United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit F I L E D REVISED MAY 12, 2005 March 21, 2005 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT Charles R. Fulbruge III Clerk
No. 02-50665
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
RICARDO M INFANTE
Defendant - Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, Pecos
Before KING, Chief Judge, and HIGGINBOTHAM and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
KING, Chief Judge:
Defendant-Appellant Ricardo Macias Infante appeals his
conviction and sentence for conspiracy to distribute and to
possess with intent to distribute marijuana, conspiracy to import
marijuana, and possession with intent to distribute marijuana.
For the following reasons, we VACATE and REMAND to the district
court for a determination on the question whether Infante’s trial
counsel’s conflict of interest adversely affected his
representation.
I. BACKGROUND
-1- By a grand jury indictment returned on January 9, 2001,
Defendant-Appellant Ricardo Infante and four co-defendants1 were
charged in a twelve-count indictment in the Pecos Division of the
Western District of Texas. Only counts one, two, and ten of the
indictment implicated Infante. The charges against him were: (1)
conspiracy to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute
more than 1,000 kilograms of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (Count One); (2) conspiracy to import more
than 1,000 kilograms of marijuana from Mexico to the United
States in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 960, and 963 (Count
Two); and (3) possession with intent to distribute, or aiding and
abetting the possession with intent to distribute, more than 100
kilograms but less than 1,000 kilograms of marijuana on June 29,
2000 in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2
(Count Ten). The indictment charged Infante with participation
in a conspiracy spanning from January 23, 2000 to July 14, 2000.
It charged him with only a single substantive count (Count Ten),
relating to a drug-trafficking incident occurring on June 29,
2000.
Infante pled not guilty to all counts on January 12, 2001.
His case was tried before a jury on August 20 and 21, 2001. At
1 The four co-defendants were Ramon Manuel Sanchez, Saul Montoya Salcido, Maria Teresa Zubia-Salgado, and Mayla Brenisa Polanco-Pando. Sanchez was severed prior to trial. Salcido remains a fugitive. Zubia-Salgado and Polanco-Pando both pled guilty.
-2- trial, the government presented evidence to establish six
different incidents in which members of the alleged conspiracy
were apprehended while transporting marijuana from Mexico into
the United States.2 First, the government introduced evidence
that on January 23, 2000, Zubia-Salgado and Polanco-Pando were
stopped at a checkpoint south of Marfa, Texas while driving a
pickup truck that was found to have a hidden compartment
containing 369.86 pounds of marijuana. Neither Zubia-Salgado nor
Polanco-Pando testified at Infante’s trial.
Second, the government presented evidence that on January
29, 2000, Juan Gallegos-Natera was intercepted in or around
Alpine, Texas while driving a pickup truck with a secret
compartment containing 290.72 pounds of marijuana. Natera
testified that he was promised payment by Sanchez, whom he met
through a friend, for transporting the marijuana from Mexico into
Texas. However, he stated that he had never met nor heard of
Infante.
Third, the government set forth evidence that on February
26, 2000, the border patrol stopped Kristy Navarette and Lionel
Campos, Salcido’s nephew, while driving a Ford Bronco through the
checkpoint south of Marfa, Texas. The border patrol discovered
2 The evidence presented in relation to each incident included the testimony of border patrol agents, Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) agents, and immigration inspectors who were involved in the apprehension of the drug smugglers. With the exception of one incident, the government also presented the testimony of the apprehended drug smugglers themselves.
-3- 96.52 pounds of marijuana hidden in the Bronco’s gas tank.
Navarette admitted that she had transported drugs across the
border on a number of other occasions before being caught on
February 26, 2000. She stated that she had used a Ford Bronco
and a blue 1995 Chevy Suburban on those occasions. Navarette
further testified that Campos, Sanchez, and Salcido were all
players in the drug-trafficking operation with which she was
involved, that Salcido is a known drug trafficker in the Ojinaga,
Mexico area, and that she had met Polanco-Pando at some point in
connection with this operation as well. However, she indicated
that she never had met nor heard of Infante.
Fourth, the government presented evidence that on May 10,
2000, Benjamin Belloc was stopped at the checkpoint south of
Marfa while driving a pickup truck that was discovered to have a
hidden compartment containing 285.3 pounds of marijuana. Belloc
admitted that Sanchez hired him to transport the marijuana into
the United States and that he had smuggled drugs into the United
States on at least five separate occasions. He testified that he
had previously used a black truck, a red and gray Ford truck, and
a blue Suburban on those occasions. He also stated that he did
not know Infante and never had seen him before.
