USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-13606 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus JONATHAN BLASH,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 5:19-cr-00051-TES-CHW-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 20-13606
Before JILL PRYOR, BRANCH, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Jonathan Blash appeals his conviction and 27-months sen- tence for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), arguing that the district court erred by not dismissing his case for violating the Speedy Trial Act, see 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1), and by applying the four-level enhance- ment under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). For the reasons stated be- low, we affirm. I. We review de novo the denial of a defendant’s Speedy Trial Act motion. United States v. Hughes, 840 F.3d 1368, 1378 (11th Cir. 2016). The Speedy Trial Act provides that a criminal defendant who pleads not guilty must be tried within seventy days of either the filing date of the indictment or his initial appearance in court, “whichever date last occurs.” 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1). Therefore, “[w]hen a defendant is indicted prior to his arrest, the seventy-day pretrial period runs from the date of his arraignment . . . . When the defendant is arrested prior to indictment, . . . the seventy-day pretrial period runs from the date of his indictment.” United States v. Hernandez, 724 F.2d 904, 905 (11th Cir. 1984) (quoting United States v. Haiges, 688 F.2d 1273, 1274 (9th Cir. 1982)). “Where an indictment has previously issued, Congress clearly intended that USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 3 of 7
20-13606 Opinion of the Court 3
the Speedy Trial Act clock would not begin running until a defend- ant appeared before a judicial officer in the district where charges were pending.” See United States v. O’Bryant, 775 F.2d 1528, 1531 & n.3 (11th Cir. 1985) (holding that, although a defendant was in- dicted in September 1982, the seventy-day window did not begin until he first appeared in the relevant court in March 1984). Here, the district court did not err by finding that there was no Speedy Trial Act violation because the seventy-day window be- gan once Blash made his initial appearance, as the Speedy Trial Act’s plain text and our precedent make clear. Because Blash was indicted prior to his arrest, the seventy-day window in which to bring him to trial began after his arraignment, which was the same day he filed his motion to dismiss. We therefore affirm as to this issue. II. Under the invited error doctrine, if a defendant “induces or invites the district court into making an error,” then we are pre- cluded from reviewing that error on appeal. United States v. Bran- nan, 562 F.3d 1300, 1306 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Stone, 139 F.3d 822, 838 (11th Cir. 1998)). “[W]here a party invites the trial court to commit error, he cannot later cry foul on appeal.” Id. (quoting United States v. Harris, 443 F.3d 822, 823–24 (11th Cir. 2006)). However, “ambiguous statements or representations” do not trigger the invited error doctrine. United States v. Hayes, 762 F.3d 1300, 1310 n.6 (11th Cir. 2014). USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 20-13606
Arguments that were not raised in the district court are re- viewed for plain error. United States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1293 (11th Cir. 2011). “Plain error occurs ‘if (1) there was error, (2) that was plain, (3) that affected the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4) that seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or pub- lic reputation of judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Longoria, 874 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708, 715 (11th Cir. 2010)). In challenges to sentencing decisions, we review a district court’s factual findings for clear error. United States v. Bishop, 940 F.3d 1242, 1250 (11th Cir. 2019). To be clearly erroneous, a review of the entire record must leave us with the “definite and firm conviction” that a mistake has been made. United States v. McPhee, 336 F.3d 1269, 1275 (11th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Engelhard Corp., 126 F.3d 1302, 1305 (11th Cir. 1997)). Where there are two reasonable interpretations of the facts, “the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” United States v. Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Izquierdo, 448 F.3d 1269, 1278 (11th Cir. 2006)). If the defendant objects to the factual basis of his sentence, the government must prove that fact by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Aguilar-Ibarra, 740 F.3d 587, 592 (11th Cir. 2014). When making factual findings at sentencing, the court may look to “undisputed statements in the presentence report, or evidence presented at the sentencing hearing.” United States v. USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 5 of 7
20-13606 Opinion of the Court 5
Wilson, 884 F.2d 1355, 1356 (11th Cir. 1989). The failure to object with specificity and clarity to statements in the presentence inves- tigation report (“PSI”) “renders those statements undisputed and permits the sentencing court to rely upon them without error even if there is an absence of supporting evidence.” Aguilar-Ibarra, 740 F.3d at 592 (quoting United States v. Beckles, 565 F.3d 832, 844 (11th Cir. 2009)). A four-level enhancement is applied to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines’ base offense level if the defendant “used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony of- fense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B).
