FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
January 26, 2018 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 16-6324 (D.C. No. 5:16-CR-00002-F-1) JASON MARC JANATSCH, (W.D. of Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BALDOCK, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
Jason Janatsch worked as a freelance babysitter and occasional daycare
employee. He was indicted for taking sexually explicit pictures of himself with a
toddler. After he pleaded guilty to the charges, the court sentenced him to 360
months in prison and required him to pay a $5,000 special assessment pursuant to
18 U.S.C. § 3014(a)(3), a provision applicable to “any non-indigent person . . .
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. convicted of an offense . . . relating to sexual exploitation and other abuse of
children.”
Janatsch appeals his sentence, arguing that (1) the district court improperly
enhanced his sentence based on his admission of a prior child molestation
incident for which he was never charged; (2) the sentence was substantively
unreasonable and “greater than necessary to comply with the purposes of criminal
punishment,” Aplt. Br. 13; and (3) the $5,000 special assessment should not be
imposed because he was indigent at the time of sentencing.
We AFFIRM the district court’s sentence. Janatsch has waived his right to
challenge a sentence within the applicable United States Sentencing Guidelines
(USSG) range, and the district court did not err in imposing the mandatory
assessment.
I. Background
While babysitting in Enid, Oklahoma, Janatsch took pictures of himself
engaging in sexual conduct with a female toddler. A few months later, he used
the smartphone messaging application Kik to send some of these images to a
person in New Zealand and solicited child pornography in exchange.
In September 2015, Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) Agents
downloaded child pornography from Kik user “lukebake4,” who was later
identified as Drew Webb of Christchurch, New Zealand. R., Vol. 2 at 11. In
October 2015, the New Zealand Police (NZP) Online Child Exploitation Across
-2- New Zealand (OCEANZ) team executed a search warrant. They searched Webb’s
home and conducted a forensic analysis of his Kik account, identifying Kik user
“TheLoverOfTheLittle” as a possible offender who traded images with
“lukebake4.” Id. at 12. In November 2015, a Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) summons was served on Kik related to this username. The DHS summons
revealed the IP address associated with the username, and a subsequent DHS
summons to AT&T traced the IP address to Janatsch’s mother’s residence.
In December 2015, a magistrate judge issued a search warrant for the
residence. Investigators subsequently discovered that Janatsch had downloaded
numerous images of child pornography to his iPhone and computer hard drive,
including five images he had produced of the toddler. At the time of the
execution of the search warrant, Janatsch consented to a forensic interview the
following day at HSI’s Oklahoma City office. During the interview, Janatsch also
admitted that he had physically molested another child in 2014, for which he was
investigated in February 2015 but never charged after initially denying the
allegations.
Following his indictment on child pornography charges, Janatsch pleaded
guilty to a single count of producing child pornography in exchange for the
dismissal of two counts for receipt and possession of child pornography.
Because the counts for receipt and possession were dismissed, the sole
count for production carried a statutory minimum of 180 months and a statutory
-3- maximum of 360 months. 18 U.S.C. § 2251( e). Based on his total offense level
of 43 and criminal history category of I, his guidelines range would have been
life; however, the guidelines sentence becomes the statutory maximum in cases
where the calculated range exceeds the statutory maximum, making Janatsch’s
guidelines range 360 months. As part of a plea agreement, Janatsch waived “his
right to appeal his guilty plea” and “his sentence as imposed by the Court . . . and
the manner in which the sentence was determined,” provided it was not “above
the advisory guideline range determined by the Court to apply.” R., Vol. 1 at 32.
The district court sentenced Janatsch to the guidelines sentence and
statutory maximum of 360 months’ imprisonment and lifetime supervised release.
The court also imposed a $5,000 special assessment pursuant to the Justice for
Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015—which the plea agreement did not mention.
See 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a)(3). In relevant part, 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a) states
[T]he court shall assess an amount of $5,000 on any non-indigent person or entity convicted of an offense under . . . * * * (3) chapter 110 (relating to sexual exploitation and other abuse of children) . . . .
Janatsch’s conviction under § 2251 is contained within chapter 110 of 18 U.S.C.
Therefore, his crime triggers the $5,000 special assessment.
-4- II. Analysis
Janatsch contends (1) the district court improperly determined his sentence
by considering his admission to the prior child molestation incident; (2) the 360-
month sentence was substantively unreasonable; and (3) the $5,000 special
assessment was improper because of his indigency at the time of sentencing.
The appellee urges us to apply the appeal waiver to each of the three
claims. We conclude the waiver applies to the challenge to the first two claims,
but not to the special assessment. While the special assessment claim was not
waived, the district court properly applied § 3014(a) in imposing the special
A. Appeal Waiver
We enforce appeal waivers under the familiar framework set forth in United
States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315 (10th Cir. 2004). We consider whether “(1) the
disputed appeal falls within the scope of the waiver of appellate rights, (2) the
defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his appellate rights, and (3)
enforcing the waiver would [not] result in a miscarriage of justice.” United States
v. Burke, 633 F.3d 984, 996 (10th Cir. 2011) (citing Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1325–28).