Fifth, the government introduced evidence that on June 29,
2000, the border patrol stopped Benigno Castellon while he was
driving a Suburban that was found to have a secret compartment
containing 715.46 pounds of marijuana. Castellon testified that
-4- prior to being arrested for drug trafficking, he had worked at
Infante’s auto-mechanic shop, Infante Motors. He stated that he
had gone to Mexico with Infante on or about June 18, 2000, where
he met Salcido, who is Infante’s brother-in-law. Castellon
testified that he agreed at that time to transport his first load
of marijuana (roughly forty-seven pounds) into the United States
in exchange for $2,000. Castellon stated that he delivered the
first marijuana load from Mexico to Infante’s house. He further
testified that on June 29, 2000, Infante drove him to the bus
station so that he could travel to Mexico, pick up the Suburban
containing a second load of marijuana, and drive it back to
Texas. It was while transporting this second load that Castellon
was apprehended by the authorities. The Suburban that Castellon
was driving when he was arrested was confiscated. An examination
of the impounded Suburban revealed that it had been freshly
painted and that it was blue underneath the new coat of white
paint.3
3 The government concedes that Castellon is the only apprehended drug smuggler to implicate Infante directly. However, the government also introduced phone records showing that Infante’s cell phone had been used to call certain players in the cross-border drug runs described above. For example, between April 8 and July 29, 2000, twelve calls were made from Infante’s cell phone to Campos’s phone. Between June 25 and June 28, 2000, roughly twenty calls were made from Sanchez’s cell phone to Infante’s cell phone. On June 25, 2000, five calls were made from Infante’s cell phone to Sanchez’s cell phone and three calls were made from Infante’s cell phone to Salcido’s cell phone. Between May 18 and June 28, 2000, eight calls were made from Infante’s to Castellon’s phone. After Castellon was arrested on June 29, Infante’s cell phone was used to call the
-5- Sixth, the government presented evidence that on July 14,
2000, Barbara Rivera-Hernandez was apprehended while driving a
pickup truck between 100 and 200 yards from the US-Mexico border
in Presidio, Texas. The border patrol discovered 341.24 pounds
of marijuana hidden in a compartment under the floor-board of the
truck. Rivera-Hernandez testified that Salcido, a known drug
trafficker, had arranged for her to transport the marijuana into
the United States. She also testified that she did not know
On August 21, 2001, the jury found Infante guilty of all
three counts of the indictment. However, the jury found Infante
guilty on the conspiracy counts with respect to only between 100
and 1,000 kilograms of marijuana, in contrast to the indictment,
which charged Infante with conspiracy involving more than 1,000
kilograms. With respect to Count One, the jury expressly noted
on its verdict form that it found Infante guilty only “as of June
29, 2000.” The district court interpreted this note to mean that
the jury found that Infante was involved only in the one
transaction, which involved Castellon and occurred on June 29,
2000. Accordingly, the district court directed the probation
officer assigned to Infante’s case to take into consideration the
amount of marijuana involved only in that single transaction when
preparing the presentencing report (“PSR”). The probation
Presidio County Sheriff’s Office, the Presidio County Jail, the Brewster County Sheriff’s Office, and the Brewster County Jail.
-6- officer complied with this instruction, listing 324.53 kilograms
(715.46 pounds) as the amount of marijuana attributable to
Infante.4 The PSR, applying the 2001 edition of the U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines Manual, recommended a base offense level of
twenty-six. See U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 2D1.1(a)(3)(c)(7)
(2001).5 The PSR also recommended an upward adjustment of two
levels for obstruction of justice because Infante became a
fugitive from justice after he was convicted. See U.S.S.G.
§ 3C1.1. The PSR gave Infante four criminal history points,
putting him in a criminal history category of three. The PSR
noted that the total recommended period of incarceration under
the applicable Guidelines for an offense level of twenty-eight
and a criminal history category of three was 97 to 121 months.
As to each of the three counts, the district court sentenced
Infante to 109 months of imprisonment, followed by five years of
supervised release, the sentences on all counts to run
concurrently.
Infante now appeals his conviction and sentence. He raises
seven issues on appeal. First, Infante argues that the
government presented insufficient evidence to convict him.
Second, he asserts that his conviction should be reversed because
4 The total amount of marijuana seized by the government in relation to the alleged conspiracy was 2,250.45 kilograms. 5 The U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL is hereinafter referred to as the “Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”
-7- the government failed to disclose that Castellon had been ordered
to undergo a psychological evaluation to determine if he was
competent to stand trial in a separate, but related, criminal
case against him (for trafficking drugs on June 29, 2000 and for
his involvement in the drug conspiracy). Third, Infante claims
that the district court erred in denying his motion for a new
trial based on newly acquired evidence that Castellon suffers
from memory problems. Fourth, he claims that the district court
erred by admitting evidence that he received traffic tickets for
failure to change the registration on a vehicle he was driving to
Mexico. Fifth, Infante asserts that the district court
improperly commented on the evidence in a written response to a
jury note. Sixth, he argues that he was denied effective
assistance of counsel because his attorney labored under a
conflict of interest. Seventh, he argues that the district court
erred in enhancing his sentence for obstruction of justice. We
address each of these arguments in turn.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Infante asserts that the evidence presented at his trial was
insufficient to sustain his conviction.6 This court reviews a
defendant’s claim of insufficient evidence to determine “whether,
6 Infante moved for a judgment of acquittal at the close of the government’s case and at the close of all evidence.
-8- after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Bellew, 369 F.3d 450, 452 (5th Cir. 2004)
(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)) (internal
quotation marks omitted). In applying this standard, we must
“accept all reasonable inferences [that] tend to support the
jury’s verdict.” United States v. McDow, 27 F.3d 132, 135 (5th
Cir. 1994). “The evidence need not exclude every reasonable
hypothesis of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every
conclusion except that of guilt, and the jury is free to choose
among reasonable constructions of the evidence.” United States
v. Dadi, 235 F.3d 945, 949-50 (5th Cir. 2000) (quoting United
States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539, 1551 (5th Cir. 1994)) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
The jury convicted Infante of conspiracy to distribute
marijuana and possess marijuana with the intent to distribute
under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a) and 846 (Count One) and conspiracy to
import marijuana under 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 960, and 963 (Count
Two). To establish a conspiracy under these sections, the
government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) an
agreement existed between the defendant and one or more persons
to violate the applicable narcotics laws; (2) each defendant knew
of the conspiracy and intended to join it; and (3) the defendant
participated voluntarily in the conspiracy. United States v.
