineup confrontation.
At the trial, the district judge permitted the Government, on rebuttal, to inquire, to a limited extent, into the suppressed photographic identifications. Johnson contends that this amounted to revei’sible error. We disagree.
In direct examination, the prosecutor did not raise, at any time, the matter of eyewitness identification of Johnson. This issue was first brought up by the defense in cross-examination. In cross-examining Susan Hudak, the defense counsel limited his questions to the lineup confrontation.
In cross-examining Shellena Evans, the defense again asked about the lineup
but then proceeded to ask the broad question:
“Q. And it is your testimony now that you were unable to identify Joseph Russell Johnson, Jr. as the assailant or the perpetrator of that robbery, is that correct?
A. Yes.”
On redirect, the prosecutor was permitted to ask Shellena Evans:
“Q. Did you ever on any other occasion make an identification of the person who committed the robbery at the Brunswick Postal Station ?
-***#■**
A. Yes.”
Later, on redirect rebuttal, the prosecutor asked Gerald Phillips, a postal inspector who was present during the lineup, the following questions:
“Q. Did you also on August 1, 1973, talk to the witness Shellena Ev
ans concerning a possible identification ?
A. Yes, sir, I did.
Q. And in your presence did she make an identification?
A. In effect, she did, yes.
Q. Would you explain your answer, ‘in effect.’
A. Well, she identified Joseph Russell Johnson, Jr., here, the defendant here, as the same person as she had subsequently picked out of—
MR. KELLY: Your Honor, I’m going to object to this question.
THE COURT: I’ll sustain your objection. I’ll strike the evidence. And I’ll admonish the jury not to consider it.”
As the district court noted, the defense counsel, in cross-examining Shel-lena Evans, opened the door on the issue of
all
pretrial identifications made by that witness. The last question and answer in the defense’s cross-examination of Ms. Evans was not limited to the lineup confrontation; rather, the implication was that Shellena Evans had
never
made an eyewitness identification of Johnson.® This inference was unfair to the Government since Ms. Evans had, in fact, identified Johnson in a photo-spread even though the circumstances of the identification were such as to activate the exclusionary rule.
In this situation, it was permissible to allow the Government to explore, in rebuttal, testimony which was not admissible on direct in order to prevent prejudice. United States v. Winston, 145 U.S.App.D.C. 67, 447 F.2d 1236, 1240 (1971); J. Wigmore, Evidence § 15 (3d ed. 1940). The doctrine of curative admissibility has been specifically held to permit rebuttal use of pretrial identifications that are otherwise inadmissible because of constitutional violations. United States v. Winston,
supra
at 1240; United States v. Clark, 294 F.Supp. 44 (D.D.C.1968), aff’d sub nom. Clemons v. United States, 133 U.S.App.D.C. 27, 408 F.2d 1230 (1968), cert. denied 394 U.S. 964, 89 S.Ct. 1318, 22 L.Ed.2d 567 (1969).
The doctrine of curative admissibility can, of course, only be used to prevent prejudice; it cannot be “subverted into a rule for injection of prejudice.” United States v. Winston,
supra,
447 F.2d at 1240. In the present ease, however, the district court was very careful to limit the Government’s use of the suppressed evidence. Shellena Evans only testified, on redirect, that on some occasion she made an identification of the person who robbed the Brunswick Postal Station. The prosecutor did not ask about the details of this identification or even whom Ms. Evans had identified. Gerald Phillips’ testimony was even more limited. Phillips was only permitted to testify as to whether Ms. Evans had made an identification at the lineup, an issue clearly opened by the defense. That part of Phillips’ answer which went beyond this matter was stricken by the district judge.
In any event, the proof of Johnson’s guilt, even though in part circumstantial in nature, was so conclusive that if there had been error it would have been harmless. Johnson’s fingerprints were found on the counter where the robbery occurred.
The defendant’s fingerprints were also found on the stubs from the stolen money orders and on the
stolen money orders themselves.
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PELL, Circuit Judge.
Defendant Joseph R. Johnson, Jr. was found guilty by a jury of robbing a United States post office and of placing the life of a mail custodian in jeopardy by use of a dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2114.