“We construe a defendant’s plea agreement ‘according to contract principles and
what the defendant reasonably understood when he entered his plea.’” United
States v. Lonjose, 663 F.3d 1292
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FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
January 26, 2018 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 16-6324 (D.C. No. 5:16-CR-00002-F-1) JASON MARC JANATSCH, (W.D. of Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BALDOCK, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
Jason Janatsch worked as a freelance babysitter and occasional daycare
employee. He was indicted for taking sexually explicit pictures of himself with a
toddler. After he pleaded guilty to the charges, the court sentenced him to 360
months in prison and required him to pay a $5,000 special assessment pursuant to
18 U.S.C. § 3014(a)(3), a provision applicable to “any non-indigent person . . .
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. convicted of an offense . . . relating to sexual exploitation and other abuse of
children.”
Janatsch appeals his sentence, arguing that (1) the district court improperly
enhanced his sentence based on his admission of a prior child molestation
incident for which he was never charged; (2) the sentence was substantively
unreasonable and “greater than necessary to comply with the purposes of criminal
punishment,” Aplt. Br. 13; and (3) the $5,000 special assessment should not be
imposed because he was indigent at the time of sentencing.
We AFFIRM the district court’s sentence. Janatsch has waived his right to
challenge a sentence within the applicable United States Sentencing Guidelines
(USSG) range, and the district court did not err in imposing the mandatory
assessment.
I. Background
While babysitting in Enid, Oklahoma, Janatsch took pictures of himself
engaging in sexual conduct with a female toddler. A few months later, he used
the smartphone messaging application Kik to send some of these images to a
person in New Zealand and solicited child pornography in exchange.
In September 2015, Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) Agents
downloaded child pornography from Kik user “lukebake4,” who was later
identified as Drew Webb of Christchurch, New Zealand. R., Vol. 2 at 11. In
October 2015, the New Zealand Police (NZP) Online Child Exploitation Across
-2- New Zealand (OCEANZ) team executed a search warrant. They searched Webb’s
home and conducted a forensic analysis of his Kik account, identifying Kik user
“TheLoverOfTheLittle” as a possible offender who traded images with
“lukebake4.” Id. at 12. In November 2015, a Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) summons was served on Kik related to this username. The DHS summons
revealed the IP address associated with the username, and a subsequent DHS
summons to AT&T traced the IP address to Janatsch’s mother’s residence.
In December 2015, a magistrate judge issued a search warrant for the
residence. Investigators subsequently discovered that Janatsch had downloaded
numerous images of child pornography to his iPhone and computer hard drive,
including five images he had produced of the toddler. At the time of the
execution of the search warrant, Janatsch consented to a forensic interview the
following day at HSI’s Oklahoma City office. During the interview, Janatsch also
admitted that he had physically molested another child in 2014, for which he was
investigated in February 2015 but never charged after initially denying the
allegations.
Following his indictment on child pornography charges, Janatsch pleaded
guilty to a single count of producing child pornography in exchange for the
dismissal of two counts for receipt and possession of child pornography.
Because the counts for receipt and possession were dismissed, the sole
count for production carried a statutory minimum of 180 months and a statutory
-3- maximum of 360 months. 18 U.S.C. § 2251( e). Based on his total offense level
of 43 and criminal history category of I, his guidelines range would have been
life; however, the guidelines sentence becomes the statutory maximum in cases
where the calculated range exceeds the statutory maximum, making Janatsch’s
guidelines range 360 months. As part of a plea agreement, Janatsch waived “his
right to appeal his guilty plea” and “his sentence as imposed by the Court . . . and
the manner in which the sentence was determined,” provided it was not “above
the advisory guideline range determined by the Court to apply.” R., Vol. 1 at 32.
The district court sentenced Janatsch to the guidelines sentence and
statutory maximum of 360 months’ imprisonment and lifetime supervised release.
The court also imposed a $5,000 special assessment pursuant to the Justice for
Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015—which the plea agreement did not mention.
See 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a)(3). In relevant part, 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a) states
[T]he court shall assess an amount of $5,000 on any non-indigent person or entity convicted of an offense under . . . * * * (3) chapter 110 (relating to sexual exploitation and other abuse of children) . . . .
Janatsch’s conviction under § 2251 is contained within chapter 110 of 18 U.S.C.
Therefore, his crime triggers the $5,000 special assessment.
-4- II. Analysis
Janatsch contends (1) the district court improperly determined his sentence
by considering his admission to the prior child molestation incident; (2) the 360-
month sentence was substantively unreasonable; and (3) the $5,000 special
assessment was improper because of his indigency at the time of sentencing.
The appellee urges us to apply the appeal waiver to each of the three
claims. We conclude the waiver applies to the challenge to the first two claims,
but not to the special assessment. While the special assessment claim was not
waived, the district court properly applied § 3014(a) in imposing the special
A. Appeal Waiver
We enforce appeal waivers under the familiar framework set forth in United
States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315 (10th Cir. 2004). We consider whether “(1) the
disputed appeal falls within the scope of the waiver of appellate rights, (2) the
defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his appellate rights, and (3)
enforcing the waiver would [not] result in a miscarriage of justice.” United States
v. Burke, 633 F.3d 984, 996 (10th Cir. 2011) (citing Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1325–28).