-9- Medina, 161 F.3d 867, 872 (5th Cir. 1998). An express agreement
is not required; a tacit, mutual agreement with common purpose,
design, and understanding will suffice. United States v. Prieto-
Tejas, 779 F.2d 1098, 1103 (5th Cir. 1986). Moreover, because
secrecy is the norm in drug conspiracies, each element of the
crime may be established by circumstantial evidence. United
States v. Bobo, 586 F.2d 355, 368 (5th Cir. 1978); see also
United States v. Espinoza-Seanez, 862 F.2d 526, 537 (5th Cir.
1988).
The jury also convicted Infante of possession of marijuana
with intent to distribute, including aiding and abetting such
possession with intent to distribute, under 18 U.S.C. § 2 and 21
U.S.C. § 841(a) (Count Ten). To convict a defendant of
possession with intent to distribute, the government must prove:
(1) knowing (2) possession of an illegal substance (3) with the
requisite intent to distribute. See United States v. Garza, 990
F.2d 171, 174 (5th Cir. 1993). A person who aids and abets
another to commit a crime is punishable as a principal. 18
U.S.C. § 2. For the government to prove guilt under an aiding
and abetting theory, it must show that the defendant: (1)
associated with a criminal venture; (2) participated in the
venture; and (3) sought by action to make the venture successful.
United States v. Lombardi, 138 F.3d 559, 561 (5th Cir. 1998)
(noting further that “to aid and abet, a defendant must share in
the intent to commit the offense as well as play an active role
-10- in its commission”). To be guilty of possession with intent to
distribute, the defendant must have aided and abetted both the
possession and the intent to distribute. United States v.
Williams, 985 F.2d 749, 753 (5th Cir. 1993).
Infante claims that the evidence introduced at his trial was
insufficient to allow a reasonable juror to find him guilty of
these crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree. The
government introduced the testimony of Castellon, which
established that Castellon and Infante had traveled to Mexico
together on or around June 18, 2000. According to Castellon’s
testimony, once in Mexico, Infante introduced Castellon to
Infante’s brother-in-law, Salcido. The three men then arranged
for Castellon to drive a small shipment of marijuana
(approximately forty-seven pounds) across the border into Texas.
Castellon did so and delivered the drugs to Infante at his home.
Castellon also stated that Infante discussed the arrangements for
the June 29 load and that Infante drove Castellon to the bus
station, where Castellon took the bus to Mexico to pick up a
second load of marijuana. Castellon testified that Infante knew
the drug-related purpose of the trip because the two men had
discussed the plans during the preceding weeks and because
Salcido had contacted Infante about the load a number of times on
his cell phone. This testimony, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, sufficiently supported the jury’s
-11- verdict. See United States v. Turner, 319 F.3d 716, 721 (5th
Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1017 (2003) (stating that the
uncorroborated testimony of a co-conspirator can provide
constitutionally sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction).
Moreover, Castellon’s testimony was corroborated by the
telephone toll records establishing a connection between Infante,
Salcido, and Sanchez. For example, a number of calls were made
between these three men’s cell phones, including an increased
number of calls in the days before Castellon’s load of marijuana
was scheduled to go across the border. In addition, a number of
calls were made from Infante’s cell phone to the Presidio and
Brewster county jails and Sheriffs’ offices on the day after
Castellon was arrested. Infante maintains on appeal that no
evidence proves the contents of these calls were drug related,
and he further argues that the discussions theoretically could
have been family or work related. Although this might be true,
it does not make the jury’s inference of Infante’s involvement
with the drug conspiracy unreasonable, especially because when
Infante took the stand, he did not claim to have discussed non-
drug-related matters in these calls. Instead, he denied ever
making the twenty-plus calls to Sanchez (he denied knowing
Sanchez at all) or the calls to the jails the day after Castellon
was arrested. In fact, he maintained that he had no idea who had
made any of these calls with his cell phone. The jury reasonably
-12- disbelieved his explanation in light of the evidence that very
few other people had access to Infante’s cell phone. Similarly,
the jury reasonably disbelieved Infante’s testimony that these
calls must have been made by an unknown member of the general
public who broke into Infante’s garage in the middle of the night
and used his cell phone to call the drug traffickers. In sum,
the jury discredited Infante’s testimony and found his story to
be unbelievable. Accordingly, the testimony of Castellon
providing direct evidence, which was supported by other
circumstantial evidence, sufficiently supported the jury’s guilty
verdict on all three counts.
B. Disclosure of Evidence under Brady
Next, Infante argues that his conviction should be reversed
because the government violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83
(1963), by failing to disclose the fact that Castellon had filed
a motion requesting a psychiatric evaluation of himself in
connection with his own criminal trial for drug trafficking and
that the district court had granted the motion and ordered the
evaluation. This court reviews allegations of Brady violations
de novo. United States v. Hughes, 230 F.3d 815, 819 (5th Cir.
