United States v. Jabari Veals

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedJanuary 15, 2010
Docket08-2235
StatusUnpublished

This text of United States v. Jabari Veals (United States v. Jabari Veals) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Jabari Veals, (7th Cir. 2010).

Opinion

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued January 7, 2009 Decided January 15, 2010

Before

RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge

KENNETH F. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge

ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

No. 08‐2235

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District Plaintiff‐Appellee, Court for the Central District of Illinois.

v. No. 07‐20025‐001

JABARI A. VEALS, Michael P. McCuskey, Defendant‐Appellant. Chief Judge.

ORDER

A jury found Jabari Veals guilty of possessing crack cocaine for distribution. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). At trial the government introduced incriminating statements that Veals had made with his lawyer’s approval during a post‐indictment debriefing. The debriefing was conducted under a conditional grant of informal use immunity, but when Veals later breached a reciprocal promise to testify before a grand jury, the government revoked his immunity and used the statements to bolster its case at trial. Veals contends for the first time on appeal that the debriefing violated his right to counsel.

I. No. 08‐2235 Page 2

Police in Decatur, Illinois, obtained a warrant to search a second‐floor apartment rented by David Parker. A team of officers broke down the front door after they announced their purpose but there was no response. As they entered the apartment, another officer stationed outside watched Veals jump from an upstairs window in the apartment and take off running. He was promptly captured. The search uncovered 56 grams of crack in a jar of hair gel that was shelved with items belonging to Veals.

A week later Veals was charged by complaint in federal court with violating § 841(a)(1). He made his initial appearance on the complaint that same day, and an assistant federal public defender was appointed to represent him. Veals was facing a mandatory life sentence because of the quantity of crack and his nine drug convictions, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii), and after conferring with his lawyer, he quickly resolved to cooperate with the government.

Three days after the initial appearance, Veals executed a cooperation agreement that obligated him to provide the government with complete and truthful information and, if called upon to do so, to testify before “any grand jury.” In exchange the government promised that it would not make direct use at trial or sentencing of statements Veals made under the agreement, except to impeach his credibility or to rebut contrary statements at trial. The government also agreed to consider moving for a sentence below the statutory minimum if Veals provided substantial assistance. But all of the government’s promises, including the limitations on using Veals’ statements, were conditioned on his “complete compliance” with his reciprocal promises.

Veals’ relationship with the government got off to an encouraging start. Veals, who was detained pending trial, sat down for a debriefing at the jail with Detective Edward Root of the Decatur police department and Special Agent Jeffrey Warren of the FBI. Veals’ lawyer knew about but elected not to attend the meeting, which took place on February 2, 2007, just two weeks after Veals signed the cooperation agreement. During the interview Veals described his living arrangements with Parker, who provided him sleeping space in exchange for crack. He also admitted that he used Parker’s apartment to sell crack obtained from a local dealer named Magic. He told the interviewers that Magic had supplied the crack in the jar of hair gel, which he intended to sell. Shortly after that session, Veals was indicted on the same charge included in the federal complaint, and the parties began working toward a plea agreement.

Then in August 2007 the government subpoenaed Veals to testify before a grand jury. When he refused, the government requested an evidentiary hearing to establish that Veals had breached the cooperation agreement, and that his interview statements were thus No. 08‐2235 Page 3

admissible at trial. At that hearing defense counsel confirmed that he was not present for the February 2 debriefing, but he also conceded that, as far as the outcome of the government’s motion, whether he attended or not was a “distinction without a difference.” Veals did not testify, or even suggest, that his lawyer was absent without his approval or against his wishes, and counsel effectively conceded that the cooperation agreement had been breached by Veals’ later refusal to testify. The district court reviewed the written agreement and concluded that Veals had given up his informal immunity by not honoring the grand jury subpoena. The district court twice asked the prosecutor if Veals had been entitled to Miranda warnings before participating in the February 2 interview; both times the prosecutor said no, and both times defense counsel remained mum.

At trial the government called two of the officers who executed the search warrant. One described entering the residence, and the second testified to seeing Veals jump out the window. David Parker, now a government witness, told the jury that Veals had been living in his apartment for months. He described the living arrangements, including their agreement that Veals would pay rent with dime bags of crack. He said Veals slept on a mattress in the living room and kept his belongings on nearby shelves. Detective Root, who also helped search the apartment, testified that the items on those shelves included a shaving kit, a toothbrush and toothpaste, a Bible, some $2 bills inscribed with Veals’ name, and the jar containing the crack. Root, without objection, also recounted the admissions Veals made during the February 2 debriefing. Special Agent Warren corroborated Root’s testimony about the interview, again without objection.

Veals was the sole witness for the defense. He testified that he lived with his girlfriend, not with Parker, and that he was at Parker’s apartment the night of the search only because one of his friends needed a haircut. Veals insisted that he first met Magic at the apartment that night, and that Magic departed just moments before the police arrived. He denied seeing the jar of hair gel before trial. He said he was unaware that a team of police officers was present before he was tackled on the street. Asked why he jumped out the window, Veals said he heard a knock at the door followed by a female guest screaming, “They’s gonna kill us.”

The jury found that Veals had possessed 50 or more grams of crack with the intent to distribute. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. On appeal, through new counsel, Veals contends that the district court committed plain error by allowing Detective Root and Special Agent Warren to testify about his admissions at the debriefing. That debriefing, asserts Veals, was conducted in violation of his right to counsel under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments.

II. No. 08‐2235 Page 4

We begin with the Fifth Amendment. Veals makes the narrow argument that Detective Root and Special Agent Warren were obligated to administer Miranda warnings before questioning him at the debriefing. Because they did not do so, according to Veals, the debriefing was a custodial interrogation that violated his Fifth Amendment right to counsel. But Veals waived this claim by passing up the opportunity to raise it in the district court.

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Bluebook (online)
United States v. Jabari Veals, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-jabari-veals-ca7-2010.