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USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-13606 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus JONATHAN BLASH,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 5:19-cr-00051-TES-CHW-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 20-13606
Before JILL PRYOR, BRANCH, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Jonathan Blash appeals his conviction and 27-months sen- tence for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), arguing that the district court erred by not dismissing his case for violating the Speedy Trial Act, see 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1), and by applying the four-level enhance- ment under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). For the reasons stated be- low, we affirm. I. We review de novo the denial of a defendant’s Speedy Trial Act motion. United States v. Hughes, 840 F.3d 1368, 1378 (11th Cir. 2016). The Speedy Trial Act provides that a criminal defendant who pleads not guilty must be tried within seventy days of either the filing date of the indictment or his initial appearance in court, “whichever date last occurs.” 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1). Therefore, “[w]hen a defendant is indicted prior to his arrest, the seventy-day pretrial period runs from the date of his arraignment . . . . When the defendant is arrested prior to indictment, . . . the seventy-day pretrial period runs from the date of his indictment.” United States v. Hernandez, 724 F.2d 904, 905 (11th Cir. 1984) (quoting United States v. Haiges, 688 F.2d 1273, 1274 (9th Cir. 1982)). “Where an indictment has previously issued, Congress clearly intended that USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 3 of 7
20-13606 Opinion of the Court 3
the Speedy Trial Act clock would not begin running until a defend- ant appeared before a judicial officer in the district where charges were pending.” See United States v. O’Bryant, 775 F.2d 1528, 1531 & n.3 (11th Cir. 1985) (holding that, although a defendant was in- dicted in September 1982, the seventy-day window did not begin until he first appeared in the relevant court in March 1984). Here, the district court did not err by finding that there was no Speedy Trial Act violation because the seventy-day window be- gan once Blash made his initial appearance, as the Speedy Trial Act’s plain text and our precedent make clear. Because Blash was indicted prior to his arrest, the seventy-day window in which to bring him to trial began after his arraignment, which was the same day he filed his motion to dismiss. We therefore affirm as to this issue. II. Under the invited error doctrine, if a defendant “induces or invites the district court into making an error,” then we are pre- cluded from reviewing that error on appeal. United States v. Bran- nan, 562 F.3d 1300, 1306 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Stone, 139 F.3d 822, 838 (11th Cir. 1998)). “[W]here a party invites the trial court to commit error, he cannot later cry foul on appeal.” Id. (quoting United States v. Harris, 443 F.3d 822, 823–24 (11th Cir. 2006)). However, “ambiguous statements or representations” do not trigger the invited error doctrine. United States v. Hayes, 762 F.3d 1300, 1310 n.6 (11th Cir. 2014). USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 20-13606
Arguments that were not raised in the district court are re- viewed for plain error. United States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1293 (11th Cir. 2011). “Plain error occurs ‘if (1) there was error, (2) that was plain, (3) that affected the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4) that seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or pub- lic reputation of judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Longoria, 874 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708, 715 (11th Cir. 2010)). In challenges to sentencing decisions, we review a district court’s factual findings for clear error. United States v. Bishop, 940 F.3d 1242, 1250 (11th Cir. 2019). To be clearly erroneous, a review of the entire record must leave us with the “definite and firm conviction” that a mistake has been made. United States v. McPhee, 336 F.3d 1269, 1275 (11th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Engelhard Corp., 126 F.3d 1302, 1305 (11th Cir. 1997)). Where there are two reasonable interpretations of the facts, “the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” United States v. Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Izquierdo, 448 F.3d 1269, 1278 (11th Cir. 2006)). If the defendant objects to the factual basis of his sentence, the government must prove that fact by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Aguilar-Ibarra, 740 F.3d 587, 592 (11th Cir. 2014). When making factual findings at sentencing, the court may look to “undisputed statements in the presentence report, or evidence presented at the sentencing hearing.” United States v. USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 5 of 7