2000). To prevail upon his Brady claim, Infante must establish
that: (1) the prosecution did not disclose evidence; (2) the
evidence was favorable to the defense; and (3) the evidence was
material--i.e., there is a reasonable probability that if the
-13- government had disclosed the evidence, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. Lawrence v. Lensing, 42
F.3d 255, 257 (5th Cir. 1994).
Even if we assume, without deciding, that Infante has
established the factors required for a Brady claim, his argument
still fails. “Brady rights are not denied where the information
was fully available to the defendant and his reason for not
obtaining and presenting such information was his lack of
reasonable diligence.” United States v. Dean, 722 F.2d 92, 95
(5th Cir. 1983); accord Wilson v. Whitley, 28 F.3d 433, 435 n.3
(5th Cir. 1994) (collecting cases); Smith v. Black, 904 F.2d 950,
964 (5th Cir. 1990) (noting that Brady “exempts information that
the defense could have obtained from other sources by exercising
reasonable diligence”), cert. granted and vacated on other
grounds, 503 U.S. 930 (1992), reinstated in relevant part on
remand, 970 F.2d 1383 (5th Cir. 1992); United States v. Fogg, 652
F.2d 551, 559 (5th Cir. 1981). Here, Infante concedes that the
motion seeking, and the court order granting, Castellon a
psychiatric exam was part of Castellon’s file for the criminal
case against him for drug trafficking on June 29, 2000--the same
incident that formed part of the conspiracy case against Infante.
Infante does not deny that Castellon’s case file was a matter of
public record, that he could have obtained the file upon request,
and that the psychiatric exam order would have been apparent upon
-14- review of the file. Instead, he argues that due diligence does
not require a criminal defendant or his attorney to obtain and
review the court file on the government’s star witness. We
cannot agree, especially when the file pertains to an alleged co-
conspirator and the charges against the co-conspirator are so
closely related to the conspiracy with which the defendant is
charged. Under these particular facts, Infante’s Brady argument
is without merit.
C. Motion for New Trial and Newly Discovered Evidence
Infante also argues that the district court erred by not
granting his motion for a new trial. Several months after
Infante was convicted, the previously discussed psychological
evaluation of Castellon was prepared in connection with the
criminal case against him. Infante argues that this
psychological evaluation, which disclosed that Castellon suffered
from memory problems, constitutes newly discovered evidence
warranting a new trial.
This court reviews the denial of a motion for new trial for
an abuse of discretion. United States v. Jaramillo, 42 F.3d 920,
924 (5th Cir. 1995). “We disfavor these motions and view them
with great caution.” Id. We find that the district court did
not abuse its discretion in denying Infante’s motion. To receive
a new trial under FED. R. CRIM. P. 33 for newly discovered
evidence, Infante “must prove that: (1) the evidence is newly
-15- discovered and was unknown to the defendant at the time of trial;
(2) failure to detect the evidence was not due to a lack of
diligence by the defendant; (3) the evidence is not merely
cumulative or impeaching; (4) the evidence is material; and (5)
the evidence introduced at a new trial would probably produce an
acquittal.” Jarmillo, 42 F.3d at 924.
The district court denied Infante’s motion because it
remained unconvinced that the introduction of the psychiatric
report probably would have produced an acquittal. We cannot say
that the court abused its discretion in denying Infante’s motion
because, as the district court noted, Castellon admitted on the
stand that he had memory problems and that he had to write things
down to remember. Thus, the jury had information that
Castellon’s memory was imperfect, and the defense had the
opportunity to cross-examine him on that point. The jury
credited Castellon’s testimony when compared to Infante’s
conflicting testimony notwithstanding their knowledge that
Castellon had a bad memory. Furthermore, Castellon’s critical
testimony that Infante was involved in the alleged conspiracy did
not rely heavily on a memory of intricate facts such as the
precise order of dates and times, and it was supported by
corroborating evidence in the form of phone records. In
addition, although the psychiatric evaluation placed Castellon in
the below-average range in the area of immediate memory, it
-16- placed him well within the average range for working memory. In
light of these facts, we cannot say that the introduction of the
information contained in the psychiatric evaluation probably
would have resulted in an acquittal. Thus, the district court
did not err in denying Infante’s motion for a new trial.
D. 404(b) Evidence
Infante also complains that the district court erred in
admitting evidence that he received traffic tickets for driving a
Suburban without registration and for failing to change the name
on the registration. DEA Agent Mike Hill testified at Infante’s
trial that after he found the traffic tickets in Infante’s home,
he questioned Infante about them. Infante replied that he had
received the tickets in December 2000 (which is after the scope
of the conspiracy with which Infante was charged) while he was
driving a 1984 Chevy Suburban to Mexico to have it painted.7 The
government presented other evidence at trial that the
conspirators drove unregistered vehicles to Mexico where they had
them painted before using them to transport marijuana back into
the United States. Infante argues that this evidence is
extrinsic to the crimes with which he was charged and that it is
7 Infante testified that he drove the Suburban to Mexico (a full day’s round trip) to have it painted there because it was considerably less expensive than having it painted in the United States. -17- inadmissible propensity evidence under FED. R. EVID. 404(b).8
Because Infante did not object to the admission of this
evidence at trial, our review is for plain error. See United
States v. Avants, 367 F.3d 433, 443 (5th Cir. 2004), pet. for
reh’g denied, 2004 WL 1335740 (5th Cir. 2004). Under this
standard, Infante “must show clear or obvious error that affects
his substantial rights; if he does, this court has discretion to
correct a forfeited error that seriously affects the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings, but we
are not required to do so.” United States v. Redd, 355 F.3d 866,
874 (5th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Infante’s claim fails under this standard.
