SPENCER, District Judge:
Jerome T. Bledsoe appeals his conviction for the distribution of “crack” cocaine near a secondary school in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 845a(a). Bledsoe contends that the amendment of the indictment against him constituted an improper broadening of the charges returned by the grand jury. The district court allowed the amendment, finding that the change was not a substantial one and that it had not taken the defendant by surprise. We affirm.
I.
The grand jury returned a one-count indictment against Bledsoe, charging him with the distribution of .37 grams of “crack” cocaine within 1000 feet of a public secondary school in Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia.1 The indictment contained the date of the sale (July 6, 1988) and the amount of money Bledsoe received ($200.00). It also indicated that Bledsoe was accused of violating 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 845a(a). The indictment incorrectly placed the sale within 1000 feet of a public secondary school in Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The only public high school in that area is Wheeling Park High School. The sale actually took place at Bledsoe’s home, approximately 800 feet from Central Catholic High School, a private secondary school. The government informant who purchased the drugs tape recorded the transaction, and defense counsel received a copy of that recording early in the discovery process.
On the date that Bledsoe was to enter his plea, the government moved to amend the indictment by deleting the word “public” from the description of the school. The district court, finding that the amendment was not substantial and that Bledsoe had not been surprised, granted the government’s motion over Bledsoe’s objection. Bledsoe reserved the right to appeal the court’s ruling and entered a guilty plea. The court entered judgment accordingly. Bledsoe appeals from the order granting the motion to amend and from the resulting judgment.
II.
The amended indictment charged Bledsoe with the distribution of “crack” cocaine near a secondary school. According to [432] Bledsoe, the deletion of the word “public” from the description of the school alleged to be in proximity to the location of the drug sale was a substantial amendment. Bledsoe reasons that being required to face the amended charges without resubmission to the grand jury would violate his rights as guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Bledsoe contends that the amendment improperly broadened the indictment and resulted in inadequate notice of the offense alleged. He also argues that, because the grand jury’s indictment specified a public secondary school as the location of the crime, the grand jury must have heard evidence pertaining to a sale at Wheeling Park High School rather than at Central Catholic High School, and that the finding that the sale occurred at a public secondary school was therefore intentional rather than the product of mistake or clerical error.
The government argues in response that the removal of the word “public” from the amendment was not a substantial change requiring resubmission to the grand jury. The government submits that 21 U.S.C. § 845a(a) provides enhanced penalties for drug sales occurring near any secondary schools, regardless of whether they are public or private.2 Because the statute authorizes enhancement for sales occurring near both public and private schools, the word “public” was mere surplusage, and its removal did not improperly broaden the indictment. The government further contends that Bledsoe received adequate notice of the actual offense early in the discovery process. Finally, the government argues that the only evidence presented to the grand jury concerned the sale near Central Catholic High School, and so the inclusion of the word “public” in the original indictment was simply a clerical error or mistake.
Federal courts follow the settled rule that unless the change is simply a matter of form, an amendment to an indictment requires resubmission to the grand jury. Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 770, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 1050, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962). Generally, an amendment or a variance will stand “if it does not change an ‘essential’ or ‘material’ element of the charge so as to cause prejudice to the defendant.” United States v. Cina, 699 F.2d 853, 857 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 991, 104 S.Ct. 481, 78 L.Ed.2d 679 (1983). “Essential” or “material” elements are those which must be specified with precise accuracy in order to establish the illegality of an act. Cina, 699 F.2d at 859. Deletion of matters of sur-plusage or form is permitted. See, e.g., United States v. Field, 875 F.2d 130, 133 (7th Cir.1989); United States v. Anguilo, 847 F.2d 956, 964 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 314, 102 L.Ed.2d 332 (1988); United States v. Aguilar, 756 F.2d 1418, 1423 (9th Cir.1985); United States v. Ramirez, 670 F.2d 27, 29 (5th Cir.1982); United States v. Burnett, 582 F.2d 436, 438 (8th Cir.1976). Courts following the modern rule allow an amendment if it “is not substantial, it is sufficiently definite and certain, the accused is not taken by surprise, and any evidence the defendant had before the amendment would be equally available to him after the amendment.” United States v. Kegler, 724 F.2d 190, 194 (D.C.Cir.1984).
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SPENCER, District Judge:
Jerome T. Bledsoe appeals his conviction for the distribution of “crack” cocaine near a secondary school in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 845a(a). Bledsoe contends that the amendment of the indictment against him constituted an improper broadening of the charges returned by the grand jury. The district court allowed the amendment, finding that the change was not a substantial one and that it had not taken the defendant by surprise. We affirm.
I.
The grand jury returned a one-count indictment against Bledsoe, charging him with the distribution of .37 grams of “crack” cocaine within 1000 feet of a public secondary school in Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia.1 The indictment contained the date of the sale (July 6, 1988) and the amount of money Bledsoe received ($200.00). It also indicated that Bledsoe was accused of violating 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 845a(a). The indictment incorrectly placed the sale within 1000 feet of a public secondary school in Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The only public high school in that area is Wheeling Park High School. The sale actually took place at Bledsoe’s home, approximately 800 feet from Central Catholic High School, a private secondary school. The government informant who purchased the drugs tape recorded the transaction, and defense counsel received a copy of that recording early in the discovery process.
