NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 9 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 18-10437
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:18-cr-00026-KJD-VCF-1 v.
JACQUELINE MOORE, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Kent J. Dawson, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted April 2, 2020** Pasadena, California
Before: WARDLAW, MURGUIA, and MILLER, Circuit Judges.
Jacqueline Moore appeals her conviction and sentence following a jury trial
for being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). We have jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28
U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 1. Moore challenges the district court’s denial of her Batson challenge to
the government’s strike of a black female juror. We review a district court’s
application of the three-part Batson framework de novo:
First, a defendant must make a prima facie showing that a peremptory challenge has been exercised on the basis of race. Second, if that showing has been made, the prosecution must offer a race-neutral basis for striking the juror in question. Third, in light of the parties’ submissions, the trial court must determine whether the defendant has shown purposeful discrimination.
United States v. Alvarez-Ulloa, 784 F.3d 558, 565 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Miller–
El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 328–29 (2003)). At this third step, the district court
“must decide not only whether the reasons stated are race-neutral, but whether they
are relevant to the case, and whether those stated reasons were the prosecutor’s
genuine reasons for exercising a peremptory strike, rather than pretexts invented to
hide purposeful discrimination.” United States v. Mikhel, 889 F.3d 1003, 1029 (9th
Cir. 2018) (quoting Green v. LaMarque, 532 F.3d 1028, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008)). The
district court’s findings are reviewed “deferentially, for clear error.” United States
v. Hernandez-Herrera, 273 F.3d 1213, 1218 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Tolbert v. Page,
182 F.3d 677, 685 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc)).
Here, the parties dispute only the third step of the Batson inquiry. After the
government explained that it struck the juror because she had a relative who was a
convicted felon, “[not] because she was black or because she was a female,” the
district court determined that the reasons stated by the government were “race
2 neutral,” “relevant to the case,” and “genuine reasons for exercising the peremptory
strike rather than pretext intended to hide purposeful discrimination.” The district
court’s finding was not clearly erroneous, especially where the government also
struck white jurors who had relatives convicted of a felony and did not strike a black
male juror. See Cook v. Lamarque, 593 F.3d 810, 817 (9th Cir. 2010) (finding
prosecutor’s rationale “legitimate and not pretextual” where similarly situated white
jurors were also not permitted to serve). While the district court did not expressly
address Moore’s gender-based claim, thus meriting our de novo review, see Alvarez-
Ulloa, 784 F.3d at 565–66, Moore nevertheless fails to carry her burden of
persuasion to show purposeful discrimination on the basis of gender, as Moore fails
to specifically explain how the government’s strike was motivated by gender
discrimination, see Yee v. Duncan, 463 F.3d 893, 898 (9th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he
ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial [or in this case gender] motivation
rests with, and never shifts from, the opponent of the strike.” (second alteration in
original) (quoting Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768 (1995) (per curiam))).
2. Moore next contends that the district court erred when it denied her
motion for judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29 based
on insufficient evidence. Here, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found separate possession of the
gun and ammunition beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Reed, 575
3 F.3d 900, 923 (9th Cir. 2009). The jury heard evidence that the firearm was “shoved
up in the dashboard,” which is “an area not commonly used by any drivers . . . for a
normal purpose.” By contrast, the ammunition was found in Moore’s purse, which
she carried freely on her person when she got out of the vehicle and closed the door.
The jury also heard evidence that the vehicle belonged to Moore, and that the firearm
had Moore’s DNA on it. Therefore, the district court did not err when it denied
Moore’s motion for judgment of acquittal.
3. Next, Moore argues that the district court abused its discretion when it
permitted one of the arresting police officers to testify on the difference between
actual and constructive possession, which Moore contends rendered the officer’s lay
witness testimony expert in nature. This argument is unavailing. “A lay witness’s
opinion testimony necessarily draws on the witness’s own understanding, including
a wealth of personal information, experience, and education . . . .” United States v.
Gadson, 763 F.3d 1189, 1208 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, the officer based his testimony
on his training and experience as a law enforcement officer, and the testimony was
helpful to explain Moore’s jailhouse phone calls. See Fed. R. Evid. 701; Gadson,
763 F.3d at 1209–10 (allowing lay officer’s interpretation of intercepted phone
calls). In any event, any purported error would have been harmless because the
district court later instructed the jury on the elements of “possession.” See United
States v. Wells, 879 F.3d 900, 923 (9th Cir. 2018) (“Generally, if we conclude that
4 evidence has been improperly admitted, ‘we consider whether the error was
harmless.’” (quoting United States v. Bailey, 696 F.3d 794, 802–03 (9th Cir. 2012))).
4. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it gave its jury
instruction on “possession.” See United States v.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 9 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 18-10437
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:18-cr-00026-KJD-VCF-1 v.
JACQUELINE MOORE, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Kent J. Dawson, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted April 2, 2020** Pasadena, California
Before: WARDLAW, MURGUIA, and MILLER, Circuit Judges.
Jacqueline Moore appeals her conviction and sentence following a jury trial
for being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). We have jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28
U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 1. Moore challenges the district court’s denial of her Batson challenge to
the government’s strike of a black female juror. We review a district court’s
application of the three-part Batson framework de novo:
First, a defendant must make a prima facie showing that a peremptory challenge has been exercised on the basis of race. Second, if that showing has been made, the prosecution must offer a race-neutral basis for striking the juror in question. Third, in light of the parties’ submissions, the trial court must determine whether the defendant has shown purposeful discrimination.
United States v. Alvarez-Ulloa, 784 F.3d 558, 565 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Miller–
El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 328–29 (2003)). At this third step, the district court
“must decide not only whether the reasons stated are race-neutral, but whether they
are relevant to the case, and whether those stated reasons were the prosecutor’s
genuine reasons for exercising a peremptory strike, rather than pretexts invented to
hide purposeful discrimination.” United States v. Mikhel, 889 F.3d 1003, 1029 (9th
Cir. 2018) (quoting Green v. LaMarque, 532 F.3d 1028, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008)). The
district court’s findings are reviewed “deferentially, for clear error.” United States
v. Hernandez-Herrera, 273 F.3d 1213, 1218 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Tolbert v. Page,
182 F.3d 677, 685 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc)).
Here, the parties dispute only the third step of the Batson inquiry. After the
government explained that it struck the juror because she had a relative who was a
convicted felon, “[not] because she was black or because she was a female,” the
district court determined that the reasons stated by the government were “race
2 neutral,” “relevant to the case,” and “genuine reasons for exercising the peremptory
strike rather than pretext intended to hide purposeful discrimination.” The district
court’s finding was not clearly erroneous, especially where the government also
struck white jurors who had relatives convicted of a felony and did not strike a black
male juror. See Cook v. Lamarque, 593 F.3d 810, 817 (9th Cir. 2010) (finding
prosecutor’s rationale “legitimate and not pretextual” where similarly situated white
jurors were also not permitted to serve). While the district court did not expressly
address Moore’s gender-based claim, thus meriting our de novo review, see Alvarez-
Ulloa, 784 F.3d at 565–66, Moore nevertheless fails to carry her burden of
persuasion to show purposeful discrimination on the basis of gender, as Moore fails
to specifically explain how the government’s strike was motivated by gender
discrimination, see Yee v. Duncan, 463 F.3d 893, 898 (9th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he
ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial [or in this case gender] motivation
rests with, and never shifts from, the opponent of the strike.” (second alteration in
original) (quoting Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768 (1995) (per curiam))).
2. Moore next contends that the district court erred when it denied her
motion for judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29 based
on insufficient evidence. Here, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found separate possession of the
gun and ammunition beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Reed, 575
3 F.3d 900, 923 (9th Cir. 2009). The jury heard evidence that the firearm was “shoved
up in the dashboard,” which is “an area not commonly used by any drivers . . . for a
normal purpose.” By contrast, the ammunition was found in Moore’s purse, which
she carried freely on her person when she got out of the vehicle and closed the door.
The jury also heard evidence that the vehicle belonged to Moore, and that the firearm
had Moore’s DNA on it. Therefore, the district court did not err when it denied
Moore’s motion for judgment of acquittal.
3. Next, Moore argues that the district court abused its discretion when it
permitted one of the arresting police officers to testify on the difference between
actual and constructive possession, which Moore contends rendered the officer’s lay
witness testimony expert in nature. This argument is unavailing. “A lay witness’s
opinion testimony necessarily draws on the witness’s own understanding, including
a wealth of personal information, experience, and education . . . .” United States v.