For admission under Rule 404(b), extrinsic evidence must
satisfy two criteria: “(1) it must be relevant under Federal Rule
of Evidence 401 to an issue other than the defendant’s character;
and (2) it must have probative value that substantially outweighs
its prejudicial impact under Federal Rule of Evidence 403.”
United States v. Walters, 351 F.3d 159, 165 (5th Cir. 2003);
United States v. Beechum, 582 F.2d 898, 911-13 (5th Cir. 1978)
8 Rule 404(b) provides that:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident . . . . -18- (en banc). Here, the evidence that Infante was caught driving an
unregistered Suburban to Mexico where he planned to have the
vehicle painted is relevant under Rule 401 to an issue other than
Infante’s character because it links Infante to the method used
by the drug conspirators for trafficking drugs into the United
States. This probative value substantially outweighed any
marginal prejudicial impact that might have arisen from the
information that Infante received traffic tickets for driving an
unregistered vehicle. Other than connecting him to the methods
used by the drug conspiracy, the evidence of his receipt of a
ticket for failing to register a vehicle did not show that
Infante had a propensity to commit crime or had a dishonest or
otherwise unlawful character. Regardless, even if the evidence
were wrongly admitted, its admission did not seriously affect the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial
proceedings. Thus, reversal of Infante’s conviction is not
warranted on this ground.
E. Comment on the Evidence
Infante also argues that his conviction should be reversed
because the district court improperly commented on the evidence.
During its deliberations, the jury wrote a note to the district
court asking: “The Suburban that [Infante] was pulled over by the
DPS--and rec[ei]ved a ticket for not having registration on it.
Is it the same one that was confiscated?” The district court
responded in writing: “There is no evidence either way.” Infante -19- claims that this was an incorrect characterization because the
evidence showed that the Suburban that Naverette admitted to
having used to transport marijuana was a 1995 model, whereas the
Suburban that Infante drove when he received his ticket was a
1984 model. He argues that, although he did not object at trial,
the comment should be reviewed for abuse of discretion rather
than plain error because the record does not show that he had an
opportunity to object (i.e., it does not show that he knew the
judge had received the note and intended to comment on the
evidence). We need not decide the proper standard of review
here, however, because Infante’s argument fails under either
standard.
The government points out that, although the Assistant
United States Attorney (“AUSA”) argued the inference that
Navarette (and Belloc) had used the same vehicle as Castellon,
the Suburban that was confiscated was the one Castellon was
driving when he was arrested on June 29, 2000, and no evidence
indicates the year of that Suburban. Thus, no evidence directly
linked or refuted a possible link between the confiscated
Suburban and the unregistered Suburban that Infante was driving
when he received his ticket.
Infante also complains that the district court did not
instruct the jury that it was not bound by his comment on the
evidence. Although the district court did not specifically
admonish the jury when it answered this particular question, the -20- court instructed the jury a number of times throughout the trial
that the jury, and not the court, is the sole judge of the facts.
More important, even if the district court did so err, any such
error was harmless because the jury had ample evidence before it
to find Infante guilty even if it had been conclusively proven
that the Suburbans driven by Castellon and Infante were not the
same. See United States v. Mitchell, 166 F.3d 748, 752 (5th Cir.
1999). Thus, the district court’s comment on the evidence was
not reversible error.
F. Conflict of Interest
Infante argues that he was denied his constitutional right
to effective assistance of counsel because his attorney labored
under a conflict of interest. “Under the Sixth Amendment, if a
defendant has a constitutional right to counsel, he also has a
corresponding right to representation that is free from any
conflict of interest.” United States v. Vaquero, 997 F.2d 78, 89
(5th Cir. 1993) (citing Wood v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261, 271
(1981)). Infante’s trial counsel, Anthony Foster (“Attorney
Foster” or “Foster”), represented two of the witnesses who
testified against Infante, Gallegos-Natera and Rivera-Hernandez,
in their own criminal cases. Those cases involved Gallegos-
Natera and Rivera-Hernandez’s transportation of marijuana into
the United States on January 29, 2000 and July 14, 2000. Those
drug-smuggling incidents were, coincidentally, the same incidents
about which the witnesses testified at Infante’s trial in support -21- of the conspiracy charges.
Before trial, the government filed a Rule 44 motion to bring
Attorney Foster’s potential conflict of interest to the district
court’s attention. The district court held a limited hearing on
the matter.9 At that hearing, the AUSA stated that he saw a
potential conflict of interest but did not believe an actual
conflict existed. The AUSA indicated that Foster represented
Gallegos-Natera and Rivera-Hernandez previously in their own
criminal cases but that neither witness knew anything about
Infante or would directly implicate him in their testimony.
