F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 20 1999 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Nos. 98-7003, 98-7004 (D.C. No. 90-CR-55-S) CLAY DALTON JOHNSON and JERRY (Eastern District of Oklahoma) DUANE SPEARS,
Defendants-Appellants.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before PORFILIO, MCWILLIAMS, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
Co-defendants Clay Dalton Johnson and Jerry Duane Spears appeal from
proceedings related to their 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motions.1 The district court granted the
defendants’ motion with respect to a Bailey2 claim and denied the remaining claims
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 1 Defendants have appealed separately, but we have joined them here for disposition. 2 Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137 (1995). without holding an evidentiary hearing and resentenced defendants on related counts of
conviction. The court denied a request for a certificate of appealability. Defendants now
seek a certificate of appealability to appeal from alleged errors in the resentencing. We
grant the certificate but affirm the judgment.3
FACTS
Mr. Johnson
Mr. Johnson was found guilty on counts one, two, three, four, five, six, eight,
eleven, thirteen, and fifteen of a multi-count indictment charging various drug and
firearms violations. On direct appeal, we reversed the convictions on counts six, thirteen,
and fifteen. See United States v. Johnson, 977 F.2d 1360 (10th Cir. 1992). The district
court then resentenced Mr. Johnson. Focusing our attention here on resentencing only as
it pertains to the issues raised in this appeal, the court provided a sentence of sixty months
on count two to run concurrently with the remaining counts.
Thereafter, following the decision in Bailey, Mr. Johnson filed the present motion
under 18 U.S.C. § 2255 claiming, among other things, his conviction on count eleven for
using a firearm in connection with a drug offense should be vacated. The district court
3 We grant the certificate as a matter of expedience because some of the issues are not subject to the requirement of a certificate of appealability. In doing so, however, we do not suggest that all of the issues we consider here would meet the test for issuance of the certificate.
-2- denied all claims but the Bailey claim, vacated the sentence on count eleven and
resentenced Mr. Johnson to forty-six months on count two, but then provided that the
sentence run consecutively with the sentences on the remaining counts. Defendant then
appealed.
Mr. Spears
Mr. Spears’ sentencing history is almost the same as Mr. Johnson’s. He was
originally convicted on counts one, two, six, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, and sixteen.
His convictions on counts twelve, thirteen, and fifteen were reversed on appeal and he,
too, was resentenced on remand. Again, as it pertains to the issues here, resentencing
resulted in sixty months on count two and twelve months on count three, both to run
concurrently with the remaining sentences.
Mr. Spears also filed a § 2255 motion based in part on Bailey, and the district court
vacated his sentence on count eleven, but denied the remaining issues. In the
resentencing that followed, the court resentenced Mr. Spears to twenty-two months on
count two and twelve months on count three. These sentences were to run concurrently to
each other, but consecutive to the remaining counts. Mr. Spears also appealed.
DISCUSSION
I. Did the court err in resentencing defendants to consecutive terms?
-3- Defendants first argue, as a matter of law, following the § 2255 vacatur of a
conviction for using a firearm, a district court may not resentence the defendants on
remaining related convictions. We squarely rejected this argument in United States v.
Mendoza, 118 F.3d 707 (10th Cir. 1997). The facts of Mendoza are nearly identical to
this case:
Defendant . . . filed a § 2255 motion, challenging the firearm conviction in light of [Bailey]. The government conceded defendant’s conviction was invalid under Bailey and the district court, therefore, vacated the firearm conviction and sentence. However, the district court then resentenced defendant on the conspiracy conviction to one hundred eight months’ imprisonment . . . .
Id. at 708-09. We approved the resentencing and joined “seven other circuits which have
also held that a district court has authority to resentence a defendant on unchallenged
related convictions, after vacating a § 924(c) conviction in a § 2255 proceeding.” Id. at
709.
The defendants next argue this case is distinguishable because they have already
“served” their original sentences on the resentenced counts and have been incarcerated
for more than the term of the original sentence on the counts subsequently made
consecutive. They contend it would be a violation of double jeopardy to allow the district
court to now resentence them and effectively make them serve time already served. They
have provided no authority for this proposition.
On a related note, because the terms of the resentencing change the length and
terms of the original sentences, defendants also argue the resentencing was illegal
-4- because the new sentence, when combined with the time already served, amounts to a
total sentence exceeding the statutory maximum. For example, Mr. Johnson argues that
on count two he has already served sixty months (the statutory maximum under 18 U.S.C.
§ 371) and thus the new sentence of twenty-two months amounts to eighty-two months, a
term exceeding the statutory maximum.