Johnson was given the statutorily mandated sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment.
The evidence indicated that on July 10, 1973, the Brunswick Postal Service in Gary, Indiana, was robbed of four money orders. During the robbery, Susan Hudak, the postal clerk from whom the money orders were taken, was shot in the hand by the robber.
Johnson raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether the district court erred in permitting certain evidence to be introduced by the Government; (2) whether the evidence was sufficient to prove that Johnson had placed Susan Hudak’s life in jeopardy; (3) whether the jury should have been informed that the defendant, if convicted, would receive a sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment.
I
Prior to Johnson's arrest, Susan Hu-dak and another postal clerk present during the robbery, Shellena Evans, made photographic identifications of the
defendant. A lineup was conducted, with the same witnesses present, after Johnson was ai-rested. The police records did not indicate that a positive identification had been made by either witness at the lineup.
The district court, in a pretrial order, granted the defendant’s motion to suppress the photographic identifications.
The defense made no motion to suppress the lineup confrontation.
At the trial, the district judge permitted the Government, on rebuttal, to inquire, to a limited extent, into the suppressed photographic identifications. Johnson contends that this amounted to revei’sible error. We disagree.
In direct examination, the prosecutor did not raise, at any time, the matter of eyewitness identification of Johnson. This issue was first brought up by the defense in cross-examination. In cross-examining Susan Hudak, the defense counsel limited his questions to the lineup confrontation.
In cross-examining Shellena Evans, the defense again asked about the lineup
but then proceeded to ask the broad question:
“Q. And it is your testimony now that you were unable to identify Joseph Russell Johnson, Jr. as the assailant or the perpetrator of that robbery, is that correct?
A. Yes.”
On redirect, the prosecutor was permitted to ask Shellena Evans:
“Q. Did you ever on any other occasion make an identification of the person who committed the robbery at the Brunswick Postal Station ?
-***#■**
A. Yes.”
Later, on redirect rebuttal, the prosecutor asked Gerald Phillips, a postal inspector who was present during the lineup, the following questions:
“Q. Did you also on August 1, 1973, talk to the witness Shellena Ev
ans concerning a possible identification ?
A. Yes, sir, I did.
Q. And in your presence did she make an identification?
A. In effect, she did, yes.
Q. Would you explain your answer, ‘in effect.’
A. Well, she identified Joseph Russell Johnson, Jr., here, the defendant here, as the same person as she had subsequently picked out of—
MR. KELLY: Your Honor, I’m going to object to this question.
THE COURT: I’ll sustain your objection. I’ll strike the evidence. And I’ll admonish the jury not to consider it.”
As the district court noted, the defense counsel, in cross-examining Shel-lena Evans, opened the door on the issue of
all
pretrial identifications made by that witness. The last question and answer in the defense’s cross-examination of Ms. Evans was not limited to the lineup confrontation; rather, the implication was that Shellena Evans had
never
made an eyewitness identification of Johnson.® This inference was unfair to the Government since Ms. Evans had, in fact, identified Johnson in a photo-spread even though the circumstances of the identification were such as to activate the exclusionary rule.
In this situation, it was permissible to allow the Government to explore, in rebuttal, testimony which was not admissible on direct in order to prevent prejudice. United States v. Winston, 145 U.S.App.D.C. 67, 447 F.2d 1236, 1240 (1971); J. Wigmore, Evidence § 15 (3d ed. 1940). The doctrine of curative admissibility has been specifically held to permit rebuttal use of pretrial identifications that are otherwise inadmissible because of constitutional violations. United States v. Winston,
supra
at 1240; United States v. Clark, 294 F.Supp. 44 (D.D.C.1968), aff’d sub nom. Clemons v. United States, 133 U.S.App.D.C. 27, 408 F.2d 1230 (1968), cert. denied 394 U.S. 964, 89 S.Ct. 1318, 22 L.Ed.2d 567 (1969).