“We construe a defendant’s plea agreement ‘according to contract principles and
what the defendant reasonably understood when he entered his plea.’” United
States v. Lonjose, 663 F.3d 1292, 1297 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v.
Veri, 108 F.3d 1311, 1313 (10th Cir. 1997)).
-5- 1. Length of Sentence
In his plea agreement, Janatsch waived the “right to appeal his sentence as
imposed by the Court . . . and the manner in which the sentence was determined,”
provided it was not “above the advisory guideline range determined by the Court
to apply.” R., Vol. 1 at 32. The Guidelines only allowed 360 months’
imprisonment for his crime, the sentence selected by the district court.
On appeal, although conceding the sentence was within the scope of the
plea agreement, Janatsch claims “[t]he severity of the sentence given the facts of
this case affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings”—thus violating the third prong of Hahn. Aplt. Br. 4. Janatsch
forfeited his argument that he did not enter the plea agreement knowingly and
voluntarily under the second prong of Hahn because he raised it for the first time
in his reply brief.
The third prong of Hahn instructs us to consider whether enforcing the
waiver would advance a miscarriage of justice. In doing so, we examine whether
“(1) the district court relied on an impermissible factor such as race, (2)
ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with the negotiation of the waiver
renders the waiver invalid, (3) the sentence exceeds the statutory maximum, or (4)
the waiver is otherwise unlawful.” Burke, 633 F.3d at 996 (citing Hahn, 359 F.3d
at 1327).
-6- Janatsch argues the waiver is “otherwise unlawful” because “[t]he severity
of the sentence given the facts of this case affects the fairness, integrity or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” Aplt. Br. 11. He does not, however, attempt
to provide any evidence to support this bare assertion, nor could he since the
sentence was within the guidelines range. In fact, Janatsch pleaded guilty to the
charges knowing he could be sentenced up to 360 months.
Because the waiver satisfies all three prongs of the Hahn framework, we
find that the waiver is enforceable for Janatsch’s term of imprisonment.
2. Special Assessment and Indigency
Janatsch also contends the appeal waiver did not apply to the district
court’s imposition of the $5,000 special assessment because he was indigent at
the time of sentencing.
Since the plea agreement does not mention the $5,000 special assessment,
Janatsch did not explicitly waive his right to appeal the assessment, as he did with
the other components of his sentence. Furthermore, Janatsch challenges the
legality of the special assessment—an argument we have held is not waived by an
appeal waiver.
We considered a similar situation in United States v. Gordon, 480 F.3d
1205 (10th Cir. 2007). In that case, we found an appeal waiver similar to this one
did not prevent a defendant from challenging whether the sentence was “beyond
that authorized by the pertinent statutes.” Id. at 1210. Here, Janatsch argues the
-7- district court imposed a special assessment that was not authorized by § 3014(a)
since he was indigent at the time. Because his argument questions the legality of
the assessment based on his indigent status, the waiver does not bar his challenge.
B. 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a)(3)
Section 3014(a), in relevant part, states
[T]he court shall assess an amount of $5,000 on any non-indigent person or entity convicted of an offense under . . . * * * (3) chapter 110 (relating to sexual exploitation and other abuse of children) . . . .
(emphasis added).
The operative provisions of the Guidelines provide that “[t]he court shall
impose a fine in all cases, except where the defendant establishes that he is unable
to pay and is not likely to become able to pay any fine.” USSG § 5E1.2(a)
(emphasis added); United States v. Vigil, 644 F.3d 1114, 1123 (10th Cir. 2011)
(applying USSG § 5E1.2(a)).
Janatsch contends he was indigent at sentencing and the district court
should not have imposed the additional assessment. The district court imposed
the fine based on two factors: (1) a finding that Janatsch was not sufficiently
indigent under the statute based on the presentence report, and (2) Janatsch’s
future ability to pay, noting that “he’s going to have plenty of time to pay that off
while incarcerated.” R. Vol. 3 at 13.
-8- The district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing the $5,000
special assessment. The context of the sentencing hearing shows the district court
reasonably found Janatsch had not met his burden of proving indigency for
purposes of the statute. And nothing in the statute precludes an examination of
future ability to pay as part of a holistic assessment of the indigency
determination.
The Eighth Circuit reached a similar conclusion in United States v. Kelley,
861 F.3d 790, 802 (8th Cir. 2017). In that case, the defendant had a negative net
worth at the time of sentencing. But the defendant was an “Eagle Scout with a
college degree,” who in the future “certainly has the education and skills to be
employed and to earn money from which he could pay this assessment.” Id. The
court explained after considering “all the factors of Kelley’s financial situation,”
he “would, at some point, be able to pay the special assessment.” Id. “This
ability to earn money in the future precluded a finding of indigence for purposes
of § 3014.” Id.
Likewise, the district court here did not err in concluding that Janatsch
would have the ability to pay the special assessment in the future.
-9- III. Conclusion
We AFFIRM the district court’s sentence and special assessment.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Timothy M. Tymkovich Chief Judge
-10-