Foster explained to the court that he had not gained any
confidential information from either Gallegos-Natera or Rivera-
Hernandez about Infante’s case. The court asked whether these
two prospective witnesses were former clients of Attorney Foster,
and Foster replied that they were former clients in the sense
that they had pled guilty and had been sentenced. However,
Foster added that if Gallegos-Natera or Rivera-Hernandez did
testify against Infante, then he would “pull [his] files and run
over to the [g]overnment’s office and ask for a Rule 35 [motion
for a reduction in their sentences for substantial assistance in
the prosecution of Infante] on [behalf of] the former clients.”
Notwithstanding this statement, the district court concluded that
9 Although the district judge presiding over Infante’s trial was Judge W. Royal Furgeson, Jr., visiting Judge Stanwood Duval presided over the hearing relating to Infante’s attorney’s possible conflict of interest. -22- no conflict of interest existed and that there was therefore no
need to go into a more extensive Garcia10 hearing. Accordingly,
the district court did not question Infante regarding his
understanding of the potential conflict of interest, and Infante
did not waive his right to conflict-free representation.
As noted above, Gallegos-Natera and Rivera-Hernandez both
testified against Infante at his trial, but neither one directly
implicated him in the alleged conspiracy. Attorney Foster’s
cross-examination of these witnesses neither disputed their
testimony that their drug transportation efforts were arranged by
Sanchez and Salcido nor did it contest their credibility or
motive for testifying against Infante (by, for example, delving
into the details of their plea agreements or their hopes of
receiving a reduction in their sentences for substantial
assistance). Instead, Foster limited his cross-examination to
10 United States v. Garcia, 517 F.2d 272 (5th Cir. 1975). As we explained in United States v. Newell, 315 F.3d 510, 519-20 (5th Cir. 2002):
After twenty-seven years the requirements of United States v. Garcia are at the hand of every trial judge in the circuit. It commands that the district court “address each defendant personally and forthrightly advise him of the potential dangers of representation by a counsel with a conflict of interest” and detail specifics about potential conflicts that are then foreseeable. The trial court should then seek to elicit a response from each defendant “that he understands the details of his attorney’s possible conflict of interest and the potential perils of such a conflict.”
(quoting Garcia, 517 F.2d at 278) (footnotes omitted). -23- eliciting testimony that the witnesses had no knowledge of any
involvement in the conspiracy by Infante. Infante argues that
these facts demonstrate that he was denied his right to conflict-
free counsel.
To prevail on his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim,
Infante must show that his trial attorney was acting under the
influence of an actual conflict of interest that adversely
affected his performance at trial. See Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446
U.S. 335 (1980); see also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668
(1984); Perillo v. Johnson, 205 F.3d 775, 781 (5th Cir. 2000).
He need not show prejudice in the sense that the outcome of the
proceeding would have been different if it were not for his
attorney’s conflict of interest.11 Perillo, 205 F.3d at 781-82
(“Assuming the defendant establishes an actual conflict that
adversely affected counsel’s performance, prejudice is presumed
11 As we noted in Perillo:
The Cuyler standard applicable when a criminal defendant alleges that counsel’s performance was impaired by an actual conflict of interest differs substantially from the Strickland standard generally applicable to Sixth Amendment ineffectiveness claims. Strickland requires a showing that counsel’s performance was deficient, in that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, as well as a showing of prejudice, which is defined as a reasonable probability that counsel’s error changed the result of the proceeding. Cuyler, on the other hand, permits a defendant who raised no objection at trial to recover upon a showing that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected counsel’s performance.
205 F.3d at 781 (internal citations omitted). -24- without any further inquiry into the effect of the actual
conflict on the outcome of the defendant’s trial.”). The Cuyler
standard applies here because Infante’s claim involves his
attorney’s conflict of interest stemming from multiple
representation, rather than a conflict of interest springing
“from a conflict between the attorney’s personal interest and
that of his client.” United States v. Newell, 315 F.3d 510, 516
(5th Cir. 2002) (quoting Beets v. Scott, 65 F.3d 1258, 1265 (5th
Cir. 1995) (en banc)).12 The determinations whether a conflict
existed and whether the conflict had an adverse effect are mixed
12 The Cuyler standard applies to Infante’s claim notwithstanding the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162 (2002). In Mickens, the Supreme Court noted that it has never extended Cuyler to cases of successive, as opposed to concurrent, representation, and the Court expressed concern about whether Cuyler or Strickland provides the proper standard for resolving conflict-of-interest claims involving successive representation. See Mickens, 535 U.S. at 174-76. On the facts here, however, we are reluctant to conclude that Mickens’s distinction between concurrent and successive representations resolves Infante’s claim that Foster was laboring under an actual conflict of interest. The representations at issue here were closely related in subject matter (all three defendants were charged with the same conspiracy) and time. See Hall v. United States, 371 F.3d 969, 974 (7th Cir. 2004) (distinguishing the defendant’s successive-representation claim from the Mickens distinction between concurrent and successive representations because the representations in Hall were close in time and were of closely interrelated subject matter). Furthermore, this case is unique because Attorney Foster indicated that he would actively lobby the government to file a Rule 35 motion on behalf of Gallegos-Natera and Rivera-Hernandez if they testified against his client Infante. Moreover, we continue to be bound by circuit precedent applying Cuyler to cases of successive representation. See, e.g., Perillo, 205 F.3d at 797-99; United States v. Martinez, 630 F.2d 361, 362-63 (5th Cir. 1980). -25- questions of law and fact, which we review de novo. Strickland,