Gadson, 763 F.3d 1189, 1208 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, the officer based his testimony
on his training and experience as a law enforcement officer, and the testimony was
helpful to explain Moore’s jailhouse phone calls. See Fed. R. Evid. 701; Gadson,
763 F.3d at 1209–10 (allowing lay officer’s interpretation of intercepted phone
calls). In any event, any purported error would have been harmless because the
district court later instructed the jury on the elements of “possession.” See United
States v. Wells, 879 F.3d 900, 923 (9th Cir. 2018) (“Generally, if we conclude that
4 evidence has been improperly admitted, ‘we consider whether the error was
harmless.’” (quoting United States v. Bailey, 696 F.3d 794, 802–03 (9th Cir. 2012))).
4. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it gave its jury
instruction on “possession.” See United States v. Powell, 955 F.2d 1206, 1210 (9th
Cir. 1991). Moore does not contend that the district court’s instruction was a
misstatement of the law; instead, she claims that the court should have given the
Ninth Circuit model instruction. However, “district judges are not required to give
model jury instructions,” United States v. Vallejo, 237 F.3d 1008, 1025 n.8 (9th Cir.
2001), and “trial judge[s are] given substantial latitude in tailoring the instructions
so long as they fairly and adequately cover the issues presented,” United States v.
Ayers, 924 F.2d 1468, 1475 (9th Cir. 1991) (quoting United States v. Cruz, 783 F.2d
1470, 1472 (9th Cir. 1986)).
5. Nor did the district court abuse its discretion when it declined to
continue Moore’s trial after she received a transcript of a recorded interview with
the victim.1 See United States v. Rivera-Guerrero, 426 F.3d 1130, 1138 (9th Cir.
2005). A four-factor test guides our analysis:
1 Citing the government’s alleged failure to timely disclose the victim’s statement, Moore requests that we review the grand jury testimony to determine whether it contains material that Moore would have been entitled to receive during trial under the Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b). Moore waived this issue by failing to raise it in the district court. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(3)(F). But even if it were not waived, we would decline to grant Moore’s request, as she has failed to demonstrate a particularized need based on little more than mere speculation. See United States v.
5 [1] the extent of [Moore’s] diligence in [her] efforts to ready [her] defense prior to the date set for hearing . . . [2] how likely it is that the need for a continuance could have been met if the continuance had been granted . . . [3] the extent to which granting the continuance would have inconvenienced the court and the opposing party, including its witnesses . . . [and] [4] the extent to which [Moore] might have suffered harm as a result of the district court’s denial.
Id. at 1138–39 (quoting United States v. Flynt, 756 F.2d 1352, 1359 (9th Cir. 1985)).
“None of the first three factors is ordinarily dispositive” but Moore must “establish
the fourth—prejudice.” Id. at 1139. Here, it is clear that no prejudice resulted from
the denial. Moore’s counsel had enough time to use the recorded statement to cross-
examine the victim, who had already been impeached at trial. Moreover, any
purported error would have been harmless given the overwhelming trial evidence
against Moore. See United States v. Kloehn, 620 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir.
2010) (“An arbitrary denial of a continuance is subject to the harmless error test.”).
6. Finally, no plain error resulted from the indictment’s failure to allege,
and the district court’s failure to instruct on, the knowledge element of a prosecution
under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(a)(2) as established in Rehaif v. United States,
139 S. Ct. 2191, 2200 (2019) (holding that the government “must prove both that
the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and that he knew he belonged to the
Walczak, 783 F.2d 852, 857 (9th Cir. 1986) (“A trial judge should order disclosure of grand jury transcripts only when the party seeking them has demonstrated that a ‘particularized need exists . . . which outweighs the policy of secrecy.’” (quoting Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. v. United States, 360 U.S. 395, 400 (1959))).
6 relevant category of persons barred from possessing a firearm.”). Under plain error
review, relief is not warranted unless there is “(1) error; (2) that is plain; (3) that
affects substantial rights; and (4) where the error seriously affects the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Pelisamen,
641 F.3d 399, 404 (9th Cir. 2011). We conclude that Moore has not satisfied the
fourth prong of the plain error standard, which requires her to “offer a plausible basis
for concluding that an error-free retrial might end more favorably.” United States v.
Johnson, 963 F.3d 847, 852 (9th Cir. 2020); see also United States v. Benamor, 937
F.3d 1182, 1189 (9th Cir. 2019). The record on appeal indicates that Moore had two
previous felony convictions for which she served more than one year of
imprisonment for each. See Johnson, 963 F.3d at 852 (holding that, as part of our
sufficiency-of-the-evidence analysis on plain-error review, we may “review the
entire record on appeal—not just the record adduced at trial”).
AFFIRMED.