This argument fails for the simple reason that the defendants have forgotten about
18 U.S.C. § 3585, the statute governing credit for prior custody. Mr. Johnson must be
given credit for time served prior to sentencing in the calculation of his release date. The
time he has already served will be credited first to the sentences on the other counts of
conviction and then to count two. See 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b) (“A defendant shall be given
credit toward a service of a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in official
detention prior to the date the sentence commences . . . as a result of the offense for which
the sentence was imposed [or] as a result of any other charge for which the defendant was
arrested after the commission of the offense for which the sentence was imposed.”). The
result for Mr. Spears is the same. The sixty months he has already served should be
credited to him so that the sentence on count two will be within the statutory maximum.
II.
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 20 1999 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Nos. 98-7003, 98-7004 (D.C. No. 90-CR-55-S) CLAY DALTON JOHNSON and JERRY (Eastern District of Oklahoma) DUANE SPEARS,
Defendants-Appellants.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before PORFILIO, MCWILLIAMS, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
Co-defendants Clay Dalton Johnson and Jerry Duane Spears appeal from
proceedings related to their 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motions.1 The district court granted the
defendants’ motion with respect to a Bailey2 claim and denied the remaining claims
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 1 Defendants have appealed separately, but we have joined them here for disposition. 2 Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137 (1995). without holding an evidentiary hearing and resentenced defendants on related counts of
conviction. The court denied a request for a certificate of appealability. Defendants now
seek a certificate of appealability to appeal from alleged errors in the resentencing. We
grant the certificate but affirm the judgment.3
FACTS
Mr. Johnson
Mr. Johnson was found guilty on counts one, two, three, four, five, six, eight,
eleven, thirteen, and fifteen of a multi-count indictment charging various drug and
firearms violations. On direct appeal, we reversed the convictions on counts six, thirteen,
and fifteen. See United States v. Johnson, 977 F.2d 1360 (10th Cir. 1992). The district
court then resentenced Mr. Johnson. Focusing our attention here on resentencing only as
it pertains to the issues raised in this appeal, the court provided a sentence of sixty months
on count two to run concurrently with the remaining counts.
Thereafter, following the decision in Bailey, Mr. Johnson filed the present motion
under 18 U.S.C. § 2255 claiming, among other things, his conviction on count eleven for
using a firearm in connection with a drug offense should be vacated. The district court
3 We grant the certificate as a matter of expedience because some of the issues are not subject to the requirement of a certificate of appealability. In doing so, however, we do not suggest that all of the issues we consider here would meet the test for issuance of the certificate.
-2- denied all claims but the Bailey claim, vacated the sentence on count eleven and
resentenced Mr. Johnson to forty-six months on count two, but then provided that the
sentence run consecutively with the sentences on the remaining counts. Defendant then
appealed.
Mr. Spears
Mr. Spears’ sentencing history is almost the same as Mr. Johnson’s. He was
originally convicted on counts one, two, six, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, and sixteen.
His convictions on counts twelve, thirteen, and fifteen were reversed on appeal and he,
too, was resentenced on remand. Again, as it pertains to the issues here, resentencing
resulted in sixty months on count two and twelve months on count three, both to run
concurrently with the remaining sentences.
Mr. Spears also filed a § 2255 motion based in part on Bailey, and the district court
vacated his sentence on count eleven, but denied the remaining issues. In the
resentencing that followed, the court resentenced Mr. Spears to twenty-two months on
count two and twelve months on count three. These sentences were to run concurrently to
each other, but consecutive to the remaining counts. Mr. Spears also appealed.
DISCUSSION
I. Did the court err in resentencing defendants to consecutive terms?
-3- Defendants first argue, as a matter of law, following the § 2255 vacatur of a
conviction for using a firearm, a district court may not resentence the defendants on
remaining related convictions. We squarely rejected this argument in United States v.
Mendoza, 118 F.3d 707 (10th Cir. 1997). The facts of Mendoza are nearly identical to
this case:
Defendant . . . filed a § 2255 motion, challenging the firearm conviction in light of [Bailey]. The government conceded defendant’s conviction was invalid under Bailey and the district court, therefore, vacated the firearm conviction and sentence. However, the district court then resentenced defendant on the conspiracy conviction to one hundred eight months’ imprisonment . . . .
Id. at 708-09. We approved the resentencing and joined “seven other circuits which have
also held that a district court has authority to resentence a defendant on unchallenged
related convictions, after vacating a § 924(c) conviction in a § 2255 proceeding.” Id. at
709.
The defendants next argue this case is distinguishable because they have already
“served” their original sentences on the resentenced counts and have been incarcerated
for more than the term of the original sentence on the counts subsequently made
consecutive. They contend it would be a violation of double jeopardy to allow the district
court to now resentence them and effectively make them serve time already served. They
have provided no authority for this proposition.