466 U.S. at 698; Perillo, 205 F.3d at 781.
Courts of appeals applying Cuyler traditionally have couched
its test in terms of two questions: (1) whether there was an
actual conflict of interest, as opposed to a merely potential or
hypothetical conflict; and (2) whether the actual conflict
adversely affected counsel’s representation. See, e.g., Perillo,
205 F.3d at 782; Hernandez v. Johnson, 108 F.3d 554, 559-61 (5th
Cir. 1997). However, in Mickens, the Supreme Court announced
that “the Sullivan standard is not properly read as requiring
inquiry into actual conflict as something separate and apart from
adverse effect. An ‘actual conflict,’ for Sixth Amendment
purposes, is a conflict of interest that adversely affects
counsel’s performance.” Mickens, 535 U.S. at 172 n.5.
Regardless of this clarification of the terminology, the relevant
questions remain the same, and we must ask whether Attorney
Foster labored under a conflict of interest, which was not merely
hypothetical, and whether that conflict adversely affected the
representation (i.e., whether it was an actual conflict). See
McFarland v. Yukins, 356 F.3d 688, 705-06 (6th Cir. 2004) (noting
that Mickens changed the terminology, but not the substance, of
the Cuyler test); Moss v. United States, 323 F.3d 445, 467 n.23
(6th Cir. 2003).13
13 As the Sixth Circuit explained:
-26- The district court concluded that Attorney Foster did not
labor under any conflict of interest. We disagree. “A conflict
[of interest] exists when defense counsel places himself in a
position conducive to divided loyalties.” United States v.
Medina, 161 F.3d 867, 870 n.1 (1998) (quoting United States v.
Carpenter, 769 F.2d 258, 263 (5th Cir. 1985)) (alteration in
original) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Mitchell v.
Maggio, 679 F.2d 77, 79 (5th Cir. 1982). This question is highly
fact-sensitive. See Perillo, 205 F.3d at 782, 798-99. Whether a
conflict of interest exists depends on a number of factors,
including, but not limited to, whether the attorney has
confidential information that is helpful to one client but
harmful to another; whether and how closely the subject matter of
the multiple representations is related; how close in time the
multiple representations are related; and whether the prior
representation has been unambiguously terminated. See id. at
798-99.
Although Attorney Foster denied having learned any relevant
confidential information from his former clients while
In Mickens, the Supreme Court clarified its prior definition of the term “actual conflict of interest” as comprising both requirements of the Sullivan test--a conflict of interest and adverse effect. . . . [I]t appears that the “actual conflict of interest” required in the first prong of the court’s test requires only that the petitioner demonstrate a real or genuine, as opposed to a hypothetical, conflict of interest.
Moss, 323 F.3d at 467 n.23 -27- representing them, the subject matter of the representations was
nearly identical. Foster represented Gallegos-Natera and Rivera-
Hernandez in their own criminal cases, and the crimes to which
they pled guilty in those cases were part of the same alleged
conspiracy with which Infante was charged. Gallegos-Natera and
Rivera-Hernandez’s testimony at Infante’s trial consisted
primarily of recounting the crimes with which they were charged
in the cases in which Foster represented them. Moreover,
Foster’s representation of the two witnesses had not been
unambiguously terminated because he admitted that he would seek a
substantial assistance motion from the government for their
testimony against his new client Infante. Even if Foster’s
representation of the witnesses was actually completed prior to
Infante’s trial, the representations were relatively close in
time to his representation of Infante. These factors support our
conclusion that a conflict of interest did in fact exist. See
id. Once Gallegos-Natera and Rivera-Hernandez took the stand to
testify against Infante, Foster was put in a position conducive
to divided loyalties because he had to choose between vigorously
cross-examining his former clients, which might jeopardize their
chances of the government filing a Rule 35 motion on their
behalf, and not vigorously cross-examining them, which would risk
allowing the government to establish through their testimony an
essential element of the case against Infante--namely, that a
conspiracy existed. Cf. Perillo, 205 F.3d at 801-02 (finding, -28- under the particular facts of the case, that a conflict existed
when an attorney cross-examined his own client as an adverse
witness); Hoffman v. Leeke, 903 F.2d 280, 285-87 (4th Cir. 1990)
(finding that an attorney labored under a conflict of interest
when he cross-examined one client as an adverse witness in the
related trial of another client); United States v. Martinez, 630
F.2d 361, 362-63 (5th Cir. 1980) (finding a conflict when an
attorney previously represented a witness who testified against a
current client in a related matter). Thus, Foster labored under
a conflict of interest.
However, the question remains whether this conflict of
interest was an actual conflict in the sense that it adversely
affected Attorney Foster’s representation of Infante. “An
adverse effect on counsel’s performance may be shown with
evidence that counsel’s judgment was actually fettered by concern
over the effect of certain trial decisions on other clients.”
Perillo, 205 F.3d at 807 (internal quotation marks omitted).
[W]hen a [defendant’s] claim is premised solely upon what a conflicted lawyer failed to do on his or her behalf, the [defendant] must generally establish adverse effect by demonstrating that there was some plausible alternative defense strategy that could have been pursued, but was not, because of the actual conflict.