The doctrine of curative admissibility can, of course, only be used to prevent prejudice; it cannot be “subverted into a rule for injection of prejudice.” United States v. Winston,
supra,
447 F.2d at 1240. In the present ease, however, the district court was very careful to limit the Government’s use of the suppressed evidence. Shellena Evans only testified, on redirect, that on some occasion she made an identification of the person who robbed the Brunswick Postal Station. The prosecutor did not ask about the details of this identification or even whom Ms. Evans had identified. Gerald Phillips’ testimony was even more limited. Phillips was only permitted to testify as to whether Ms. Evans had made an identification at the lineup, an issue clearly opened by the defense. That part of Phillips’ answer which went beyond this matter was stricken by the district judge.
In any event, the proof of Johnson’s guilt, even though in part circumstantial in nature, was so conclusive that if there had been error it would have been harmless. Johnson’s fingerprints were found on the counter where the robbery occurred.
The defendant’s fingerprints were also found on the stubs from the stolen money orders and on the
stolen money orders themselves.
The money orders, furthermore, were cashed on July 20, 1973, in Johnson’s hometown, Warren, Ohio. When arrested, on July 24, 1973, Johnson told a police officer that he had just returned from Warren, Ohio. Finally, Susan Hudak indicated that she had identified Johnson at the lineup. In light of this overwhelming evidence and the Government’s limited inquiry into the photograph identifications, if there had been error it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Harrington v. California, 395 U.S. 250, 89 S.Ct. 1726, 23 L.Ed.2d 284 (1969); Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967).
II
The defendant next contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove that Johnson wounded Susan Hudak or put her life in jeopardy. This argument rests on two facts: (1) a firearm introduced into evidence by the Government did not have Johnson’s fingerprints on it, and no ballistic test was performed to connect the weapon to the robbery;
(2) Susan Hudak testified that the firearm used in the robbery had a long barrel while the weapon introduced into evidence was a snub-nosed pistol. Aside from the fact that a victim looking at the business end of a gun may err in gauging the length of the barrel, the proof at trial negates these contentions of Johnson.
Susan Hudak was shot in the hand by the person who robbed the Brunswick Postal Station. As previously explained, the fingerprint and identification evidence overwhelmingly indicated that Johnson committed the robbery. Johnson’s reliance on Newsom v. United States, 335 F.2d 237 (5th Cir. 1964), is misplaced. The present case is not the situation adverted to in that case (at 239) of “mere presence at the scene of a criminal offense,” because the individual,
i. e..
Johnson, identified as being present, was also identified as the individual who fired the injurious shot. Further, the Government was not required to prove that a particular weapon was used in the robbery but only' that, in effecting the robbery, Johnson placed Susan Hudak’s life in jeopardy by use of a dangerous weapon. The evidence was clearly sufficient to prove the latter.
Ill
The defendant’s final contention is that the defense should have been permitted, in closing argument or in a jury instruction, to inform the jury that if they convicted Johnson, he would receive a mandatory sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment. This contention is also without merit.
The statute in question does not provide the jury with any role with regard to punishment. The jury’s only function in this case was to determine guilt or innocence. The issue of sentencing was wholly irrelevant to this determination. “To inform the jury that the court may impose minimum or maximum sentence or other matters relating to disposition of the defendant, tend to draw the attention of the jury away from their chief function as sole judges of the facts, open the door to compromise verdicts and to confuse the issue or issues to be decided.” Pope v. United States, 298 F.2d 507, 508 (5th Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 381 U.S. 941, 85 S.Ct. 1776, 14 L.Ed.2d 704 (1965). See also Chapman v. United States, 443 F.2d
917, 920 (10th Cir. 1971); United States v. Del Toro, 426 F.2d 181, 184 (5th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 829, 91 S.Ct. 58, 27 L.Ed.2d 60.
The defense may wish to inform the jury of the mandatory sentence in the hope that the jury might “hang” or acquit simply because some or all of the jurors thought that the penalty was too severe. Congress, however, has already made the policy determination as to the severity of the sentence where a person is found guilty under this statute. It is not for the courts or the juries to make a new policy determination in such a situation.
Affirmed.