On a related note, because the terms of the resentencing change the length and
terms of the original sentences, defendants also argue the resentencing was illegal
-4- because the new sentence, when combined with the time already served, amounts to a
total sentence exceeding the statutory maximum. For example, Mr. Johnson argues that
on count two he has already served sixty months (the statutory maximum under 18 U.S.C.
§ 371) and thus the new sentence of twenty-two months amounts to eighty-two months, a
term exceeding the statutory maximum.
This argument fails for the simple reason that the defendants have forgotten about
18 U.S.C. § 3585, the statute governing credit for prior custody. Mr. Johnson must be
given credit for time served prior to sentencing in the calculation of his release date. The
time he has already served will be credited first to the sentences on the other counts of
conviction and then to count two. See 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b) (“A defendant shall be given
credit toward a service of a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in official
detention prior to the date the sentence commences . . . as a result of the offense for which
the sentence was imposed [or] as a result of any other charge for which the defendant was
arrested after the commission of the offense for which the sentence was imposed.”). The
result for Mr. Spears is the same. The sixty months he has already served should be
credited to him so that the sentence on count two will be within the statutory maximum.
II. Did the district court err when it did not vacate count two – - conspiring to violate 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)?
Defendants next contend Bailey requires not only a vacatur of their substantive
§ 924(c) convictions, but also a vacatur of count two, which charged them with
-5- conspiring to violate § 924(c) in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. We reject this argument
outright.
First, this issue was not raised in the defendants’§ 2255 motion before the district
court. Therefore, we deem it waived. See Tele-Communications, Inc. v. Commissioner
of Internal Revenue, 104 F.3d 1229, 1233 (10th Cir. 1997). Second, this claim fails on
the merits.
Even though Bailey dictates Mr. Johnson was not guilty of the substantive § 924(c)
offense, it does not require vacation of the conspiracy offense. “The law of conspiracy . .
. permit[s] the imposition of criminal sanctions for the agreement alone, plus an overt act
in pursuit of it, regardless of whether the crime agreed upon is actually committed.”
United States v. Hill, 971 F.2d 1461, 1467 (10th Cir. 1992) (en banc). “The agreement to
do the unlawful act is . . . distinct from the doing of the act.” Id. In short, “[a] conspiracy
is not the commission of the crime which it contemplates, and neither violates nor ‘arises
under’ the statute whose violation is its object.” Braverman v. United States, 63 S. Ct.
99, 102 (1942).
III. Should the district court have recalculated the amount of drugs in accordance with amendment 484 to the Sentencing Guidelines?
Amendment 484 changes U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 comm. n.1 and provides that waste
water, which cannot be readily separated from the illegal substance, is not considered a
“mixture or substance” for determining the weight of amphetamines under § 2D1.1. The
Commission specified that this amendment could be applied retroactively. See 1998
-6- U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a) and (d). The district court made no specific findings on the issue.
Nonetheless, for this appeal the argument fails because it is procedurally improper.
The retroactive application argument is not redressable by a § 2255 motion. See
Hamilton v. United States, 67 F.3d 761, 764 (9th Cir. 1995); United States v. Nguyen,
997 F. Supp. 1281, 1286 (C.D. Cal. 1998). It may only be raised by a motion under 18
U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Section 3582(c)(2) provides:
in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o), upon motion of the defendant or the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, or on its own motion, the [district] court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
Our decision on this issue, however, has no bearing on its merits. If the defendants
choose to pursue it, they should file a § 3582(c)(2) motion. A separate motion is
necessary in this case because the district court must consider a number of statutory
factors, which we cannot glean from the present record, before deciding how amendment
484 affects the defendants.
IV. Did the defendants receive ineffective assistance of counsel?
Finally, defendants argue they were denied the effective assistance of counsel at
their original sentencing hearing. They raise a number of examples where counsel’s
conduct was allegedly defective and prejudicial. Every argument raised, except one,
-7- however, has effectively been rejected by this court in a companion case involving co-
defendants and the same issues. See United States v. Summerlin, 162 F.3d 1175, 1998
WL 778052 (10th Cir. Nov. 5, 1998).4
In the remaining claim, defendants fault their attorney for not arguing on direct
appeal that the two conspiracy convictions violated double jeopardy. That argument was
in fact raised on direct appeal, see United States v. Johnson, 977 F.2d at 1371-72, and
cannot now be revisited.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
John C. Porfilio Circuit Judge
4 This case was not available to the parties at the time they filed their briefs.
-8-