20-13606 Opinion of the Court 5
Wilson, 884 F.2d 1355, 1356 (11th Cir. 1989). The failure to object with specificity and clarity to statements in the presentence inves- tigation report (“PSI”) “renders those statements undisputed and permits the sentencing court to rely upon them without error even if there is an absence of supporting evidence.” Aguilar-Ibarra, 740 F.3d at 592 (quoting United States v. Beckles, 565 F.3d 832, 844 (11th Cir. 2009)). A four-level enhancement is applied to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines’ base offense level if the defendant “used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony of- fense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). This enhancement automatically applies where the connected felony offense is for drug trafficking and “the firearm is found in close proximity” to drugs or drug par- aphernalia. See Bishop, 940 F.3d at 1250 (emphasis in original) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(B)). While the phrase “drug trafficking offense” is not defined by section 2K2.1, we have adopted the definition of that phrase in section 2L1.2 for the pur- poses of applying section 2K2.1. See United States v. Martinez, 964 F.3d 1329, 1334 & n.2 (11th Cir. 2020). Under that definition, a drug trafficking offense is “an offense under federal, state, or local law that prohibits the . . . possession of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to . . . distribute.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.2. The phrase “another felony offense” is defined to include any federal offense punishable by more than one year im- prisonment, regardless of whether a criminal charge is brought or a conviction is obtained. Id. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(C). USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 6 of 7
6 Opinion of the Court 20-13606
Possession of less than five kilograms of marijuana with in- tent to distribute is punishable under federal law by up to five years’ imprisonment. 21 U.S.C. § 841(a), (b)(1)(D). Intent to distribute can be shown by the amount of drugs found and the presence of other items commonly used for distribution, such as scales. United States v. Poole, 878 F.2d 1389, 1392 (11th Cir. 1989); see also United States v. Mercer, 541 F.3d 1070, 1076 (11th Cir. 2008) (holding that the presence of plastic bags also indicates the intent to distribute). Here, Blash invited any error the district court may have made by implicitly finding that the substance seized from his apart- ment was marijuana because, at sentencing, he unambiguously characterized the substance as marijuana and argued that it was for personal use. But even if Blash did not invite this alleged error, plain error review applies because he raises this argument for the first time on appeal. We conclude that the district court did not plainly err by implicitly finding that the substance was marijuana because Blash neither disputed the statement in the PSI stating that the police confirmed the substance seized in his apartment was ma- rijuana nor did he dispute the lab report confirming that it was ma- rijuana. Additionally, the district court did not clearly err by finding that Blash possessed marijuana with intent to distribute because this was a reasonable interpretation of the facts. A scale, baggies, and a credit card machine were found near a large amount of ma- rijuana, specifically 64.9 grams. The government also presented evidence that Blash sold marijuana to a confidential informant. USCA11 Case: 20-13606 Date Filed: 12/21/2021 Page: 7 of 7
20-13606 Opinion of the Court 7
Finally, the district court did not err by applying the four- level enhancement under section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) because this pro- vision automatically applies where, as here, the connected felony offense was drug trafficking and the firearm was found in close proximity to drugs. Possession of marijuana with intent to distrib- ute is a federal crime and, because marijuana is a controlled sub- stance under federal law, it is also a drug trafficking offense under the Sentencing Guidelines. III. Accordingly, for the reasons discussed, we affirm Blash’s conviction and sentence. AFFIRMED.