Id. Infante argues that Foster should have pursued a strategy at
trial designed to show that no drug conspiracy existed at all
(which would negate an essential element of the conspiracy
charges) but that he neglected to do so because of his -29- conflicting duty to his other clients to request that the
government file a substantial assistance motion for their
testimony against Infante. The government argues that the
strategy that Foster pursued, i.e., questioning the witnesses
only enough to show that they had no knowledge of Infante, was
effective, as evidenced by the jury’s finding that Infante was
guilty of conspiracy only as to the June 29 load.
Although we are satisfied that the record demonstrates that
a conflict on interest existed, we are not prepared to say that
the record is sufficiently developed to allow us to determine
whether Attorney Foster’s conflict of interest adversely affected
his performance. Therefore, it is necessary to vacate Infante’s
conviction and remand to the district court for a determination
on the question whether Foster’s conflict of interest adversely
affected his representation of Infante. See United States v.
Salado, 339 F.3d 285, 291-92 (5th Cir. 2003) (remanding to the
district court on direct appeal for a determination of whether an
actual conflict of interest existed and, if so, whether the
conflict adversely affected the attorney’s performance).
G. Sentencing
1. Application of Obstruction of Justice Enhancement
Infante argues that the district court erred in determining
that his sentence should be enhanced for obstruction of justice
under the Guidelines. We review the district court’s factual
determination that Infante obstructed justice for clear error. -30- United States v. Huerta, 182 F.3d 361, 364 (5th Cir. 1999).14 “As
long as a factual finding is plausible in light of the record as
a whole, it is not clearly erroneous.” Huerta, 182 F.3d at 364.
We review the district court’s interpretation and application of
the Guidelines de novo. Id.; see also United States v. Villegas,
No. 03-21220 (5th Cir. Mar. 17, 2005).
As discussed previously, the PSR recommended the addition of
two levels to Infante’s offense level because Infante had become
a fugitive from justice after he was convicted but before he was
sentenced. At sentencing, the probation officer further informed
the court that he had made a number of attempts to contact
Infante in connection with preparing the PSR but was unable to
find him. The district court asked whether Infante’s absence was
involuntary. Infante’s attorney replied: “No, it was just a
temporary thing. He was at the point he felt he shouldn’t have
to do any time because he was not guilty so he kind of wishy
washed around and then finally came in.” The court responded:
“Well, he didn’t come in when he was supposed to come in.”
Accordingly, the court assessed the two additional levels under
U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, which provides that an obstruction enhancement
is proper when a defendant “escape[s] or attempt[s] to escape
from custody before trial or sentencing; or willfully fail[s] to
14 Both parties agree that we review the judge’s factual findings for clear error. Accordingly, we assume without deciding that clear error is the proper standard post-Booker. -31- appear, as ordered, for a judicial proceeding.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1
cmt. 4(e). The court’s finding that Infante’s failure to appear
constituted obstruction of justice is plausible in light of the
record as a whole and therefore is not clearly erroneous.
Furthermore, its application of the Guidelines to enhance
Infante’s sentence because of that conduct was proper.
Therefore, Infante is not entitled to relief on this ground.
2. Booker Error
Infante also avers that his Sixth Amendment rights were
violated under United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005),
and its progeny because the district court enhanced his sentence
for obstruction of justice under the mandatory sentencing regime
after finding facts not admitted by the defendant or proved
beyond a reasonable doubt. Because Infante did not raise this
claim in the district court below, our review is for plain error.
E.g., United States v. Mares, 2005 WL 503715, at *7 (5th Cir.
Mar. 4, 2005). We find plain error when: (1) there was an error;
(2) the error was clear and obvious; and (3) the error affected
the defendant’s substantial rights. United States v. Olano, 507
U.S. 725, 732-37 (1993); Mares, 2005 WL 503715, at *8. “If all
three conditions are met an appellate court may then exercise its
discretion to notice a forfeited error but only if (4) the error
seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation
of judicial proceedings.” Mares, 2005 WL 503715, at *8 (quoting
United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631 (2002)). -32- Infante satisfies the first two prongs of the plain-error
test because the district court committed Sixth Amendment Booker
error and because that error is now plain after Booker. See
Mares, 2005 WL 503715, at *8. However, he has not satisfied the
third prong of the plain-error test because he cannot show that
the error in question affected his substantial rights. Infante
has not shown, with a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome, that if the judge had sentenced him
under an advisory sentencing regime rather than a mandatory one,
he would have received a lesser sentence. See id. (quoting
United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 124 S. Ct. 2333, 2340
(2004)). The judge imposed a sentence in the middle of the
properly determined Guidelines range, and there is no indication
in the record from the judge’s remarks or otherwise that the
judge would have reached a different conclusion in an advisory
regime. See id. at *9. Having failed to meet his burden,
Infante is not entitled to resentencing on this ground.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Infante’s appeal on all
grounds other than his claim that he was denied effective
assistance of counsel. Because we find that Infante’s attorney
labored under a conflict of interest at Infante’s trial but we
cannot determine whether that conflict adversely affected
Infante’s representation, we VACATE the judgment of the district
court and REMAND for a determination on that issue. If the -33- district court should find that Attorney Foster’s conflict of
interest did not adversely affect his performance, then it should
reinstate Infante’s conviction and sentence, leaving Infante free
to pursue a new appeal on that ground. Any further appeal will
be heard by this panel.
VACATED and REMANDED.
-34-