On the date that Bledsoe was to enter his plea, the government moved to amend the indictment by deleting the word “public” from the description of the school. The district court, finding that the amendment was not substantial and that Bledsoe had not been surprised, granted the government’s motion over Bledsoe’s objection. Bledsoe reserved the right to appeal the court’s ruling and entered a guilty plea. The court entered judgment accordingly. Bledsoe appeals from the order granting the motion to amend and from the resulting judgment.
II.
The amended indictment charged Bledsoe with the distribution of “crack” cocaine near a secondary school. According to [432] Bledsoe, the deletion of the word “public” from the description of the school alleged to be in proximity to the location of the drug sale was a substantial amendment. Bledsoe reasons that being required to face the amended charges without resubmission to the grand jury would violate his rights as guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Bledsoe contends that the amendment improperly broadened the indictment and resulted in inadequate notice of the offense alleged. He also argues that, because the grand jury’s indictment specified a public secondary school as the location of the crime, the grand jury must have heard evidence pertaining to a sale at Wheeling Park High School rather than at Central Catholic High School, and that the finding that the sale occurred at a public secondary school was therefore intentional rather than the product of mistake or clerical error.
The government argues in response that the removal of the word “public” from the amendment was not a substantial change requiring resubmission to the grand jury. The government submits that 21 U.S.C. § 845a(a) provides enhanced penalties for drug sales occurring near any secondary schools, regardless of whether they are public or private.2 Because the statute authorizes enhancement for sales occurring near both public and private schools, the word “public” was mere surplusage, and its removal did not improperly broaden the indictment. The government further contends that Bledsoe received adequate notice of the actual offense early in the discovery process. Finally, the government argues that the only evidence presented to the grand jury concerned the sale near Central Catholic High School, and so the inclusion of the word “public” in the original indictment was simply a clerical error or mistake.
Federal courts follow the settled rule that unless the change is simply a matter of form, an amendment to an indictment requires resubmission to the grand jury. Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 770, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 1050, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962). Generally, an amendment or a variance will stand “if it does not change an ‘essential’ or ‘material’ element of the charge so as to cause prejudice to the defendant.” United States v. Cina, 699 F.2d 853, 857 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 991, 104 S.Ct. 481, 78 L.Ed.2d 679 (1983). “Essential” or “material” elements are those which must be specified with precise accuracy in order to establish the illegality of an act. Cina, 699 F.2d at 859. Deletion of matters of sur-plusage or form is permitted. See, e.g., United States v. Field, 875 F.2d 130, 133 (7th Cir.1989); United States v. Anguilo, 847 F.2d 956, 964 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 314, 102 L.Ed.2d 332 (1988); United States v. Aguilar, 756 F.2d 1418, 1423 (9th Cir.1985); United States v. Ramirez, 670 F.2d 27, 29 (5th Cir.1982); United States v. Burnett, 582 F.2d 436, 438 (8th Cir.1976). Courts following the modern rule allow an amendment if it “is not substantial, it is sufficiently definite and certain, the accused is not taken by surprise, and any evidence the defendant had before the amendment would be equally available to him after the amendment.” United States v. Kegler, 724 F.2d 190, 194 (D.C.Cir.1984).
We do not think that the amendment in this case was a substantial one requiring resubmission to the grand jury. The deletion of the word “public” from the indictment did not broaden the indictment against Bledsoe. Section 845a(a) provides enhanced penalties for drug sales occurring near public or private secondary schools. All secondary schools are either publicly or privately controlled; therefore, the statute is violated by a sale within 1000 feet of any secondary school. Logically, the designation of a secondary school as either public or private is a matter ancillary to the offense charged, which is the sale near a [433] secondary school. The amended indictment charges the same offense as the original indictment; it simply corrects an immaterial error by deleting surplusage. The amendment leaves the elements of the crime and the punishment level of the offense intact. The redacted indictment does not broaden the possible bases for conviction.
We believe that Bledsoe received adequate notice of the offense charged. The original indictment clearly stated the statutes which Bledsoe was accused of violating. The elements of the crime and its punishment level remained unchanged by the amendment. Although the original indictment indicated that the sale occurred near a public secondary school, Bledsoe received a tape recording of the transaction six weeks before the government moved to amend the indictment. This recording unmistakably notified Bledsoe that the sale had occurred at his home, near Central Catholic High School and not Wheeling Park High School, the only public secondary school in the area. The tape recording clearly sets forth the transaction, where it occurred, and the parties involved. Additionally, there is no evidence of any other transaction. A single set of facts points to one sale which is described by amount, place and time; one undercover officer worked with one informant to compile the evidence. Bledsoe was fully cognizant of the crime with which he was charged and counsel was fully aware of the nature and scope of the government’s evidence in the case. Accordingly, Bledsoe suffered no prejudice as a result of the amendment.
Finally, there is no reason to believe that the grand jury’s finding that the sale occurred near a public secondary school was anything other than an inadvertent clerical error. We do not accept the argument that the grand jury intended to charge that the sale occurred near Wheeling Park High School rather than Central Catholic High School. The only evidence present in the case relates to a sale which clearly occurred at Bledsoe’s home. The grand jury could have heard only this evidence, and therefore the only secondary school which it could have intended to designate would have been Central Catholic High School. The original indictment’s reference to a public rather than private secondary school was clearly the result of mistake and not an intentional finding. To require the United States to resubmit this case to the grand jury, under these circumstances, would be elevating form over substance.
AFFIRMED.